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{{Short description|French author (1866–1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
{{Infobox writer
| name = Romain Rolland
| name = Romain Rolland
| image = Romain Rolland-1914.jpg
| image = Romain Rolland de face au balcon, Meurisse, 1914 retouche.jpg
| caption = Romain Rolland, 1914
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1866|01|29|df=y}}
| alt =
| birth_place = [[Clamecy, Nièvre|Clamecy]], France
| caption =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1944|12|30|1866|1|29|df=y}}
| pseudonym =
| death_place = [[Vézelay]], France
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1866|1|29|df=y}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Dramatist
| birth_place = [[Clamecy (Nièvre)|Clamecy]], Nièvre
* essayist
| death_date = {{death date and age|1944|12|30|1866|1|29|df=y}}
* [[art historian]]
| death_place = [[Vézelay]]
* novelist
| occupation = Dramatist, essayist, [[Art historian]], novelist
* [[musicologist]]
| nationality = French
}}
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period = 1902–1944
| period = 1902–1944
| spouse = Clothilde Bréal, m. 1892–1901; [[Jify Romain Rolland]], m. 1934–1944
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = Maria Pavlovna Kudachova
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences = [[Maurice Pottecher]]<br/>[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]<br/>[[François Rabelais]]<br />[[Ernest Renan]]<br />[[Leo Tolstoy]]<br />[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]<br />[[Henri Bergson]]<br />[[Hermann Hesse]]<br />[[Grigol Robakidze]]
| influenced =
| awards = {{awd|[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]|1915}}<!-- do not add image icons such as nobel peace, see [[:Template:Infobox writer]] -->
| awards = {{awd|[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]|1915}}<!-- do not add image icons such as nobel peace, see [[:Template:Infobox writer]] -->
| signature =
|signature = Romain Rolland signature.svg
| relatives = [[Madeleine Rolland]] (sister)
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
}}
'''Romain Rolland''' ({{IPA-fr|ʁɔlɑ̃|lang}}; 29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French dramatist, novelist, essayist, [[art historian]] and [[Mysticism|mystic]] who was awarded the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] in 1915 "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/rolland.htm |title=Romain Rolland |website=Books and Writers ''(kirjasto.sci.fi)'' |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210175324/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/rolland.htm |archivedate=10 February 2015 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>
'''Romain Rolland''' ({{IPA|fr|ʁɔmɛ̃ ʁɔlɑ̃|lang}}; 29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French dramatist, novelist, essayist, [[art historian]] and [[Mysticism|mystic]] who was awarded the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] in 1915 "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/rolland.htm |title=Romain Rolland |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924043017/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/rolland.htm |archive-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He was a leading supporter of [[Joseph Stalin]] in France and is also noted for his correspondence with and influence on [[Sigmund Freud]].


==Biography==
==Biography==
Rolland was born in [[Clamecy (Nièvre)|Clamecy]], Nièvre into a family that had both wealthy townspeople and farmers in its lineage. Writing introspectively in his ''Voyage intérieur'' (1942), he sees himself as a representative of an "antique species". He would cast these ancestors in ''Colas Breugnon'' (1919).
Rolland was born in [[Clamecy, Nièvre]] into a family that had both wealthy townspeople and farmers in its lineage. Writing introspectively in his ''Voyage intérieur'' (1942), he sees himself as a representative of an "antique species". He would cast these ancestors in ''Colas Breugnon'' (1919).


Accepted to the [[École normale supérieure]] in 1886, he first studied philosophy, but his independence of spirit led him to abandon that so as not to submit to the dominant ideology. He received his degree in history in 1889 and spent two years in Rome, where his encounter with [[Malwida von Meysenbug]]–who had been a friend of [[Nietzsche]] and of [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]]–and his discovery of Italian masterpieces were decisive for the development of his thought. When he returned to France in 1895, he received his doctoral degree with his thesis ''The origins of modern lyric theatre'' and his doctoral dissertation, ''A History of Opera in Europe before Lully and Scarlatti''. For the next two decades, he taught at various lycées in Paris before directing the newly established music school Ecole des Hautes Etudes Sociales from 1902–11. In 1903 he was appointed to the first chair of music history at the [[Sorbonne]].<ref>{{GroveOnline|Romain Rolland|Robert Henderson|January 13|2014}}</ref>
Accepted to the [[École normale supérieure]] in 1886, he first studied philosophy, but his independence of spirit led him to abandon that so as not to submit to the dominant ideology. He received his degree in history in 1889 and spent two years in Rome, where his encounter with [[Malwida von Meysenbug]]–who had been a friend of [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]] and of [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]]–and his discovery of Italian masterpieces were decisive for the development of his thought. When he returned to France in 1895, he received his doctoral degree with his thesis ''Les origines du théâtre lyrique moderne. Histoire de l’opéra en Europe avant Lulli et Scarlatti'' (''The origins of modern lyric theatre. A History of Opera in Europe before Lully and Scarlatti''). For the next two decades, he taught at various lycées in Paris before directing the newly established music school of the École des Hautes Études Sociales from 1902 to 1911. In 1903 he was appointed to the first chair of music history at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]], he also directed briefly in 1911 the musical section at the [[French Institute in Florence]].<ref>{{Cite Grove |last=Henderson |first=Robert |title=Romain Rolland}}</ref>


His first book was published in 1902, when he was 36 years old. Through his advocacy for a 'people's theatre', he made a significant contribution towards the [[democratization]] of the theatre. As a humanist, he embraced the work of the philosophers of [[India]] ("Conversations with [[Rabindranath Tagore]]" and [[Mohandas Gandhi]]). Rolland was strongly influenced by the [[Vedanta]] philosophy of India, primarily through the works of [[Swami Vivekananda]].<ref>[http://www.vedanta-newyork.org/thoughtson_rk.htm]</ref>
His first book was published in 1902 when he was 36 years old. Through his advocacy for a 'people's theatre', he made a significant contribution towards the [[democratization]] of the theatre. As a humanist, he embraced the work of the philosophers of India ("Conversations with [[Rabindranath Tagore]]" and [[Mohandas Gandhi]]). Rolland was strongly influenced by the [[Vedanta]] philosophy of India, primarily through the works of [[Swami Vivekananda]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vedanta-newyork.org/thoughtson_rk.htm |title=Thoughts on Ramakrishna |access-date=2008-10-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904205419/http://www.vedanta-newyork.org/thoughtson_rk.htm |archive-date=4 September 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


A demanding, yet timid, young man, he did not like teaching. He was not indifferent to youth: Jean-Christophe, Olivier and their friends, the heroes of his novels, are young people. But with real-life persons, youths as well as adults, Rolland maintained only a distant relationship. He was first and foremost a writer. Assured that literature would provide him with a modest income, he resigned from the university in 1912.
A demanding, yet timid, young man, he did not like teaching. He was not indifferent to youth: Jean-Christophe, Olivier and their friends, the heroes of his novels, are young people. But with real-life persons, youths as well as adults, Rolland maintained only a distant relationship. He was first and foremost a writer. Assured that literature would provide him with a modest income, he resigned from the university in 1912.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Romain Rolland was a lifelong pacifist. He was one of the few major French writers to retain his pacifist internationalist values; he moved to Switzerland. He protested against the first World War in ''Au-dessus de la Mêlée'' (1915), ''Above the Battle'' (Chicago, 1916). In 1924, his book on [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] contributed to the Indian [[nonviolent]] leader's reputation and the two men met in 1931.
Romain Rolland was a lifelong pacifist. He was one of the few major French writers to retain his pacifist internationalist values; he moved to Switzerland. He protested against the first World War in ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Au-dessus de la mêlée|fr|3=Au-dessus de la mêlée (texte)}}'' (1915), ''Above the Battle'' (Chicago, 1916). In 1924, his book on [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] contributed to the Indian [[nonviolent]] leader's reputation and the two men met in 1931. Rolland was a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]].<ref>Walters, Kerry S; Portmess, Lisa. (1999). ''Ethical Vegetarianism: From Pythagoras to Peter Singer''. State University of New York Press. pp. 135-138. {{ISBN|0-7914-4044-3}}</ref><ref>[https://ivu.org/people/writers/rolland.html "Romain Rolland (1866-1944)"]. International Vegetarian Union.</ref>

In May 1922 he attended the [[International Congress of Progressive Artists]] and signed the "Founding Proclamation of the Union of Progressive International Artists".<ref name="Review">{{cite web |last1=van Doesburg |first1=Theo |title=De Stijl, "A Short Review of the Proceedings [of the Congress of International Progressive Artists], Followed by the Statements Made by the Artists' Groups" (1922) |url=https://modernistarchitecture.wordpress.com/2010/10/22/de-stijl-%E2%80%9Ca-short-review-of-the-proceedings-of-the-congress-of-international-progressive-artists-followed-by-the-statements-made-by-the-artists%E2%80%99-groups%E2%80%9D-1922/ |website=modernistarchitecture.wordpress.com |publisher=Ross Lawrence Wolfe |access-date=30 November 2018|date=22 October 2010 }}</ref>


In 1928 Rolland and Hungarian scholar, philosopher and natural living experimenter [[Edmund Bordeaux Szekely]] founded the International Biogenic Society to promote and expand on their ideas of the integration of mind, body and spirit.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
In 1928 Rolland and Hungarian scholar, philosopher and natural living experimenter [[Edmund Bordeaux Szekely]] founded the International Biogenic Society to promote and expand on their ideas of the integration of mind, body and spirit.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
In 1932 Rolland was among the first members of the [[World Committee Against War and Fascism]], organized by [[Willi Münzenberg]]. Rolland criticized the control Münzenberg assumed over the committee and was against it being based in [[Berlin]].<ref>{{cite book|page=80 |last=Ceplair|first=Larry|title=Under the Shadow of War: Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and Marxists, 1918–1939 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7ccjJauxjlIC&pg=PA79|accessdate=6 March 2015 |date=1987|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-06532-0}}</ref>
In 1932 Rolland was among the first members of the [[World Committee Against War and Fascism]], organized by [[Willi Münzenberg]]. Rolland criticized the control Münzenberg assumed over the committee and was against it being based in [[Berlin]].<ref>{{cite book|page=80 |last=Ceplair|first=Larry|title=Under the Shadow of War: Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and Marxists, 1918–1939 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ccjJauxjlIC&pg=PA79|access-date=6 March 2015 |date=1987|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-06532-0}}</ref>

Rolland moved to [[Villeneuve, Vaud|Villeneuve]], on the shores of [[Lake Geneva]] to devote himself to writing. His life was interrupted by health problems, and by travels to art exhibitions. His visit to Moscow (1935), on the invitation of [[Maxim Gorky]], was an opportunity to meet [[Joseph Stalin]], whom he considered the greatest man of his time.<ref>Michael David-Fox, . "The 'Heroic Life' of a Friend of Stalinism: Romain Rolland and Soviet Culture." ''Slavonica'' 11.1 (2005): 3-29.</ref> Rolland served unofficially as ambassador of French artists to the [[Soviet Union]]. Although he admired Stalin, he attempted to intervene against the persecution of his friends. He attempted to discuss his concerns with Stalin, and was involved in the campaign for the release of the [[Left Opposition]] activist and writer [[Victor Serge]] and wrote to Stalin begging clemency for [[Nikolai Bukharin]]. During Serge's imprisonment (1933–1936), Rolland had agreed to handle the publications of Serge's writings in France, despite their political disagreements.


[[File:Joseph Stalin and Romain Rolland 1935.jpg|thumb|Romain Rolland with [[Joseph Stalin]], 1935]]
Rolland moved to [[Villeneuve, Vaud|Villeneuve]], on the shores of ''Lac Léman'' ([[Lake Geneva]]) to devote himself to writing. His life was interrupted by health problems, and by travels to art exhibitions. His voyage to Moscow (1935), on the invitation of [[Maxim Gorky]], was an opportunity to meet [[Joseph Stalin]], whom he considered the greatest man of his time.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Rolland served unofficially as ambassador of French artists to the [[Soviet Union]]. However, as a pacifist, he was uncomfortable with Stalin's brutal repression of the opposition. He attempted to discuss his concerns with Stalin, and was involved in the campaign for the release of the [[Left Opposition]] activist/writer [[Victor Serge]] and wrote to Stalin begging clemency for [[Nikolai Bukharin]]. During Serge's imprisonment (1933–1936), Rolland had agreed to handle the publications of Serge's writings in France, despite their political disagreements.


In 1937, he came back to live in [[Vézelay]], which, in 1940, was occupied by the Germans. During the occupation, he isolated himself in complete solitude.
In 1937, he came back to live in [[Vézelay]], which, in 1940, was occupied by the Germans. During the occupation, he isolated himself in complete solitude. Never stopping his work, in 1940, he finished his memoirs. He also placed the finishing touches on his musical research on the life of [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]. Shortly before his death, he wrote ''[[Péguy]]'' (1944), in which he examines religion and socialism through the context of his memories. He died on 30 December 1944 in Vézelay.


In 1921, his close friend the Austrian writer [[Stefan Zweig]] published his biography (in English ''Romain Rolland: The Man and His Works''). Zweig profoundly admired Rolland, whom he once described as "the moral consciousness of Europe" during the years of turmoil and War in Europe. Zweig wrote at length about his friendship with Rolland in his own autobiography (in English ''[[The World of Yesterday]]''), discussing, for example, their failed efforts to organize a conference of antiwar intellectuals from both warring camps in neutral Switzerland.<ref> [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.504261/page/101/mode/1up?view=theater Zweig, Stefan, ''The World of Yesterday'', p.101 (1953)].</ref>
Never stopping his work, in 1940, he finished his memoirs. He also placed the finishing touches on his musical research on the life of [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]. Shortly before his death, he wrote ''[[Péguy]]'' (1944), in which he examines religion and socialism through the context of his memories. He died on 30 December 1944 in Vézelay.


Victor Serge was appreciative of Rolland's interventions on his behalf but ultimately thoroughly disappointed by Rolland's refusal to break publicly with Stalin and the repressive Soviet regime. The entry for 4 May 1945, a few weeks after Rolland's death, in Serge's ''Notebooks: 1936-1947'' notes acidly that "At age seventy the author of ''Jean-Christophe'' allowed himself to be covered with the blood spilled by a tyranny of which he was a faithful adulator." <ref>{{cite book |last=Serge |first=Victor |date=2019 |title=Notebooks: 1936-1947 |publisher=[[New York Review Books]] | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-68137-270-9 |pages=506–509}}</ref>
In 1921, his close friend, the Austrian writer [[Stefan Zweig]], published his biography (in English ''Romain Rolland: The Man and His Works''). Zweig profoundly admired Rolland, whom he once described as "the moral consciousness of Europe" during the years of turmoil and War in Europe. Zweig wrote at length about his friendship with Rolland in his own autobiography (in English ''[[The World of Yesterday]]'').


[[Hermann Hesse]] dedicated ''[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]'' to Romain Rolland "my dear friend".
[[Hermann Hesse]] dedicated ''[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]'' to Romain Rolland "my dear friend".


==People's theatre==
==People's theatre==
Rolland's most significant contribution to the theatre lies in his advocacy for a "[[popular theatre]]" in his essay ''The People's Theatre'' (''Le Théâtre du peuple'', 1902).<ref name="David Bradby 1998 p.930">David Bradby, "Rolland, Romain". In ''The Cambridge Guide to Theatre.'' Ed. Martin Banham. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). ISBN 0-521-43437-8. p.930.</ref> "There is only one necessary condition for the emergence of a new theatre", he wrote, "that the stage and [[auditorium]] should be open to the masses, should be able to contain a people and the actions of a people".<ref>Romain Rolland, ''Le Théâtre du peuple'' (Paris: Albin Michel) p.121. Quoted by David Bradby and John McCormick, ''People's Theatre'' (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). ISBN 0-8476-6073-7. p.16.</ref> The book was not published until 1913, but most of its contents had appeared in the ''Revue d'Art Dramatique'' between 1900 and 1903. Rolland attempted to put his theory into practice with his [[melodrama]]tic dramas about the [[French Revolution]], ''[[Danton (play)|Danton]]'' (1900) and ''[[The Fourteenth of July]]'' (1902), but it was his ideas that formed a major reference point for subsequent [[Theatre practitioners|practitioners]].<ref name="David Bradby 1998 p.930"/>
Rolland's most significant contribution to the theatre lies in his advocacy for a "popular theatre" in his essay ''The People's Theatre'' (''Le Théâtre du peuple'', 1902).<ref name="David Bradby 1998 p.930">David Bradby, "Rolland, Romain". In ''The Cambridge Guide to Theatre.'' Ed. Martin Banham. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). {{ISBN|0-521-43437-8}}. p.930.</ref> "There is only one necessary condition for the emergence of a new theatre", he wrote, "that the stage and [[auditorium]] should be open to the masses, should be able to contain a people and the actions of a people".<ref>Romain Rolland, ''Le Théâtre du peuple'' (Paris: Albin Michel) p.121. Quoted by David Bradby and John McCormick, ''People's Theatre'' (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). {{ISBN|0-8476-6073-7}}. p.16.</ref> The book was not published until 1913, but most of its contents had appeared in the ''Revue d'Art Dramatique'' between 1900 and 1903. Rolland attempted to put his theory into practice with his [[melodrama]]tic dramas about the [[French Revolution]], ''Danton'' (1900) and ''The Fourteenth of July'' (1902), but it was his ideas that formed a major reference point for subsequent [[Theatre practitioners|practitioners]].<ref name="David Bradby 1998 p.930"/>
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:32em; max-width: 35%;" cellspacing="0"
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:32em; max-width: 35%;" cellspacing="0"
| style="text-align: center;" |"The people have been gradually conquered by the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois class]], penetrated by their thoughts and now want only to resemble them. If you long for a people's art, begin by creating a people!"
| style="text-align: center;" |"The people have been gradually conquered by the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois class]], penetrated by their thoughts and now want only to resemble them. If you long for a people's art, begin by creating a people!"
|-
|-
| style="text-align: right;" |Romain Rolland, ''Le Théâtre du peuple'' (1903).<ref>Quoted by David Bradby and John McCormick, ''People's Theatre'' (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). ISBN 0-8476-6073-7. p.32.</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" |Romain Rolland, ''Le Théâtre du peuple'' (1903).<ref>Quoted by David Bradby and John McCormick, ''People's Theatre'' (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). {{ISBN|0-8476-6073-7}}. p.32.</ref>
|}
|}
The essay is part of a more general movement around the turn of that century towards the [[democratization]] of the theatre. The ''Revue'' had held a competition and tried to organize a "World Congress on People's Theatre", and a number of People's Theatres had opened across Europe, including the [[Volksbühne|Freie Volksbühne]] movement ('Free People's Theatre') in Germany and [[Maurice Pottecher]]'s [[Théâtre du Peuple]] in France. Rolland was a disciple of Pottecher and dedicated ''The People's Theatre'' to him.
The essay is part of a more general movement around the turn of that century towards the [[democratization]] of the theatre. The ''Revue'' had held a competition and tried to organize a "World Congress on People's Theatre", and a number of People's Theatres had opened across Europe, including the [[Volksbühne|Freie Volksbühne]] movement ('Free People's Theatre') in Germany and Maurice Pottecher's [[Théâtre du Peuple]] in France. Rolland was a disciple of Pottecher and dedicated ''The People's Theatre'' to him.


Rolland's approach is more aggressive, though, than Pottecher's poetic vision of theatre as a substitute 'social religion' bringing unity to the nation. Rolland indicts the [[bourgeoisie]] for its [[Cultural appropriation|appropriation]] of the theatre, causing it to slide into [[decadence]], and the deleterious effects of its [[Ideology|ideological]] dominance. In proposing a suitable [[Repertory|repertoire]] for his people's theatre, Rolland rejects classical drama in the belief that it is either too difficult or too static to be of interest to the masses. Drawing on the ideas of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], he proposes instead "an epic historical theatre of 'joy, force and intelligence' which will remind the people of its revolutionary heritage and revitalize the forces working for a new society" (in the words of Bradby and McCormick, quoting Rolland).<ref>David Bradby and John McCormick, ''People's Theatre'' (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). ISBN 0-8476-6073-7. p.32.</ref> Rolland believed that the people would be improved by seeing heroic images of their past. Rousseau's influence may be detected in Rolland's conception of theatre-as-[[Festival|festivity]], an emphasis that reveals a fundamental anti-theatrical prejudice: "Theatre supposes lives that are poor and agitated, a people searching in dreams for a refuge from thought. If we were happier and freer we should not feel hungry for theatre. [...] A people that is happy and free has need of festivities more than of theatres; it will always see in itself the finest [[spectacle]]".<ref>Quoted by David Bradby and John McCormick, ''People's Theatre'' (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). ISBN 0-8476-6073-7. p.32-33.</ref>
Rolland's approach is more aggressive, though, than Pottecher's poetic vision of theatre as a substitute 'social religion' bringing unity to the nation. Rolland indicts the [[bourgeoisie]] for its [[Cultural appropriation|appropriation]] of the theatre, causing it to slide into [[decadence]], and the deleterious effects of its [[Ideology|ideological]] dominance. In proposing a suitable [[Repertory|repertoire]] for his people's theatre, Rolland rejects classical drama in the belief that it is either too difficult or too static to be of interest to the masses. Drawing on the ideas of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], he proposes instead "an epic historical theatre of 'joy, force and intelligence' which will remind the people of its revolutionary heritage and revitalize the forces working for a new society" (in the words of Bradby and McCormick, quoting Rolland).<ref>David Bradby and John McCormick, ''People's Theatre'' (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). {{ISBN|0-8476-6073-7}}. p.32.</ref> Rolland believed that the people would be improved by seeing heroic images of their past. Rousseau's influence may be detected in Rolland's conception of theatre-as-[[Festival|festivity]], an emphasis that reveals a fundamental [[anti-theatrical prejudice]]: "Theatre supposes lives that are poor and agitated, a people searching in dreams for a refuge from thought. If we were happier and freer we should not feel hungry for theatre. [...] A people that is happy and free has need of festivities more than of theatres; it will always see in itself the finest [[spectacle]]".<ref>Quoted by David Bradby and John McCormick, ''People's Theatre'' (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). {{ISBN|0-8476-6073-7}}. p.32-33.</ref>
[[Image:Piscator Programmzettel 1922.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Programme sheet for [[Erwin Piscator|Piscator's]] 1922 production of Rolland's drama ''The Time Will Come'' (1903), at the Central-Theater in [[Berlin]].]]
[[Image:Piscator Programmzettel 1922.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Programme sheet for [[Erwin Piscator|Piscator's]] 1922 production of Rolland's drama ''The Time Will Come'' (1903), at the Central-Theater in [[Berlin]].]]
Rolland's dramas have been staged by some of the most influential theatre directors of the twentieth century, including [[Max Reinhardt]] and [[Erwin Piscator]].<ref>See John Willett, ''The Theatre of Erwin Piscator: Half a Century of Politics in the Theatre'', London: Methuen, 1978 (p.15, 35, 46–7, 179). ISBN 0-413-37810-1.</ref> Piscator directed the world première of Rolland's pacifist drama ''The Time Will Come'' (''Le Temps viendra'', written in 1903) at [[Berlin]]'s Central-Theater, which opened on 17 November 1922 with music by K Pringsheim and [[scenic design]] by O Schmalhausen and M Meier.<ref>Piscator (1929, 353).</ref> The play addresses the connections between [[imperialism]] and capitalism, the treatment of enemy civilians, and the use of [[concentration camp]]s, all of which are dramatised via an episode in the [[Boer Wars|Boer War]].<ref name=Rorrison>Hugh Rorrison, in Piscator (1929, 55–56).</ref> Piscator described his treatment of the play as "thoroughly [[Naturalism (theatre)|naturalistic]]", whereby he sought "to achieve the greatest possible [[Realism (theatre)|realism]] in acting and decor".<ref>Piscator (1929, 58).</ref> Despite the play's overly-[[rhetoric]]al style, the production was reviewed positively.<ref name=Rorrison/>
Rolland's dramas have been staged by some of the most influential theatre directors of the twentieth century, including [[Max Reinhardt]] and [[Erwin Piscator]].<ref>See John Willett, ''The Theatre of Erwin Piscator: Half a Century of Politics in the Theatre'', London: Methuen, 1978 (p.15, 35, 46–7, 179). {{ISBN|0-413-37810-1}}.</ref> Piscator directed the world première of Rolland's pacifist drama ''The Time Will Come'' (''Le Temps viendra'', written in 1903) at [[Berlin]]'s Central-Theater, which opened on 17 November 1922 with music by K Pringsheim and [[scenic design]] by O Schmalhausen and M Meier.<ref>Piscator (1929, 353).</ref> The play addresses the connections between [[imperialism]] and capitalism, the treatment of enemy civilians, and the use of [[concentration camp]]s, all of which are dramatised via an episode in the [[Boer War]].<ref name=Rorrison>Hugh Rorrison, in Piscator (1929, 55–56).</ref> Piscator described his treatment of the play as "thoroughly [[Naturalism (theatre)|naturalistic]]", whereby he sought "to achieve the greatest possible [[Realism (theatre)|realism]] in acting and decor".<ref>Piscator (1929, 58).</ref> Despite the play's overly-[[rhetoric]]al style, the production was reviewed positively.<ref name=Rorrison/>


==Novels==
==Novels==
Rolland's most famous novel is the 10-volume [[roman-fleuve]] ''[[Jean-Christophe]]'' (1904–1912), which brings "together his interests and ideals in the story of a German musical genius who makes France his second home and becomes a vehicle for Rolland's views on music, social matters and understanding between nations".<ref>John Cruickshank, "Rolland, Romain", in Anthony Thorlby (ed.), ''[[The Penguin Companion to Literature|The Penguin Companion to Literature 2: European Literature]]''. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969, p. 661.</ref> His other novels are ''Colas Breugnon'' (1919), ''[[Clérambault (novel)|Clérambault]]'' (1920), ''[[Pierre et luce|Pierre et Luce]]'' (1920) and his second roman-fleuve, the 7-volume ''L'âme enchantée'' (1922–1933).
Rolland's most famous novel is the 10-volume [[novel sequence]] ''[[Jean-Christophe]]'' (1904–1912), which brings "together his interests and ideals in the story of a German musical genius who makes France his second home and becomes a vehicle for Rolland's views on music, social matters and understanding between nations".<ref>John Cruickshank, "Rolland, Romain", in Anthony Thorlby (ed.), ''[[The Penguin Companion to Literature|The Penguin Companion to Literature 2: European Literature]]''. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969, p. 661.</ref> His other novels are ''Colas Breugnon'' (1919), ''[[Clérambault (novel)|Clérambault]]'' (1920), ''[[Pierre et luce|Pierre et Luce]]'' (1920) and his second roman-fleuve, the 7-volume ''L'âme enchantée'' (1922–1933).


== Academic career ==
== Academic career ==
[[File:The Soviet Union 1966 CPA 3311 stamp (Birth Centenary French Writer Romain Rolland (1866-1944) (after Anatoly Yar-Kravchenko) and Scene from 'Jean-Christophe').jpg|thumb|Stamp from the USSR which commemorates the 100th anniversary of Romain Rolland's birth in 1866.]]
He became a history teacher at [[Lycée Henri IV]], then at the [[Lycée Louis le Grand]], and member of the [[École française de Rome]], then a professor of the History of Music at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]], and History Professor at the École Normale Supérieure.


He became a history teacher at [[Lycée Henri IV]], then at the [[Lycée Louis le Grand]], and a member of the [[École française de Rome]], then a professor of the History of Music at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]], and History Professor at the École Normale Supérieure.
==Correspondence with Freud==
1923 saw the beginning of a correspondence between the famous psychoanalyst [[Sigmund Freud]] and Rolland, who found that the admiration that he showed for Freud was reciprocated in equal measures (Freud proclaiming in a letter to him: "That I have been allowed to exchange a greeting with you will remain a happy memory to the end of my days.").<ref>William B. Parsons, ''The Enigma of the Oceanic Feeling: Revisioning the Psychoanalytic Theory of Mysticism'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 23, [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78939280 Questia, 2 Apr. 2007].</ref> This correspondence introduced Freud to the concept of the "[[oceanic feeling]]" that Rolland had developed through his study of [[Eastern mysticism]]. Freud opened his next book ''[[Civilization and its Discontents]]'' (1929) with a debate on the nature of this feeling, which he mentioned had been noted to him by an anonymous "friend". This friend was Rolland. Rolland would remain a major influence on Freud's work, continuing their correspondence right up to Freud's death in 1939.<ref>William B. Parsons, ''The Enigma of the Oceanic Feeling: Revisioning the Psychoanalytic Theory of Mysticism'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 19, [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78939276 Questia, 2 Apr. 2007].</ref>


==Correspondence with Richard Strauss==
==Quotations==
In 1899 Rolland started what became a voluminous correspondence with the German composer [[Richard Strauss]] (the English translation, edited by Rollo Myers, runs to 239 pages, including some diary entries).<ref name=Myers68>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duEqAAAAIAAJ |author1=Richard Strauss |author2=Romain Rolland |date=1968 |title= Richard Strauss & Romain Rolland: Correspondence |publisher=Calder, London | editor=Rollo Myers}}</ref> At the time, Strauss was a celebrated conductor of works by [[Wagner]], [[Liszt]], [[Mozart]], and of his own [[Symphonic poem|tone poems]]. In 1905, Strauss completed his opera [[Salome (opera)|''Salome'']], based on the verse play by [[Oscar Wilde]], originally written in French. Strauss based his version of [[Salome (opera)|''Salome'']] on [[Hedwig Lachmann]]'s German translation which he had seen performed in [[Berlin]] in 1902. Out of respect for Wilde, Strauss wanted to create a parallel French version, to be as close as possible to Wilde's original text, and he wrote to Rolland requesting his help on this project.<ref name=wildean>{{cite journal | url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/48569305 | title= Richard Strauss's ''Salome'' and Oscar Wilde's French Text | journal=The Wildean|date=2018 |author=[[James Morwood]]| issue= 52 | pages= 63–73 | jstor= 48569305 |accessdate=30 July 2022}}</ref>
{{over-quotation|date=July 2014}}
[[File:The Soviet Union 1966 CPA 3311 stamp (Birth Centenary French Writer Romain Rolland (1866-1944) (after Anatoly Yar-Kravchenko) and Scene from 'Jean-Christophe').jpg|thumb|Stamp from the USSR which commemorates the 100th anniversary of Romain Rolland's birth in 1966.]]


Rolland was initially reluctant, but a lengthy exchange ensued, occupying 50 pages of the Myers edition, and in the end Rolland made 191 suggestions for improving the Strauss/Wilde libretto.<ref name=wildean/> The resulting French version of ''Salome'' received its first performance in [[Paris]] in 1907, two years after the German premiere.<ref name=wildean/> Thereafter, Rolland's letters regularly discussed Strauss's operas, including the occasional criticism of Strauss's librettist, [[Hugo von Hoffmannsthal]]: "I only regret that the great writer who gives you such brilliant libretti too often lacks a sense of the theatre."<ref name=Myers68/>
* "To one whose mind is free, there is something even more intolerable in the suffering of animals than in the sufferings of humans. For with the latter, it is at least admitted that suffering is evil and that the person who causes it is a criminal. But thousands of animals are uselessly butchered every day without a shadow of remorse. If any person were to refer to it, they would be thought ridiculous. And that is the unpardonable crime. That alone is the justification of all that humans may suffer. It cries vengeance upon all the human race. If God exists and tolerates it, it cries vengeance upon God." ''Jean Christophe''.


Rolland was a pacifist and concurred with Strauss when the latter refused to sign the [[Manifesto of the Ninety-Three|Manifesto of German artists and intellectuals]] supporting the German role in World War I. Rolland noted Strauss's response in his diary entry for October 1914: "Declarations about war and politics are not fitting for an artist, who must give his attention to his creations and his works."(''Myers p. 160'')
*"If there is one place on the face of the earth where all the dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India....For more than 30 centuries, the tree of vision, with all its thousand branches and their millions of twigs, has sprung from this torrid land, the burning womb of the Gods. It renews itself tirelessly showing no signs of decay."<ref>[http://www.ocvhs.com/publications/papersarticles/iklecture01.html The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies] at www.ocvhs.com</ref> ''Life of Ramakrishna''.


==Correspondence with Freud==
*"The true Vedantic spirit does not start out with a system of preconceived ideas. It possesses absolute liberty and unrivalled courage among religions with regard to the facts to be observed and the diverse hypotheses it has laid down for their coordination. Never having been hampered by a priestly order, each man has been entirely free to search wherever he pleased for the spiritual explanation of the spectacle of the universe.",<ref>[http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1996/3/1996-3-08.shtml Hinduism Today – March 1996] at www.hinduismtoday.com</ref> ''Life of Vivekananda''.
1923 saw the beginning of a correspondence between psychoanalyst [[Sigmund Freud]] and Rolland, who found that the admiration that he showed for Freud was reciprocated in equal measures (Freud proclaiming in a letter to him: "That I have been allowed to exchange a greeting with you will remain a happy memory to the end of my days.").<ref>William B. Parsons, ''The Enigma of the Oceanic Feeling: Revisioning the Psychoanalytic Theory of Mysticism'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 23, {{ISBN?}} [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78939280 2 Apr. 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604113757/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78939280 |date=4 June 2011 }}.</ref> This correspondence introduced Freud to the concept of the "[[oceanic feeling]]" that Rolland had developed through his study of [[Eastern mysticism]]. Freud opened his next book ''[[Civilization and its Discontents]]'' (1929) with a debate on the nature of this feeling, which he mentioned had been noted to him by an anonymous "friend". This friend was Rolland. Rolland would remain a major influence on Freud's work, continuing their correspondence right up to Freud's death in 1939.<ref>William B. Parsons, ''The Enigma of the Oceanic Feeling: Revisioning the Psychoanalytic Theory of Mysticism'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 19, {{ISBN?}} [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78939276 2 Apr. 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604113811/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78939276 |date=4 June 2011 }}</ref>

* "There are some dead who are more alive than the living." "No, no! It would be more true to say that there are some who are more dead than the dead." "Maybe. In any case there are old things which are still young." "Then if they are still young we can find them for ourselves.... But I don't believe it. What has been good once never is good again." ''Jean Christophe''.<ref>Romain Rolland, "Jean-Christophe: Revolt," p.&nbsp;395.</ref>

*"All these young millionaires were anarchists, of course: when a man possesses everything it is the supreme luxury for him to deny society: for in that way he can evade his responsibilities." ''Jean Christophe''.<ref>Romain Rolland, "Jean-Christophe: Revolt," p.&nbsp;399.</ref>


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
[[File:Romain Rolland de face au balcon, Meurisse, 1914 retouche.jpg|thumb|Romain Rolland in 1914, on the balcony of his home]]
[[File:Romain Rolland au balcon, Meurisse, 1914 retouche.jpg|thumb|Romain Rolland in 1914, on the balcony of his home]]
[[File:Romain Rolland au balcon, Meurisse, 1914 retouche.jpg|thumb|Romain Rolland in 1914, on the balcony of his home]]
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="70%"
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="width:70%;"
! bgcolor="#ffffcc" | Year
! bgcolor="#ffffcc" | Work
! bgcolor="#ffffcc" | Notes
|-
|-
! style="background:#ffc;"| Year
| align="center" | 1888
! style="background:#ffc;"| Work
| align="left" | ''Amour d'enfants''
! style="background:#ffc;"| Notes
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1891
| style="text-align:center;"| 1888
| align="left" | ''Les Baglioni''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Amour d'enfants''
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
| align="left" | Unpublished during his lifetime.
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1891
| style="text-align:center;"| 1891
| align="left" | ''Empédocle''<br>(''[[Empedocles]]'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Les Baglioni''
| align="left" | Unpublished during his lifetime.
| style="text-align:left;"| Unpublished during his lifetime.
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1891
| style="text-align:center;"| 1891
| align="left" | ''Orsino'' (play)
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Empédocle''<br>(''[[Empedocles]]'')
| align="left" | Unpublished during his lifetime.
| style="text-align:left;"| Unpublished during his lifetime.
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1892
| style="text-align:center;"| 1891
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Orsino'' (play)
| align="left" | ''Le Dernier Procès de Louis Berquin''<br>(''The Last Trial of Louis Berquin'')
| style="text-align:left;"| Unpublished during his lifetime.
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1895
| style="text-align:center;"| 1892
| align="left" | ''Les Origines du théâtre lyrique moderne''<br>(''The origins of modern lyric theatre'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Le Dernier Procès de Louis Berquin''<br>(''The Last Trial of Louis Berquin'')
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
| align="left" | Academic treatise, which won a prize from the [[Académie Française]]
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1895
| style="text-align:center;"| 1895
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Les Origines du théâtre lyrique moderne''<br>(''The origins of modern lyric theatre'')
| align="left" | ''Histoire de l'opéra avant Lully et Scarlatti''<br>(''A History of Opera in Europe before [[Jean-Baptiste Lully|Lully]] and [[Scarlatti]]'')
| style="text-align:left;"| Academic treatise, which won a prize from the [[Académie Française]]
| align="left" | Dissertation for his doctorate in Letters
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1895
| style="text-align:center;"| 1895
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Histoire de l'opéra avant Lully et Scarlatti''<br>(''A History of Opera in Europe before [[Jean-Baptiste Lully|Lully]] and [[Alessandro Scarlatti|Scarlatti]]'')
| align="left" | ''Cur ars picturae apud Italos XVI saeculi deciderit''
| style="text-align:left;"| Dissertation for his doctorate in Letters
| align="left" | [[Latin]]-language thesis on the decline in Italian oil painting in the course of the sixteenth century
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1897
| style="text-align:center;"| 1895
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Cur ars picturae apud Italos XVI saeculi deciderit''
| align="left" | ''Saint-Louis''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Latin]]-language thesis on the decline in Italian oil painting in the course of the sixteenth century
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1897
| style="text-align:center;"| 1897
| align="left" | ''Aërt''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Saint-Louis''
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
| align="left" | Historical/philosophical drama
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1898
| style="text-align:center;"| 1897
| align="left" | ''Les Loups''<br>(''The Wolves'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Aërt''
| align="left" | Historical/philosophical drama
| style="text-align:left;"| Historical/philosophical drama
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1899
| style="text-align:center;"| 1898
| align="left" | ''Le Triomphe de la raison''<br>(''The Triumph of Reason'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Les Loups''<br>(''The Wolves'')
| style="text-align:left;"| Historical/philosophical drama about [[Dreyfus affair|the Dreyfuss affair]]. Co-written with [[Maurice Schwartz]], and translated by Barrett H. Clark, the play ran for 29 performances in New York in 1932.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lachman, Marvin|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/903807427|title=The villainous stage : crime plays on Broadway and in the West End|date=2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9534-4|oclc=903807427}}</ref>
| align="left" | Historical/philosophical drama
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1899
| style="text-align:center;"| 1899
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Le Triomphe de la raison''<br>(''The Triumph of Reason'')
| align="left" | ''[[Georges Danton]]''
| align="left" | Historical/philosophical drama
| style="text-align:left;"| Historical/philosophical drama
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1900
| style="text-align:center;"| 1899
| align="left" | ''Le Poison idéaliste''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Georges Danton]]''
| style="text-align:left;"| Historical/philosophical drama
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1901
| style="text-align:center;"| 1900
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Le Poison idéaliste''
| align="left" | ''Les Fêtes de Beethoven à Mayence''<br>(''The Celebrations of Beethoven in [[Mainz]]'')
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1902
| style="text-align:center;"| 1901
| align="left" | ''Le Quatorze Juillet'' <br>(''14 July–[[Bastille Day]]'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Les Fêtes de Beethoven à Mayence''<br>(''The Celebrations of Beethoven in [[Mainz]]'')
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
| align="left" | Historical/philosophical drama
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1902
| style="text-align:center;"| 1902
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Le Quatorze Juillet'' <br>(''14 July–[[Bastille Day]]'')
| align="left" | ''François-Millet''
| style="text-align:left;"| Historical/philosophical drama
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1903
| style="text-align:center;"| 1902
| style="text-align:left;"| ''François-Millet''
| align="left" | ''Vie de Beethoven'' <br>(''Life of Beethoven'')
| align="left" | Biography
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1903
| style="text-align:center;"| 1903
| align="left" | ''Le temps viendra''<br>(''The Time Will Come'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Vie de Beethoven'' <br>(''Life of Beethoven'')
| align="left" | Drama
| style="text-align:left;"| Novella
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1903
| style="text-align:center;"| 1903
| align="left" | ''Le Théâtre du peuple''<br>(''The People's Theatre'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Le temps viendra''<br>(''The Time Will Come'')
| style="text-align:left;"| Drama
| align="left" | Seminal essay in the democratization of theatre.
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1904
| style="text-align:center;"| 1903
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Le Théâtre du peuple''<br>(''The People's Theatre'')
| align="left" | ''La Montespan''
| style="text-align:left;"| Seminal essay in the democratization of theatre.
| align="left" | Historical/philosophical drama
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1904–1912
| style="text-align:center;"| 1904
| align="left" | ''[[Jean-Christophe]]''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''La Montespan''
| style="text-align:left;"| Historical/philosophical drama
| align="left" | Cycle of ten volumes divided into three series–''Jean-Christophe'', ''Jean-Christophe à Paris'', and la ''Fin du voyage'', published by ''Cahiers de la Quinzaine''
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1904
| style="text-align:center;"| 1904–1912
| align="left" | ''L'Aube''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Jean-Christophe]]''
| style="text-align:left;"| Cycle of ten volumes divided into three series–''Jean-Christophe'', ''Jean-Christophe à Paris'', and la ''Fin du voyage'', published by ''Cahiers de la Quinzaine''
| align="left" | First volume of the series ''Jean-Christophe''
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1904
| style="text-align:center;"| 1904
| align="left" | ''Le Matin''<br>(''Morning'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''L'Aube''
| align="left" | Second volume of the series ''Jean-Christophe''
| style="text-align:left;"| First volume of the series ''Jean-Christophe''
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1904
| style="text-align:center;"| 1904
| align="left" | ''L'Adolescent''<br>(''The Adolescent'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Le Matin''<br>(''Morning'')
| align="left" | Third volume of the series ''Jean-Christophe''
| style="text-align:left;"| Second volume of the series ''Jean-Christophe''
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1905
| style="text-align:center;"| 1904
| align="left" | ''La Révolte''<br>(''The Revolt'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''L'Adolescent''<br>(''The Adolescent'')
| align="left" | Fourth volume of the series ''Jean-Christophe''
| style="text-align:left;"| Third volume of the series ''Jean-Christophe''
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1907
| style="text-align:center;"| 1905
| align="left" | ''Vie de Michel-Ange''<br>(''Life of [[Michelangelo]]'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''La Révolte''<br>(''The Revolt'')
| style="text-align:left;"| Fourth volume of the series ''Jean-Christophe''
| align="left" | Biography
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1908
| style="text-align:center;"| 1907
| align="left" | ''Musiciens d'aujourd'hui''<br>(''Contemporary Musicians'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Vie de Michel-Ange''<br>(''Life of [[Michelangelo]]'')
| style="text-align:left;"| Biography
| align="left" | Collection of articles and essays about music
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1908
| style="text-align:center;"| 1908
| align="left" | ''Musiciens d'autrefois''<br>(''Musicians of the Past'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Musiciens d'aujourd'hui''<br>(''Contemporary Musicians'')
| align="left" | Collection of articles and essays about music
| style="text-align:left;"| Collection of articles and essays about music
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1908
| style="text-align:center;"| 1908
| align="left" | ''La Foire sur la place''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Musiciens d'autrefois''<br>(''Musicians of the Past'')
| align="left" | First volume of the series ''Jean-Christophe à Paris''
| style="text-align:left;"| Collection of articles and essays about music
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1908
| style="text-align:center;"| 1908
| align="left" | ''Antoinette''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''La Foire sur la place''
| align="left" | Second volume of the series ''Jean-Christophe à Paris''
| style="text-align:left;"| First volume of the series ''Jean-Christophe à Paris''
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1908
| style="text-align:center;"| 1908
| align="left" | ''Dans la maison''<br>(''At Home'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Antoinette''
| align="left" | Third volume of the series ''Jean-Christophe à Paris''
| style="text-align:left;"| Second volume of the series ''Jean-Christophe à Paris''
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1910
| style="text-align:center;"| 1908
| align="left" | ''Haendel''<br>(''[[George Frideric Handel|Handel]]'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Dans la maison''<br>(''At Home'')
| style="text-align:left;"| Third volume of the series ''Jean-Christophe à Paris''
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1910
| style="text-align:center;"| 1910
| align="left" | ''Les Amies''<br>(''Friends'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Haendel''<br>(''[[George Frideric Handel|Handel]]'')
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
| align="left" | First volume of the series ''la Fin du voyage''
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1911
| style="text-align:center;"| 1910
| align="left" | ''La Vie de Tolstoï''<br>(''Life of [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]]'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Les Amies''<br>(''Friends'')
| style="text-align:left;"| First volume of the series ''la Fin du voyage''
| align="left" | Biography
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1911
| style="text-align:center;"| 1911
| style="text-align:left;"| ''La Vie de Tolstoï''<br>(''Life of [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]]'')
| align="left" | ''Le Buisson ardent''
| style="text-align:left;"| Biography
| align="left" | Second volume of the series ''la Fin du voyage''
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1912
| style="text-align:center;"| 1911
| align="left" | ''La Nouvelle Journée''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Le Buisson ardent''
| align="left" | Third volume of the series ''la Fin du voyage''
| style="text-align:left;"| Second volume of the series ''la Fin du voyage''
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1911
| style="text-align:center;"| 1912
| style="text-align:left;"| ''La Nouvelle Journée''
| align="left" | ''Jean-Christophe: Dawn . Morning . Youth . Revolt''
| style="text-align:left;"| Third volume of the series ''la Fin du voyage''
| align="left" | In English, first four volumes published in one. Henry Holt and Company. Translated by Gilbert Cannan
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1911
| style="text-align:center;"| 1911
| align="left" | ''Jean-Christophe in Paris: The Market Place . Antoinette . The House''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Jean-Christophe: Dawn . Morning . Youth . Revolt''
| align="left" | In English, second three volumes published in one. Henry Holt and Company. Translated by Gilbert Cannan
| style="text-align:left;"| In English, first four volumes published in one. Henry Holt and Company. Translated by Gilbert Cannan
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1915
| style="text-align:center;"| 1911
| align="left" | ''Jean-Christophe: Journey's End: Love and Friendship . The Burning Bush . The New Dawn''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Jean-Christophe in Paris: The Market Place . Antoinette . The House''
| align="left" | In English, final three volumes published in one. Henry Holt and Company. Translated by Gilbert Cannan
| style="text-align:left;"| In English, second three volumes published in one. Henry Holt and Company. Translated by Gilbert Cannan
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1912
| style="text-align:center;"| 1915
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Jean-Christophe: Journey's End: Love and Friendship . The Burning Bush . The New Dawn''
| align="left" | ''L'Humble Vie héroïque''<br>(''The Humble Life of the Hero'')
| style="text-align:left;"| In English, final three volumes published in one. Henry Holt and Company. Translated by Gilbert Cannan
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1915
| style="text-align:center;"| 1912
| align="left" | ''Au-dessus de la mêlée'' <br>(''Above the Battle'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''L'Humble Vie héroïque''<br>(''The Humble Life of the Hero'')
| align="left" | Pacifist manifesto
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1915
| style="text-align:center;"| 1915
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Au-dessus de la mêlée'' <br>(''Above the Battle'')
| align="left" | —
| style="text-align:left;"| Pacifist manifesto
| align="left" | Received the Nobel Prize in Literature
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1917
| style="text-align:center;"| 1915
| style="text-align:left;"| —
| align="left" | ''Salut à la révolution russe''<br>(''Salute to the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]]'')
| style="text-align:left;"| Received the Nobel Prize in Literature
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1918
| style="text-align:center;"| 1917
| align="left" | ''Pour l'internationale de l'Esprit''<br>(''For the International of the Spirit'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Salut à la révolution russe''<br>(''Salute to the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]]'')
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1918
| style="text-align:center;"| 1918
| align="left" | ''L'Âge de la haine''<br>(''The Age of Hatred'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Pour l'internationale de l'Esprit''<br>(''For the International of the Spirit'')
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1919
| style="text-align:center;"| 1918
| style="text-align:left;"| ''L'Âge de la haine''<br>(''The Age of Hatred'')
| align="left" | ''Colas Breugnon''
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
| align="left" | [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundian]] story, and basis for [[Colas Breugnon (opera)|the opera]] by [[Dmitry Kabalevsky]]
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1919
| style="text-align:center;"| 1919
| align="left" | ''Liluli''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Colas Breugnon''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundian]] story, and basis for ''Colas Breugnon'', the opera by [[Dmitry Kabalevsky]]
| align="left" | Play
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1919
| style="text-align:center;"| 1919
| align="left" | ''Les Précurseurs''<br>(''The Precursors'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Liluli''
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| Play
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1920
| style="text-align:center;"| 1919
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Les Précurseurs''<br>(''The Forerunners'')
| align="left" | ''[[Clérambault (novel)|Clérambault]]''
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1920
| style="text-align:center;"| 1920
| align="left" | ''[[Pierre et luce]]''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Clérambault (novel)|Clérambault]]''
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1921
| style="text-align:center;"| 1920
| align="left" | ''Pages choisies''<br>(''Selected Pages'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Pierre et Luce]]''
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1921
| style="text-align:center;"| 1921
| align="left" | ''La Révolte des machines''<br>(''The Revolt of the Machines'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Pages choisies''<br>(''Selected Pages'')
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1922
| style="text-align:center;"| 1921
| style="text-align:left;"| ''La Révolte des machines''<br>(''The Revolt of the Machines'')
| align="left" | ''Annette et Sylvie''
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
| align="left" | First volume of ''l'Âme enchantée''
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1922
| style="text-align:center;"| 1922
| align="left" | ''Les Vaincus''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Annette et Sylvie''
| style="text-align:left;"| First volume of ''l'Âme enchantée''
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1922–1933
| style="text-align:center;"| 1922
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Les Vaincus''
| align="left" | ''L'Âme enchantée''<br>(''The Enchanted Soul'')
| align="left" | Seven volumes
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1923
| style="text-align:center;"| 1922–1933
| style="text-align:left;"| ''L'Âme enchantée''<br>(''The Enchanted Soul'')
| align="left" | —
| style="text-align:left;"| Seven volumes
| align="left" |Founded the review ''[[Europe (magazine)|Europe]]''
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1924
| style="text-align:center;"| 1923
| style="text-align:left;"| —
| align="left" | ''L'Été''<br>(''Summer'')
| align="left" | Second volume of ''l'Âme enchantée''
| style="text-align:left;"|Founded the review ''[[Europe (magazine)|Europe]]''
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1924
| style="text-align:center;"| 1924
| align="left" | ''[[Mahatma Gandhi]]''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''L'Été''<br>(''Summer'')
| style="text-align:left;"| Second volume of ''l'Âme enchantée''
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1925
| style="text-align:center;"| 1924
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Mahatma Gandhi]]''
| align="left" | ''Le Jeu de l'amour et de la mort''<br>(''The Game of Love and Death'')
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1926
| style="text-align:center;"| 1924
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Le Jeu de l'amour et de la mort''<br>(''The Game of Love and Death'')
| align="left" | ''Pâques fleuries''
| style="text-align:left;"| basis for ''Hra o láske a smrti'', the opera by [[Ján Cikker]]
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1927
| style="text-align:center;"| 1926
| align="left" | ''Mère et fils''<br>(''Mother and Child'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Pâques fleuries''
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
| align="left" | Third volume of ''l'Âme enchantée''
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1928
| style="text-align:center;"| 1927
| align="left" | ''Léonides''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Mère et fils''<br>(''Mother and Child'')
| style="text-align:left;"| Third volume of ''l'Âme enchantée''
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1928
| style="text-align:center;"| 1928
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Léonides''
| align="left" | ''De l'Héroïque à l'Appassionata''<br>(''From the Heroic to the Passionate'')
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1929
| style="text-align:center;"| 1928
| align="left" | ''Essai sur la mystique de l'action''<br>(''A study of the Mystique of Action'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''De l'Héroïque à l'Appassionata''<br>(''From the Heroic to the Passionate'')
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1929
| style="text-align:center;"| 1929
| align="left" | ''L'Inde vivante''<br>(''Living India'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Essai sur la mystique de l'action''<br>(''A study of the Mystique of Action'')
| align="left" | Essays
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1929
| style="text-align:center;"| 1929
| align="left" | ''Vie de Ramakrishna''<br>(''Life of [[Ramakrishna]]'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''L'Inde vivante''<br>(''Living India'')
| align="left" | Essays
| style="text-align:left;"| Essays
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1930
| style="text-align:center;"| 1929
| align="left" | ''Vie de Vivekananda''<br>(''Life of [[Vivekananda]]'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Vie de Ramakrishna''<br>(''Life of [[Ramakrishna]]'')
| align="left" | Essays
| style="text-align:left;"| Essays
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1930
| style="text-align:center;"| 1930
| align="left" | ''L'Évangile universel''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Vie de Vivekananda''<br>(''Life of [[Vivekananda]]'')
| align="left" | Essays
| style="text-align:left;"| Essays
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1930
| style="text-align:center;"| 1930
| style="text-align:left;"| ''L'Évangile universel''
| align="left" | ''Goethe et Beethoven''<br>(''[[Goethe]] and Beethoven'')
| align="left" | Essay
| style="text-align:left;"| Essays
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1933
| style="text-align:center;"| 1930
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Goethe et Beethoven''<br>(''[[Goethe]] and Beethoven'')
| align="left" | ''L'Annonciatrice''
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| Essay
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1935
| style="text-align:center;"| 1933
| align="left" | ''Quinze ans de combat''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''L'Annonciatrice''
| style="text-align:left;"| Fourth volume of ''l'Âme enchantée''
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1936
| style="text-align:center;"| 1935
| align="left" | ''Compagnons de route''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Quinze ans de combat''
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1937
| style="text-align:center;"| 1936
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Compagnons de route''
| align="left" | ''Le Chant de la Résurrection''<br>(''Song of the Resurrection'')
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1938
| style="text-align:center;"| 1937
| align="left" | ''Les Pages immortelles de Rousseau''<br>(''The Immortal Pages of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]]'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Le Chant de la Résurrection''<br>(''Song of the Resurrection'')
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1939
| style="text-align:center;"| 1938
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Les Pages immortelles de Rousseau''<br>(''The Immortal Pages of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]]'')
| align="left" | ''[[Robespierre]]''
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
| align="left" | Historical/philosophical drama
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1942
| style="text-align:center;"| 1939
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Robespierre]]''
| align="left" | ''Le Voyage intérieur''<br>(''The Interior Voyage'')
| style="text-align:left;"| Historical/philosophical drama
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1943
| style="text-align:center;"| 1942
| align="left" | ''La Cathédrale interrompue''<br>(''The Interrupted Cathedral'')
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Le Voyage intérieur''<br>(''The Interior Voyage'')
| align="left" | Volumes I and II
| style="text-align:left;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1945
| style="text-align:center;"| 1943
| style="text-align:left;"| ''La Cathédrale interrompue''<br>(''The Interrupted Cathedral'')
| align="left" | ''[[Charles Péguy|Péguy]]''
| align="left" | Posthumous publication
| style="text-align:left;"| Volumes I and II
|-
|-
| align="center" | 1945
| style="text-align:center;"| 1945
| align="left" | ''La Cathédrale interrompue''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Charles Péguy|Péguy]]''
| align="left" | Volume III, posthumous
| style="text-align:left;"| Posthumous publication
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1945
| style="text-align:left;"| ''La Cathédrale interrompue''
| style="text-align:left;"| Volume III, posthumous
|}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of peace activists]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Fisher, David James. ''Romain Rolland and the Politics of the Intellectual Engagement'' (2003)
* Fisher, David James. ''Romain Rolland and the Politics of the Intellectual Engagement'' (2003)
* David-Fox, Michael. "The 'Heroic Life' of a Friend of Stalinism: Romain Rolland and Soviet Culture." ''Slavonica'' 11.1 (2005): 3-29. [http://www.academia.edu/download/35155133/Rolland.pdf Online]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* Zweig, Stephan. '' Romain Rolland: The Man and His Work'' (1921) ([http://books.google.com/books?id=VVRBAAAAYAAJ online])
* Zweig, Stephan. ''Romain Rolland: The Man and His Work'' (1921) ([https://archive.org/details/romainrollandman00zweirich online])


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
{{French literature sidebar}}
* {{Wikisource author-inline}}
* {{wikisourcelang-inline|fr|Auteur:Romain Rolland}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Nobelprize}}
* [http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=15 List of Works]
* [https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/41495.Romain_Rolland Romain Rolland at Goodreads]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060428205535/http://www.angelfire.com/ego2/olko/cgi-bin/rolland-bio-ess.html Sven Söderman on Rolland]
* [http://www.association-romainrolland.org/ Association Romain Rolland]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160916163215/http://www.vedanta-newyork.org/articles/on_sri_ramakrishna.htm#rolland Romain Rolland's thoughts] on [[Vedanta]]
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{PM20}}


===Electronic editions===
{{wikiquote}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/romain-rolland}}
{{Wikisource author}}
{{wikisourcelang|fr|Auteur:Romain Rolland}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=2602| name=Romain Rolland}}
{{commons category|Romain Rolland}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Rolland, Romain|name=Romain Rolland|author=yes}}
* [http://nobelprize.org.site-archive.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1915/index.html The Nobel Prize in Literature 1915]
* [http://www.almaz.com.site-archive.org/nobel/literature/1915a.html Romain Rolland Nobel Prize website]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Rolland,+Romain | name=Romain Rolland}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Romain Rolland}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Romain Rolland}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1528}}
* {{Librivox author}}
* [http://www.angelfire.com/ego2/olko/cgi-bin/rolland-bio-ess.html Sven Söderman on Rolland]
* [http://www.association-romainrolland.org/ Association Romain Rolland]
* [http://www.vedanta-newyork.org/articles/on_sri_ramakrishna.htm#rolland Romain Rolland's thoughts on [[Vedanta]]]
* [[wikilivres:Romain Rolland|Works by Romain Rolland]] (public domain in Canada)
* {{IMDb name|0738081}}


{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1901-1925}}
{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1901-1925}}
{{1915 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Swami Vivekananda}}
{{Prix Femina}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata
| NAME = Rolland, Romain
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = French writer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 29 January 1866
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Clamecy, Nièvre
| DATE OF DEATH = 30 December 1944
| PLACE OF DEATH = Vézelay
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rolland, Romain}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rolland, Romain}}
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nièvre]]
[[Category:19th-century French dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century French novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century French dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century French novelists]]
[[Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni]]
[[Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni]]
[[Category:French dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:French expatriates in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:French male novelists]]
[[Category:French Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:French Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:French novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Burgundy]]
[[Category:French pacifists]]
[[Category:French pacifists]]
[[Category:Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni]]
[[Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]
[[Category:Nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:Nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:People from Nièvre]]
[[Category:Prix Femina winners]]
[[Category:Prix Femina winners]]
[[Category:Western writers about Soviet Russia]]
[[Category:Writers about the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Writers from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:French expatriates in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Romain Rolland| ]]
[[Category:French male novelists]]
[[Category:French male dramatists and playwrights]]

[[ml:റൊമൈന്‍ റോളണ്ട്]]

Revision as of 07:19, 21 August 2024

Romain Rolland
Romain Rolland, 1914
Romain Rolland, 1914
Born(1866-01-29)29 January 1866
Clamecy, France
Died30 December 1944(1944-12-30) (aged 78)
Vézelay, France
Occupation
Period1902–1944
Notable awardsNobel Prize in Literature
1915
SpouseClothilde Bréal, m. 1892–1901; Jify Romain Rolland, m. 1934–1944
RelativesMadeleine Rolland (sister)
Signature

Romain Rolland (French: [ʁɔmɛ̃ ʁɔlɑ̃]; 29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French dramatist, novelist, essayist, art historian and mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1915 "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings".[1]

He was a leading supporter of Joseph Stalin in France and is also noted for his correspondence with and influence on Sigmund Freud.

Biography

Rolland was born in Clamecy, Nièvre into a family that had both wealthy townspeople and farmers in its lineage. Writing introspectively in his Voyage intérieur (1942), he sees himself as a representative of an "antique species". He would cast these ancestors in Colas Breugnon (1919).

Accepted to the École normale supérieure in 1886, he first studied philosophy, but his independence of spirit led him to abandon that so as not to submit to the dominant ideology. He received his degree in history in 1889 and spent two years in Rome, where his encounter with Malwida von Meysenbug–who had been a friend of Nietzsche and of Wagner–and his discovery of Italian masterpieces were decisive for the development of his thought. When he returned to France in 1895, he received his doctoral degree with his thesis Les origines du théâtre lyrique moderne. Histoire de l’opéra en Europe avant Lulli et Scarlatti (The origins of modern lyric theatre. A History of Opera in Europe before Lully and Scarlatti). For the next two decades, he taught at various lycées in Paris before directing the newly established music school of the École des Hautes Études Sociales from 1902 to 1911. In 1903 he was appointed to the first chair of music history at the Sorbonne, he also directed briefly in 1911 the musical section at the French Institute in Florence.[2]

His first book was published in 1902 when he was 36 years old. Through his advocacy for a 'people's theatre', he made a significant contribution towards the democratization of the theatre. As a humanist, he embraced the work of the philosophers of India ("Conversations with Rabindranath Tagore" and Mohandas Gandhi). Rolland was strongly influenced by the Vedanta philosophy of India, primarily through the works of Swami Vivekananda.[3]

A demanding, yet timid, young man, he did not like teaching. He was not indifferent to youth: Jean-Christophe, Olivier and their friends, the heroes of his novels, are young people. But with real-life persons, youths as well as adults, Rolland maintained only a distant relationship. He was first and foremost a writer. Assured that literature would provide him with a modest income, he resigned from the university in 1912.[citation needed]

Romain Rolland was a lifelong pacifist. He was one of the few major French writers to retain his pacifist internationalist values; he moved to Switzerland. He protested against the first World War in Au-dessus de la mêlée [fr] (1915), Above the Battle (Chicago, 1916). In 1924, his book on Gandhi contributed to the Indian nonviolent leader's reputation and the two men met in 1931. Rolland was a vegetarian.[4][5]

In May 1922 he attended the International Congress of Progressive Artists and signed the "Founding Proclamation of the Union of Progressive International Artists".[6]

In 1928 Rolland and Hungarian scholar, philosopher and natural living experimenter Edmund Bordeaux Szekely founded the International Biogenic Society to promote and expand on their ideas of the integration of mind, body and spirit.[citation needed] In 1932 Rolland was among the first members of the World Committee Against War and Fascism, organized by Willi Münzenberg. Rolland criticized the control Münzenberg assumed over the committee and was against it being based in Berlin.[7]

Rolland moved to Villeneuve, on the shores of Lake Geneva to devote himself to writing. His life was interrupted by health problems, and by travels to art exhibitions. His visit to Moscow (1935), on the invitation of Maxim Gorky, was an opportunity to meet Joseph Stalin, whom he considered the greatest man of his time.[8] Rolland served unofficially as ambassador of French artists to the Soviet Union. Although he admired Stalin, he attempted to intervene against the persecution of his friends. He attempted to discuss his concerns with Stalin, and was involved in the campaign for the release of the Left Opposition activist and writer Victor Serge and wrote to Stalin begging clemency for Nikolai Bukharin. During Serge's imprisonment (1933–1936), Rolland had agreed to handle the publications of Serge's writings in France, despite their political disagreements.

Romain Rolland with Joseph Stalin, 1935

In 1937, he came back to live in Vézelay, which, in 1940, was occupied by the Germans. During the occupation, he isolated himself in complete solitude. Never stopping his work, in 1940, he finished his memoirs. He also placed the finishing touches on his musical research on the life of Ludwig van Beethoven. Shortly before his death, he wrote Péguy (1944), in which he examines religion and socialism through the context of his memories. He died on 30 December 1944 in Vézelay.

In 1921, his close friend the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig published his biography (in English Romain Rolland: The Man and His Works). Zweig profoundly admired Rolland, whom he once described as "the moral consciousness of Europe" during the years of turmoil and War in Europe. Zweig wrote at length about his friendship with Rolland in his own autobiography (in English The World of Yesterday), discussing, for example, their failed efforts to organize a conference of antiwar intellectuals from both warring camps in neutral Switzerland.[9]

Victor Serge was appreciative of Rolland's interventions on his behalf but ultimately thoroughly disappointed by Rolland's refusal to break publicly with Stalin and the repressive Soviet regime. The entry for 4 May 1945, a few weeks after Rolland's death, in Serge's Notebooks: 1936-1947 notes acidly that "At age seventy the author of Jean-Christophe allowed himself to be covered with the blood spilled by a tyranny of which he was a faithful adulator." [10]

Hermann Hesse dedicated Siddhartha to Romain Rolland "my dear friend".

People's theatre

Rolland's most significant contribution to the theatre lies in his advocacy for a "popular theatre" in his essay The People's Theatre (Le Théâtre du peuple, 1902).[11] "There is only one necessary condition for the emergence of a new theatre", he wrote, "that the stage and auditorium should be open to the masses, should be able to contain a people and the actions of a people".[12] The book was not published until 1913, but most of its contents had appeared in the Revue d'Art Dramatique between 1900 and 1903. Rolland attempted to put his theory into practice with his melodramatic dramas about the French Revolution, Danton (1900) and The Fourteenth of July (1902), but it was his ideas that formed a major reference point for subsequent practitioners.[11]

"The people have been gradually conquered by the bourgeois class, penetrated by their thoughts and now want only to resemble them. If you long for a people's art, begin by creating a people!"
Romain Rolland, Le Théâtre du peuple (1903).[13]

The essay is part of a more general movement around the turn of that century towards the democratization of the theatre. The Revue had held a competition and tried to organize a "World Congress on People's Theatre", and a number of People's Theatres had opened across Europe, including the Freie Volksbühne movement ('Free People's Theatre') in Germany and Maurice Pottecher's Théâtre du Peuple in France. Rolland was a disciple of Pottecher and dedicated The People's Theatre to him.

Rolland's approach is more aggressive, though, than Pottecher's poetic vision of theatre as a substitute 'social religion' bringing unity to the nation. Rolland indicts the bourgeoisie for its appropriation of the theatre, causing it to slide into decadence, and the deleterious effects of its ideological dominance. In proposing a suitable repertoire for his people's theatre, Rolland rejects classical drama in the belief that it is either too difficult or too static to be of interest to the masses. Drawing on the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, he proposes instead "an epic historical theatre of 'joy, force and intelligence' which will remind the people of its revolutionary heritage and revitalize the forces working for a new society" (in the words of Bradby and McCormick, quoting Rolland).[14] Rolland believed that the people would be improved by seeing heroic images of their past. Rousseau's influence may be detected in Rolland's conception of theatre-as-festivity, an emphasis that reveals a fundamental anti-theatrical prejudice: "Theatre supposes lives that are poor and agitated, a people searching in dreams for a refuge from thought. If we were happier and freer we should not feel hungry for theatre. [...] A people that is happy and free has need of festivities more than of theatres; it will always see in itself the finest spectacle".[15]

Programme sheet for Piscator's 1922 production of Rolland's drama The Time Will Come (1903), at the Central-Theater in Berlin.

Rolland's dramas have been staged by some of the most influential theatre directors of the twentieth century, including Max Reinhardt and Erwin Piscator.[16] Piscator directed the world première of Rolland's pacifist drama The Time Will Come (Le Temps viendra, written in 1903) at Berlin's Central-Theater, which opened on 17 November 1922 with music by K Pringsheim and scenic design by O Schmalhausen and M Meier.[17] The play addresses the connections between imperialism and capitalism, the treatment of enemy civilians, and the use of concentration camps, all of which are dramatised via an episode in the Boer War.[18] Piscator described his treatment of the play as "thoroughly naturalistic", whereby he sought "to achieve the greatest possible realism in acting and decor".[19] Despite the play's overly-rhetorical style, the production was reviewed positively.[18]

Novels

Rolland's most famous novel is the 10-volume novel sequence Jean-Christophe (1904–1912), which brings "together his interests and ideals in the story of a German musical genius who makes France his second home and becomes a vehicle for Rolland's views on music, social matters and understanding between nations".[20] His other novels are Colas Breugnon (1919), Clérambault (1920), Pierre et Luce (1920) and his second roman-fleuve, the 7-volume L'âme enchantée (1922–1933).

Academic career

Stamp from the USSR which commemorates the 100th anniversary of Romain Rolland's birth in 1866.

He became a history teacher at Lycée Henri IV, then at the Lycée Louis le Grand, and a member of the École française de Rome, then a professor of the History of Music at the Sorbonne, and History Professor at the École Normale Supérieure.

Correspondence with Richard Strauss

In 1899 Rolland started what became a voluminous correspondence with the German composer Richard Strauss (the English translation, edited by Rollo Myers, runs to 239 pages, including some diary entries).[21] At the time, Strauss was a celebrated conductor of works by Wagner, Liszt, Mozart, and of his own tone poems. In 1905, Strauss completed his opera Salome, based on the verse play by Oscar Wilde, originally written in French. Strauss based his version of Salome on Hedwig Lachmann's German translation which he had seen performed in Berlin in 1902. Out of respect for Wilde, Strauss wanted to create a parallel French version, to be as close as possible to Wilde's original text, and he wrote to Rolland requesting his help on this project.[22]

Rolland was initially reluctant, but a lengthy exchange ensued, occupying 50 pages of the Myers edition, and in the end Rolland made 191 suggestions for improving the Strauss/Wilde libretto.[22] The resulting French version of Salome received its first performance in Paris in 1907, two years after the German premiere.[22] Thereafter, Rolland's letters regularly discussed Strauss's operas, including the occasional criticism of Strauss's librettist, Hugo von Hoffmannsthal: "I only regret that the great writer who gives you such brilliant libretti too often lacks a sense of the theatre."[21]

Rolland was a pacifist and concurred with Strauss when the latter refused to sign the Manifesto of German artists and intellectuals supporting the German role in World War I. Rolland noted Strauss's response in his diary entry for October 1914: "Declarations about war and politics are not fitting for an artist, who must give his attention to his creations and his works."(Myers p. 160)

Correspondence with Freud

1923 saw the beginning of a correspondence between psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and Rolland, who found that the admiration that he showed for Freud was reciprocated in equal measures (Freud proclaiming in a letter to him: "That I have been allowed to exchange a greeting with you will remain a happy memory to the end of my days.").[23] This correspondence introduced Freud to the concept of the "oceanic feeling" that Rolland had developed through his study of Eastern mysticism. Freud opened his next book Civilization and its Discontents (1929) with a debate on the nature of this feeling, which he mentioned had been noted to him by an anonymous "friend". This friend was Rolland. Rolland would remain a major influence on Freud's work, continuing their correspondence right up to Freud's death in 1939.[24]

Bibliography

Romain Rolland in 1914, on the balcony of his home
Year Work Notes
1888 Amour d'enfants  
1891 Les Baglioni Unpublished during his lifetime.
1891 Empédocle
(Empedocles) 		Unpublished during his lifetime.
1891 Orsino (play) Unpublished during his lifetime.
1892 Le Dernier Procès de Louis Berquin
(The Last Trial of Louis Berquin) 		 
1895 Les Origines du théâtre lyrique moderne
(The origins of modern lyric theatre) 		Academic treatise, which won a prize from the Académie Française
1895 Histoire de l'opéra avant Lully et Scarlatti
(A History of Opera in Europe before Lully and Scarlatti) 		Dissertation for his doctorate in Letters
1895 Cur ars picturae apud Italos XVI saeculi deciderit Latin-language thesis on the decline in Italian oil painting in the course of the sixteenth century
1897 Saint-Louis  
1897 Aërt Historical/philosophical drama
1898 Les Loups
(The Wolves) 		Historical/philosophical drama about the Dreyfuss affair. Co-written with Maurice Schwartz, and translated by Barrett H. Clark, the play ran for 29 performances in New York in 1932.[25]
1899 Le Triomphe de la raison
(The Triumph of Reason) 		Historical/philosophical drama
1899 Georges Danton Historical/philosophical drama
1900 Le Poison idéaliste  
1901 Les Fêtes de Beethoven à Mayence
(The Celebrations of Beethoven in Mainz) 		 
1902 Le Quatorze Juillet
(14 July–Bastille Day) 		Historical/philosophical drama
1902 François-Millet  
1903 Vie de Beethoven
(Life of Beethoven) 		Novella
1903 Le temps viendra
(The Time Will Come) 		Drama
1903 Le Théâtre du peuple
(The People's Theatre) 		Seminal essay in the democratization of theatre.
1904 La Montespan Historical/philosophical drama
1904–1912 Jean-Christophe Cycle of ten volumes divided into three series–Jean-Christophe, Jean-Christophe à Paris, and la Fin du voyage, published by Cahiers de la Quinzaine
1904 L'Aube First volume of the series Jean-Christophe
1904 Le Matin
(Morning) 		Second volume of the series Jean-Christophe
1904 L'Adolescent
(The Adolescent) 		Third volume of the series Jean-Christophe
1905 La Révolte
(The Revolt) 		Fourth volume of the series Jean-Christophe
1907 Vie de Michel-Ange
(Life of Michelangelo) 		Biography
1908 Musiciens d'aujourd'hui
(Contemporary Musicians) 		Collection of articles and essays about music
1908 Musiciens d'autrefois
(Musicians of the Past) 		Collection of articles and essays about music
1908 La Foire sur la place First volume of the series Jean-Christophe à Paris
1908 Antoinette Second volume of the series Jean-Christophe à Paris
1908 Dans la maison
(At Home) 		Third volume of the series Jean-Christophe à Paris
1910 Haendel
(Handel) 		 
1910 Les Amies
(Friends) 		First volume of the series la Fin du voyage
1911 La Vie de Tolstoï
(Life of Tolstoy) 		Biography
1911 Le Buisson ardent Second volume of the series la Fin du voyage
1912 La Nouvelle Journée Third volume of the series la Fin du voyage
1911 Jean-Christophe: Dawn . Morning . Youth . Revolt In English, first four volumes published in one. Henry Holt and Company. Translated by Gilbert Cannan
1911 Jean-Christophe in Paris: The Market Place . Antoinette . The House In English, second three volumes published in one. Henry Holt and Company. Translated by Gilbert Cannan
1915 Jean-Christophe: Journey's End: Love and Friendship . The Burning Bush . The New Dawn In English, final three volumes published in one. Henry Holt and Company. Translated by Gilbert Cannan
1912 L'Humble Vie héroïque
(The Humble Life of the Hero) 		 
1915 Au-dessus de la mêlée
(Above the Battle) 		Pacifist manifesto
1915 — Received the Nobel Prize in Literature
1917 Salut à la révolution russe
(Salute to the Russian Revolution) 		 
1918 Pour l'internationale de l'Esprit
(For the International of the Spirit) 		 
1918 L'Âge de la haine
(The Age of Hatred) 		 
1919 Colas Breugnon Burgundian story, and basis for Colas Breugnon, the opera by Dmitry Kabalevsky
1919 Liluli Play
1919 Les Précurseurs
(The Forerunners) 		 
1920 Clérambault  
1920 Pierre et Luce  
1921 Pages choisies
(Selected Pages) 		 
1921 La Révolte des machines
(The Revolt of the Machines) 		 
1922 Annette et Sylvie First volume of l'Âme enchantée
1922 Les Vaincus  
1922–1933 L'Âme enchantée
(The Enchanted Soul) 		Seven volumes
1923 — Founded the review Europe
1924 L'Été
(Summer) 		Second volume of l'Âme enchantée
1924 Mahatma Gandhi  
1924 Le Jeu de l'amour et de la mort
(The Game of Love and Death) 		basis for Hra o láske a smrti, the opera by Ján Cikker
1926 Pâques fleuries  
1927 Mère et fils
(Mother and Child) 		Third volume of l'Âme enchantée
1928 Léonides  
1928 De l'Héroïque à l'Appassionata
(From the Heroic to the Passionate) 		 
1929 Essai sur la mystique de l'action
(A study of the Mystique of Action) 		 
1929 L'Inde vivante
(Living India) 		Essays
1929 Vie de Ramakrishna
(Life of Ramakrishna) 		Essays
1930 Vie de Vivekananda
(Life of Vivekananda) 		Essays
1930 L'Évangile universel Essays
1930 Goethe et Beethoven
(Goethe and Beethoven) 		Essay
1933 L'Annonciatrice Fourth volume of l'Âme enchantée
1935 Quinze ans de combat  
1936 Compagnons de route  
1937 Le Chant de la Résurrection
(Song of the Resurrection) 		 
1938 Les Pages immortelles de Rousseau
(The Immortal Pages of Rousseau) 		 
1939 Robespierre Historical/philosophical drama
1942 Le Voyage intérieur
(The Interior Voyage) 		 
1943 La Cathédrale interrompue
(The Interrupted Cathedral) 		Volumes I and II
1945 Péguy Posthumous publication
1945 La Cathédrale interrompue Volume III, posthumous

See also

References

  1. ^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Romain Rolland". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014.
  2. ^ Henderson, Robert (2001). "Romain Rolland". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.‎
  3. ^ "Thoughts on Ramakrishna". Archived from the original on 4 September 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
  4. ^ Walters, Kerry S; Portmess, Lisa. (1999). Ethical Vegetarianism: From Pythagoras to Peter Singer. State University of New York Press. pp. 135-138. ISBN 0-7914-4044-3
  5. ^ "Romain Rolland (1866-1944)". International Vegetarian Union.
  6. ^ van Doesburg, Theo (22 October 2010). "De Stijl, "A Short Review of the Proceedings [of the Congress of International Progressive Artists], Followed by the Statements Made by the Artists' Groups" (1922)". modernistarchitecture.wordpress.com. Ross Lawrence Wolfe. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  7. ^ Ceplair, Larry (1987). Under the Shadow of War: Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and Marxists, 1918–1939. Columbia University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-231-06532-0. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  8. ^ Michael David-Fox, . "The 'Heroic Life' of a Friend of Stalinism: Romain Rolland and Soviet Culture." Slavonica 11.1 (2005): 3-29.
  9. ^ Zweig, Stefan, The World of Yesterday, p.101 (1953).
  10. ^ Serge, Victor (2019). Notebooks: 1936-1947. New York: New York Review Books. pp. 506–509. ISBN 978-1-68137-270-9.
  11. ^ a b David Bradby, "Rolland, Romain". In The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Ed. Martin Banham. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). ISBN 0-521-43437-8. p.930.
  12. ^ Romain Rolland, Le Théâtre du peuple (Paris: Albin Michel) p.121. Quoted by David Bradby and John McCormick, People's Theatre (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). ISBN 0-8476-6073-7. p.16.
  13. ^ Quoted by David Bradby and John McCormick, People's Theatre (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). ISBN 0-8476-6073-7. p.32.
  14. ^ David Bradby and John McCormick, People's Theatre (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). ISBN 0-8476-6073-7. p.32.
  15. ^ Quoted by David Bradby and John McCormick, People's Theatre (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). ISBN 0-8476-6073-7. p.32-33.
  16. ^ See John Willett, The Theatre of Erwin Piscator: Half a Century of Politics in the Theatre, London: Methuen, 1978 (p.15, 35, 46–7, 179). ISBN 0-413-37810-1.
  17. ^ Piscator (1929, 353).
  18. ^ a b Hugh Rorrison, in Piscator (1929, 55–56).
  19. ^ Piscator (1929, 58).
  20. ^ John Cruickshank, "Rolland, Romain", in Anthony Thorlby (ed.), The Penguin Companion to Literature 2: European Literature. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969, p. 661.
  21. ^ a b Richard Strauss; Romain Rolland (1968). Rollo Myers (ed.). Richard Strauss & Romain Rolland: Correspondence. Calder, London.
  22. ^ a b c James Morwood (2018). "Richard Strauss's Salome and Oscar Wilde's French Text". The Wildean (52): 63–73. JSTOR 48569305. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  23. ^ William B. Parsons, The Enigma of the Oceanic Feeling: Revisioning the Psychoanalytic Theory of Mysticism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 23, [ISBN missing] 2 Apr. 2007 Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ^ William B. Parsons, The Enigma of the Oceanic Feeling: Revisioning the Psychoanalytic Theory of Mysticism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 19, [ISBN missing] 2 Apr. 2007 Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Lachman, Marvin (2014). The villainous stage : crime plays on Broadway and in the West End. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-9534-4. OCLC 903807427.

Further reading

  • Fisher, David James. Romain Rolland and the Politics of the Intellectual Engagement (2003)
  • David-Fox, Michael. "The 'Heroic Life' of a Friend of Stalinism: Romain Rolland and Soviet Culture." Slavonica 11.1 (2005): 3-29. Online[dead link]
  • Zweig, Stephan. Romain Rolland: The Man and His Work (1921) (online)

Electronic editions

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