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==History==
==History==
Even though the [[Roman temple]] of Évora is often called Temple of [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], any association with the Roman goddess of hunt stems, not from archaeology, but from a legend created in the [[17th century]] by Father Manuel Fialho, SJ (1646-1718) in a manuscript '' Evora illustrada'' that was edited and published in Rome, as ''Evora gloriosa'' (1728) .<ref>[http://www.arqnet.pt/dicionario/fialhomanuel.html ''Portugal Dicionário histórico'': ", ''s.v.'' "Fialho (Manuel)"; [http://www.monumentos.pt Legend attributed to historian Father Manuel Fialho (1646-1718).]</ref> In reality, the temple was probably built in honour of [[Roman Emperor|Emperor]] [[Augustus]], who was [[Imperial cult (ancient Rome)|venerated as a god]] during and after his rule. The temple was built in the [[1st century]] AD in the main public square ([[Roman forum|forum]]) of Évora - then called ''Liberatias Iulia'' – and modified in the [[2nd century|2nd]] and [[3rd century|3rd]] centuries. Évora was [[Migration period|invaded by Germanic peoples]] in the [[5th century]], and at this time the temple was destroyed. Nowadays its ruins are the only built vestiges of the Roman forum, which remains as the open square fronted by the cathedral and the bishop's palace.
Even though the [[Roman temple]] of Évora is often called Temple of [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], any association with the Roman goddess of hunt stems not from archaeology but from a legend created in the [[17th century]] by Father Manuel Fialho, SJ (1646-1718) in a manuscript '' Evora illustrada'' that was edited and published in Rome, as ''Evora gloriosa'' (1728) .<ref>[http://www.arqnet.pt/dicionario/fialhomanuel.html ''Portugal Dicionário histórico'': ", ''s.v.'' "Fialho (Manuel)"; [http://www.monumentos.pt Legend attributed to historian Father Manuel Fialho (1646-1718).]</ref> In reality, the temple was probably built in honour of [[Roman Emperor|Emperor]] [[Augustus]], who was [[Imperial cult (ancient Rome)|venerated as a god]] during and after his rule. The temple was built in the [[1st century]] AD in the main public square ([[Roman forum|forum]]) of Évora - then called ''Liberatias Iulia'' – and modified in the [[2nd century|2nd]] and [[3rd century|3rd]] centuries. Évora was [[Migration period|invaded by Germanic peoples]] in the [[5th century]], and at this time the temple was destroyed. Nowadays its ruins are the only built vestiges of the Roman forum, which remains as the open square fronted by the cathedral and the bishop's palace.


The ruins of the temple were incorporated into a tower of [[Évora Castle]] during the [[Middle Ages]]. The base, columns and [[architrave]]s of the temple were kept embedded in the walls of the medieval building;<ref>[http://www.cm-evora.pt/arqueologia/templo4.htm Description at the Évora Municipality website.]</ref> the temple-turned-tower was used as a [[butcher|butcher shop]] from the [[14th century]] until [[1836]]. The new uses of the temple structure helped preserve its remains from further destruction.<ref>[http://www.cm-evora.pt/arqueologia/templo.htm Description at the Évora Municipality website.]; [http://www.monumentos.pt Description at the DGEMN website.]</ref> Finally, after [[1871]], the medieval additions were removed. Restoration work was directed by [[Italy|Italian]] architect Giuseppe Cinatti.
The ruins of the temple were incorporated into a tower of [[Évora Castle]] during the [[Middle Ages]]. The base, columns and [[architrave]]s of the temple were kept embedded in the walls of the medieval building;<ref>[http://www.cm-evora.pt/arqueologia/templo4.htm Description at the Évora Municipality website.]</ref> the temple-turned-tower was used as a [[butcher|butcher shop]] from the [[14th century]] until [[1836]]. The new uses of the temple structure helped preserve its remains from further destruction.<ref>[http://www.cm-evora.pt/arqueologia/templo.htm Description at the Évora Municipality website.]; [http://www.monumentos.pt Description at the DGEMN website.]</ref> Finally, after [[1871]], the medieval additions were removed. Restoration work was directed by [[Italy|Italian]] architect Giuseppe Cinatti.

Revision as of 01:10, 19 January 2008

Roman temple of Évora

The Roman Temple of Évora is located in the city of Évora, in Portugal. The temple is part of the historical centre of the city, classified a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It is one of the most famous landmarks of Évora, and a symbol of Roman presence in Lusitania.

History

Even though the Roman temple of Évora is often called Temple of Diana, any association with the Roman goddess of hunt stems not from archaeology but from a legend created in the 17th century by Father Manuel Fialho, SJ (1646-1718) in a manuscript Evora illustrada that was edited and published in Rome, as Evora gloriosa (1728) .[1] In reality, the temple was probably built in honour of Emperor Augustus, who was venerated as a god during and after his rule. The temple was built in the 1st century AD in the main public square (forum) of Évora - then called Liberatias Iulia – and modified in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Évora was invaded by Germanic peoples in the 5th century, and at this time the temple was destroyed. Nowadays its ruins are the only built vestiges of the Roman forum, which remains as the open square fronted by the cathedral and the bishop's palace.

The ruins of the temple were incorporated into a tower of Évora Castle during the Middle Ages. The base, columns and architraves of the temple were kept embedded in the walls of the medieval building;[2] the temple-turned-tower was used as a butcher shop from the 14th century until 1836. The new uses of the temple structure helped preserve its remains from further destruction.[3] Finally, after 1871, the medieval additions were removed. Restoration work was directed by Italian architect Giuseppe Cinatti.

Columns and Corinthian capitals of the temple

Description

The original temple was probably similar to the Maison Carrée in Nîmes (France).[4] The Évora temple still has its complete base (the podium), made of both regular and irregular granite stone blocks. The base is of rectangular shape and measures 15m x 25m x 3.5m of height.[5] The southern side of the base used to have a staircase, now ruined.

The portico of the temple, now missing, was originally hexastyle, six columns across. A total of fourteen granite columns are still standing on the north side (back) of the base; many of the columns still have their Corinthian-style capitals sustaining the architrave. The capitals and the bases of the columns are made of marble from nearby Estremoz, while the columns and architrave are made of granite. Recent excavations indicate that the temple was surrounded by a water basin.[6]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Portugal Dicionário histórico: ", s.v. "Fialho (Manuel)"; [http://www.monumentos.pt Legend attributed to historian Father Manuel Fialho (1646-1718).
  2. ^ Description at the Évora Municipality website.
  3. ^ Description at the Évora Municipality website.; Description at the DGEMN website.
  4. ^ Reconstruction of the Évora temple
  5. ^ Description at the IPPAR website.
  6. ^ Reconstruction of the Évora temple

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Templo romano de Évora.
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