Editing Systemic bias

{{Short description|Inherent tendency of a process to support particular outcomes}}
{{About|the sociological and organizational phenomenon|the metrology and statistical topic|Systematic bias}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Essay-like|date=May 2021}}
{{Weasel|date=May 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
'''Systemic bias''' is the inherent tendency of a process to support particular outcomes. The term generally refers to human systems such as institutions. Systemic bias is related to and overlaps conceptually with '''institutional bias''' and '''structural bias''', and the terms are often used interchangeably.

According to Oxford Reference, institutional bias is "a tendency for the procedures and practices of particular institutions to operate in ways which result in certain social groups being advantaged or favoured and others being disadvantaged or devalued."<ref>{{Cite web |title=institutional bias |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100005347  |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}</ref>

Systemic bias includes institutional, systemic, and structural bias which can lead to [[institutional racism]], which is a type of racism that is integrated into the laws, norms, and regulations of a society or establishment. Structural bias, in turn, has been defined more specifically in reference to racial inequities as "the normalized and legitimized range of policies, practices, and attitudes that routinely produce cumulative and chronic adverse outcomes for minority populations".<ref>Lurie B, Aylor M, Poitevien P, Osta A, Brooks M. [https://appd.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/meetings/2017SpringPresentations/WS22Slides.pdf Silence Is Not the Answer: Addressing Modern Day Social Injustice in Your Graduate Medical Education Curriculum]. Workshop at Association for Pediatric Program Directors Spring Meeting. Anaheim, CA. April 2017.</ref> The issues of systemic bias are dealt with extensively in the field of [[industrial organization]] economics.

==In human institutions==
[[Cognitive bias]] is inherent in the experiences, loyalties, and relationships of people in their daily lives, and new biases are constantly being discovered and addressed on both an ethical and political level. For example, the goal of [[affirmative action in the United States]] is to counter biases concerning gender, race, and [[ethnicity]], by opening up institutional participation to people with a wider range of backgrounds, and hence a wider range of points of view. In [[India]], the system of [[Scheduled Castes and Tribes]] intends to address systemic bias caused by the controversial [[caste]] system, a system centered on organized [[discrimination]] based upon one's ancestry, not unlike [[racism|the system]] that affirmative action aims to counter. Both the scheduling system and affirmative action mandate the hiring of citizens from within designated groups. However, without sufficient restrictions based upon the actual socio-economic standing of the recipients of the aid provided, these types of systems can allegedly result in the unintentional institutionalization of a reversed form of the same systemic bias,<ref>Jaroff, Leon et al. (4 April 1994) [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012203515/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,980453,00.html "Teaching Reverse Racism"], ''[[Time Magazine]]'' {{subscription required}}</ref> which works against the goal of rendering institutional participation open to people with a wider range of backgrounds.

[[Unconscious bias training]] has become common in many organizations, which is theorized to address both systemic and structural bias. This training addressed the practices and policies of the organization, such as hiring practices that favor [[social network]]ing, or a grooming policy that disadvantages people with [[Afro-textured hair]].<ref name=asare>{{cite web | last=Asare | first=Janice Gassam | title=Your Unconscious Bias Trainings Keep Failing Because You're Not Addressing Systemic Bias | website=Forbes | date=29 December 2019 | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janicegassam/2020/12/29/your-unconscious-bias-trainings-keep-failing-because-youre-not-addressing-systemic-bias/ | access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>

==Major causes==
The study of systemic bias as part of the field titled [[organizational behavior]] in [[industrial organization]] economics is studied in several principle modalities in both non-profit and for-profit institutions. The issue of concern is that patterns of behavior may develop within large institutions which become harmful to the productivity and viability of the larger institutions from which they develop, as well as the community they occupy. The three major categories of study for maladaptive organizational behavior and systemic bias are counterproductive work behavior, human resource mistreatment, and the amelioration of stress-inducing behavior.

'''Racism'''

[[Racism]] is prejudice, discrimination or hostility towards other people because they are of a different [[Race (human categorization)|racial]] or [[Ethnicity|ethnic]] origin. Medical students conducted studies to investigate systemic biases associated with race. The result of the study showed that due to systemic bias, certain groups of people are marginalized due to race and differences, their professional careers are threatened, and more homework/responsibility is given to those in the minority group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plain |first=Charlie |date=2020-03-03 |title=Characterizing systemic bias in health care |url=https://www.sph.umn.edu/news/characterizing-systemic-bias-in-health-care/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=School of Public Health - University of Minnesota |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Counterproductive work behavior'''

[[Counterproductive work behavior]] consists of behavior by employees that harms or intends to harm organizations and people in organizations.<ref>Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2005). The Stressor-Emotion Model of Counterproductive Work Behavior Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (pp. 151-174). Washington, DC: [[American Psychological Association]].</ref>

'''Mistreatment of human resources'''

There are several types of mistreatment that employees endure in organizations.

* [[Abusive supervision]]: the extent to which a [[supervisor]] engages in a pattern of behavior that harms subordinates.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tepper | first1 = B. J. | year = 2000 | title = Consequences of abusive supervision | journal = [[Academy of Management Journal]] | volume = 43 | issue = 2| pages = 178–190 | doi = 10.2307/1556375 | jstor = 1556375 }}</ref>
* [[Workplace bullying|Bullying]]: although definitions of bullying vary, it involves a repeated pattern of harmful behaviors directed towards an individual.<ref>Rayner, C., & Keashly, L. (2005). Bullying at Work: A Perspective From Britain and North America. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets. (pp. 271-296). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.</ref>
* [[Workplace incivility|Incivility]]: low-intensity discourteous and [[rude]] behavior with ambiguous intent to harm that violates [[Norm (social)|norms]] for appropriate behavior in the workplace.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Andersson | first1 = L. M. | last2 = Pearson | first2 = C. M. | year = 1999 | title = Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace | journal = [[Academy of Management Review]] | volume = 74 | issue = 3| pages = 452–471 | doi=10.5465/amr.1999.2202131}}</ref>
* [[Sexual harassment]]: behavior that denigrates or mistreats an individual due to their gender, creates an offensive workplace, and interferes with an individual being able to do their job.<ref>Rospenda, K. M., & Richman, J. A. (2005). Harassment and discrimination. In J. Barling, E. K. Kelloway & M. R. Frone (Eds.), Handbook of work stress (pp. 149-188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</ref>
* [[Occupational stress]]: the imbalance between the demands (aspects of the job that require mental or physical effort) and resources that help cope with these demands.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Demerouti | first1 = E. | last2 = Bakker | first2 = A. B. | last3 = Nachreiner | first3 = F. | last4 = Schaufeli | first4 = W. B. | year = 2001 | title = The job demands-resources model of burnout | journal =[[Journal of Applied Psychology]] | volume = 86 | issue = 3| pages = 499–512 | doi = 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499 | pmid = 11419809 }}</ref>

==Examples==
{{see|Federal reserve|Paul Volcker}}

''[[Crain Communications Inc.|Financial Week]]'' reported in May 2008:

{{quote|But we travel in a world with a systemic bias to optimism that typically chooses to avoid the topic of the impending bursting of investment bubbles. Collectively, this is done for career or business reasons. As discussed many times in the investment business, pessimism or realism in the face of probable trouble is just plain bad for business and bad for careers. What I am only slowly realizing, though, is how similar the career risk appears to be for the Fed. It doesn't want to move against bubbles because Congress and business do not like it and show their dislike in unmistakable terms. Even Federal reserve chairmen get bullied and have their faces slapped if they stick to their guns, which will, not surprisingly, be rare since everyone values his career or does not want to be replaced à la Volcker. So, be as optimistic as possible, be nice to everyone, bail everyone out, and hope for the best. If all goes well, after all, you will have a lot of grateful bailees who will happily hire you for $300,000 a pop.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013016/http://www.financialweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080505/REG/306723824/1023/OTHERVIEWS "Paging Paul Volcker. The former Fed chairman was tougher and less eager to please than his successor, Alan Greenspan"],  Jeremy Grantham, ''[[Crain Communications Inc.|Financial Week]]'', 5 May 2008</ref>}}

==Versus systematic bias==
In [[engineering]] and [[computational mechanics]], the word ''bias'' is sometimes used as a synonym of [[systematic error]]. In this case, the bias is referred to the result of a measurement or computation, rather than to the measurement instrument or computational method.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite book |author=John Robert Taylor |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoer00tayl |title=An Introduction to Error Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements |publisher=University Science Books |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-935702-75-0 |page=94, §4.1 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Some authors try to draw a distinction between systemic and systematic corresponding to that between unplanned and planned, or to that between arising from the characteristics of a system and from an individual flaw. In a less formal sense, ''systemic'' biases are sometimes said to arise from the nature of the interworkings of the system, whereas ''systematic'' biases stem from a concerted effort to favor certain outcomes. Consider the difference between affirmative action (systematic) compared to racism and caste (systemic).<ref>{{cite web |title=systemic |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/systemic |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Psychology|Society}}
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Bandwagon effect]]
* [[Disinformation]]
* [[Echo chamber (media)]]
* [[Ethnocentrism]]
* [[Framing (social sciences)]]
* [[Funding bias]]
* [[Gatekeeping (communication)]]
* [[Gender bias on Wikipedia]]
* [[Inherent bias]]
* [[Institutional racism]]
* [[Managing the news]]
* [[Media bias]]
* [[Media manipulation]]
* [[Observational error]]
* [[Prejudice]]
* [[Propaganda]]
* [[Racial bias on Wikipedia]]
* [[Spin (public relations)]]
* [[Underrepresented groups]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/06/us/national-briefing-washington-commerce-dept-accused-of-systemic-bias.html "Washington Commerce Dept. Accused Of Systemic Bias"]. John Files. 6 October 2005. ''[[The New York Times]].''

* [https://dpla.wisc.edu/resources-for-confronting-systemic-bias-and-racism/ "Resources for Confronting Systemic Bias and Racism"], [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin-Madison]]
{{Template group
|title = Articles related to systemic bias
|titlestyle = background:#ccccff
|list  =
{{Censorship}}
{{Censorship and websites}}
{{Biases}}
}}

[[Category:Bias]]
[[Category:Polling terms]]