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Coordinates: 7°8′N 73°0′W / 7.133°N 73.000°W / 7.133; -73.000
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<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name = Department of Santander
| name = Department of Santander
| native_name = Departamento de Santander
| native_name = {{lang|es|Departamento de Santander}}
| native_name_lang = es<!-- ISO 639-2 code -->
| native_name_lang = es<!-- ISO 639-2 code -->
| type = [[Departments of Colombia|Department]]
| type = [[Departments of Colombia|Department]]
Line 55: Line 55:
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Largest cities or towns">{{Cite web|url= http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/poblacion/proyepobla06_20/Municipal_area_1985-2020.xls|title= Estimaciones de Población 1985 - 2005 y Proyecciones de Población 2005 - 2020 Total Municipal por Área (estimate)|publisher= Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística|accessdate= 16 January 2016}}</ref>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Largest cities or towns">{{Cite web|url= http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/poblacion/proyepobla06_20/Municipal_area_1985-2020.xls|title= Estimaciones de Población 1985 - 2005 y Proyecciones de Población 2005 - 2020 Total Municipal por Área (estimate)|publisher= Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística|access-date= 16 January 2016}}</ref>
| population_total = 2,061,095
| population_total = 2,184,837
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_as_of = 2018
| population_rank = [[List of Colombian Departments by population|7th]]
| population_rank = [[List of Colombian Departments by population|6th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = GDP
⚫
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017)
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{citation|title=Producto Interno Bruto por departamento |url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/operaciones/PIB/departamental/anex-PIBDep-TotalDepartamento-2022pr.xlsx|website=www.dane.gov.co}}</ref>
⚫
| blank_info_sec2 = 0.758<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|#0c0|high}} · [[List of Colombian departments by Human Development Index|8th]]
|demographics1_title1 = Total
|demographics1_info1 = [[Colombian peso|COP]] 92,277 billion<br />([[US$]] 21.7 billion)
⚫
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019)
⚫
| blank_info_sec2 = 0.778<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|#0c0|high}} · [[List of Colombian departments by Human Development Index|6th of 33]]
| timezone1 = [[UTC-05]]
| timezone1 = [[UTC-05]]
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code_type =
Line 73: Line 77:
}}
}}


'''Santander''' ({{IPA-es|santanˈdeɾ}}) is a [[Departments of Colombia|department]] of [[Colombia]]. Santander inherited the name of one of the nine original states of the [[United States of Colombia]]. It is located in the central northern part of the country, borders the [[Magdalena River]] to the east, [[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]] to the south and southeast, the [[Norte de Santander Department]] to the northeast, the [[Cesar Department]] to the north, and the [[Bolivar Department|Bolivar]] and [[Antioquia Department]]s to the west. Its capital is the city of [[Bucaramanga]].
'''Santander''' ({{IPA-es|santanˈdeɾ}}) is a [[Departments of Colombia|department]] of [[Colombia]]. Santander inherited the name of one of the nine original states of the [[United States of Colombia]]. It is located in the central northern part of the country, borders the [[Magdalena River]] to the east, [[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]] to the south and southeast, the [[Norte de Santander Department]] to the northeast, the [[Cesar Department]] to the north, the [[Bolivar Department|Bolivar]] and [[Antioquia Department]]s to the west. Its capital is the city of [[Bucaramanga]].


== History ==
== History ==
{{refimprove|date=April 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2017}}

=== Pre-Columbian era ===
=== Pre-Columbian era ===
Prior to the arrival of the [[Spanish people|Spaniards]], the territory now known as Santander was inhabited by [[Amerindian]] ethnic groups: [[Muisca people|Muisca]], [[Chitarero people|Chitareros]], [[Lache people|Laches]], [[Yariguí]], [[Opón]], [[Carare]] and [[Guane people|Guanes]].
Prior to the arrival of the [[Spanish people|Spaniards]], the territory now known as Santander was inhabited by [[Amerindian]] ethnic groups: [[Muisca people|Muisca]], [[Chitarero people|Chitareros]], [[Lache people|Laches]], [[Yariguí]], [[Opón]], [[Carare]] and [[Guane people|Guanes]].


Their political and social structure was based on ''cacicazgos'', a federation of tribes led by a ''[[cacique]]'', with different social classes. Their main activity was planting [[maize]], [[bean]]s, [[Cassava|yuca]], [[arracacha]], [[cotton]], [[agave]], [[tobacco]], [[tomato]], [[pineapple]], [[guava]], among others. Their agricultural skills were sufficiently developed to take advantage of the different mountainous terrains. The Guanes utilized [[Terrace (agriculture)|terraces]] and an artificial system of [[irrigation]]. They had a knowledge of arts and crafts based on ovens to produce [[Ceramics (art)|ceramics]]. They had cotton to make clothing and accessories such as hats and bags.
Their political and social structure was based on ''cacicazgos'', a federation of tribes led by a ''[[cacique]]'', with different social classes. Their main activity was planting [[maize]], [[bean]]s, [[Cassava|yuca]], [[arracacha]], [[cotton]], [[agave]], [[tobacco]], [[tomato]], [[pineapple]] and [[guava]], among others. Their agricultural skills were sufficiently developed to take advantage of the different mountainous terrains. The Guanes utilized [[Terrace (agriculture)|terraces]] and an artificial system of [[irrigation]]. They had a knowledge of arts and crafts based on ovens to produce [[Ceramics (art)|ceramics]]. They had cotton to make clothing and accessories such as hats and bags.


=== Colonization ===
=== Colonization ===
Spanish conqueror [[Antonio de Lebrija (conquistador)|Antonio de Lebrija]] led the first expedition through the area in 1529. The area was later invaded c. 1532 by [[German people|German]] [[Ambrosius Ehinger]] in a quest to find ''[[El Dorado]]''. This disrupted or destroyed many of the Amerindian villages. Some ethnic groups like the Yariguíes, Opones, and Carares fought the conquerors until they became extinct. Explorer [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] later went to the area in an effort to appease the tribes. The colonization process in the area was started by [[Martín Galeano]] who founded the village of [[Vélez, Santander|Vélez]] on July 3, 1539 and [[Pedro de Ursúa]] and [[Ortún Velázquez de Velasco]] founded the village of [[Pamplona, Norte de Santander|Pamplona]] (now part of the [[Norte de Santander Department]]) in 1549.
Spanish conqueror [[Antonio de Lebrija (conquistador)|Antonio de Lebrija]] led the first expedition through the area in 1529. The area was later invaded c. 1532 by [[German people|German]] [[Ambrosius Ehinger]] in a quest to find ''[[El Dorado]]''. This disrupted or destroyed many of the Amerindian villages. Some ethnic groups like the Yariguíes, Opones, and Carares fought the conquerors until they became extinct. Explorer [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] later went to the area in an effort to appease the tribes. The colonization process in the area was started by [[Martín Galeano]] who founded the village of [[Vélez, Santander|Vélez]] on July 3, 1539 and [[Pedro de Ursúa]] and [[Ortún Velázquez de Velasco]] founded the village of [[Pamplona, Norte de Santander|Pamplona]] (now part of the [[Norte de Santander Department]]) in 1549.


Once the [[Amerindian]] tribes were dominated, the Spanish organized the territory based on [[Cabildo (council)|Cabildo]]s (councils) to maintain the dominance and administer justice in the conquered territory. Amerindians were assimilated and subject to the encomienda regime to work in agriculture, manufacturing goods, and mines. These two villages functioned as centers for the Cabildos' territories. In 1636 the Cabildo of Vélez was transferred to a new jurisdiction centered on the village of [[Girón, Santander|Girón]], with an area which went from the [[Sogamoso River]], [[Río del Oro River|Río del Oro]] to the [[Magdalena River]]. The village of [[San Gil]] was created in 1689, segregated from the Jurisdiction of Vélez. In 1789 the village of [[Socorro, Santander|Socorro]] was also segregated from Vélez and they were all put under the mandate of the [[Tunja|Province of Tunja]], a subdivision of the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]]. On July 9, 1795 the ''corregimiento'' of Vélez&nbsp;– San Gil&nbsp;– Socorro was created due to the unsustainability of the Province of Tunja, and local government was established in the village of Socorro.
Once the [[Amerindian]] tribes were dominated, the Spanish organized the territory based on [[Cabildo (council)|Cabildo]]s (councils) to maintain the dominance and administer justice in the conquered territory. Amerindians were assimilated and subject to the encomienda regime to work in agriculture, manufacturing goods, and mines. These two villages functioned as centers for the Cabildos' territories. In 1636 the Cabildo of Vélez was transferred to a new jurisdiction centered on the village of [[Girón, Santander|Girón]], comprising from the [[Sogamoso River]], and [[Río del Oro River|Río del Oro]] to the [[Magdalena River]]. The village of [[San Gil]] was created in 1689, segregated from the Jurisdiction of Vélez. In 1789 the village of [[Socorro, Santander|Socorro]] was also segregated from Vélez and they were all put under the mandate of the [[Tunja|Province of Tunja]], a subdivision of the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]]. On July 9, 1795 the ''corregimiento'' of Vélez&nbsp;– San Gil&nbsp;– Socorro was created due to the unsustainability of the Province of Tunja, and local government was established in the village of Socorro.


⚫
{{Historical population
⚫
== Culture ==
⚫
{{Historical populations
|type =
|type =
|footnote = Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=Reloj de Población|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/|website=DANE|publisher=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísitica|accessdate=6 July 2017}}</ref>
|footnote = Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=Reloj de Población|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/|website=DANE|publisher=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísitica|access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref>
|1912 | 400084
|1938 | 615710
|1950 | 747706
|1964 | 1001213
|1973 | 1127999
|1973 | 1127999
|1985 | 1511392
|1985 | 1511392
Line 97: Line 105:
|2018 | 2184837
|2018 | 2184837
}}
}}

⚫
During the colony and independence war times, people from Santander were specially recognized for their bravery in battle and their policy of "not even a step back". Soldiers from Santander were valued and respected but also difficult to control as they were, in general, more politically aware than people from other regions and therefore prone to question orders and law.
⚫
== Culture ==
Nowadays, they still retain those features as 'Santandereanos' are normally depicted as cranky and stubborn, not afraid of anything, proud in extreme and speaking their minds without further consideration.

However, people from Santander are also very gentle and kind, have some social conventions of basic etiquette like saying hello first if you are the one arriving and never visiting someone for the first time without a small present.
⚫
The department's culture descends from a mix of Spanish and Chibcha influences, particularly in the south where the Muisca controlled territory and in the [[Chicamocha Canyon]] where the [[Guane people|Guane]] are situated. During the colony and independence war times, people from Santander were especially recognized for their bravery in battle and their policy of "not even a step back". Soldiers from Santander were valued and respected but also difficult to control as they were, in general, more politically aware than people from other regions and therefore prone to question orders and law.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
In general, they are normally warm and respectful, but try not to make them angry.


== Cuisine ==
== Cuisine ==
{{cleanup rewrite|date=June 2022}}
Santander cuisine, referred to as santandereas, includes regional specialties and food from the Department's capital city of [[Bucaramanga]] and other cities such as [[Cepita]].
Santander cuisine includes regional specialties and food from the Department's capital city of [[Bucaramanga]] and other cities such as [[Cepita]].


The most famous dishes are [[sancocho]], [[oreada]] (dried cured beef), [[mute (soup)|mute]], egg broth, yellow [[arepa]], [[masato]], [[Guarapo (drink)|guarapo]], [[aguapanela]], [[tamale]], and the exotic [[culona ant]]s.
⚫
=== Dishes ===

* Arepa Santandereana, corn cake with salt and pork
⚫
=== ''Goat'' ===
* Arroz de Peñaflor
Usually accompanied by [[pepitoria]] and yellow arepa, it can be eaten fried, oven-baked, or dried.
* Empanadas Santandereana, local [[empanada]]

* [[Hormiga culona|Hormigas culonas]], roasted "big butted" ants; the winged ants used are especially abundant in March and April
=== ''Arepa Santandereana'' ===
* Carne oreada, thin steak
Flat corn bread. This dish includes chicharron (pork belly-fat) and cooked peeled corn. When possible, the peeled corn is roasted in clay pots, to provide even more flavor.
*[[Sobrebarriga]]

*[[Fricassee Santandereana]], a preparation of viscera and blood of goat mixed with white rice and accompanied with roasted goat ribs.
=== ''Mute'' ===
* "Bocadillo Veleño" Guava sweet and milk sweet mixed in a roll-shaped wrapping.
A soup prepared with a variety of ingredients such as red meat, tripe, beef ribs, grains, potatoes, pasta, corn, and spices. Due to the ingredients included, it has a thick consistency.
* Arepa de 'pelao'. Yellow corn cake made of specially ground corn.

*[[Sobrebarriga]] tamales
=== ''Pepitoria'' ===
* Carne seca
Pepitoria is prepared with the intestines of a goat or lamb. Served with rice, yuca, and potatoes.
* Cabrito; goat; cabrito is meat from a kid (baby goat).

* [[Mute (food)]], a soup of various grains and meat together with cow's viscera.
=== ''Santander tamale'' ===
* [[Changua]], milk and egg broth
The tamale is a dish that is eaten in various parts of Colombia, but in Santander it is prepared with peeled corn dough and filled with beef, chicken or pork, chickpeas, onions, and paprika. It is then wrapped in banana leaf giving it a rectangular shape.
* [[Fritanga]], fried beef, sausage, viscera and blood sausage snacks

* Pepitoria, rice with goat intestine and goat blood
=== ''Oreada meat'' ===
* Chorizos del Valle de San José, a [[chorizo]] specialty
This is a marinated, salted, sun-dried beef ready to grill. It is a classic dish that can be found in many restaurants as a specialty, served with yucca and chili.
* Yuca

=== ''Hormigas Culonas (Big Bum Ants)'' ===
A traditional dish of the [[Guane people|Guane]] indigenous inhabitants of this region. The head, wings, and legs of these giant ants are removed, leaving the body and bum to be fried and seasoned with salt.

=== ''Bocadillo Veleño'' ===
Created in the town of Vélez, the Veleño Sandwich is prepared with the pulp of ripe Guava and is wrapped in a bijao leaf, giving it a characteristic flavor. It is sometimes paired with goat cheese.

=== ''Broth'' ===
A soup prepared with water, potatoes, toast, coriander, and egg (no milk or cream) and enjoyed for breakfast or lunch. There is also a variation called changua or chingua, which is normally prepared with water, potatoes, milk, cream and coriander. Sometimes broth (caldo) and changua comes with chicken or beef. Not to be confused with ajiaco, which is eaten in Bogota with creamy potato, huascas (green herb) and shredded chicken.

=== ''Obleas wafers'' ===
The wafer is a superfine cookie that is spread with Arequipe (caramel, sweetened milk spread). Over time, other ingredients such as cheese, blackberry, chocolate, etc. have been incorporated.

=== ''Masato'' ===
[[Masato (beverage)|Masato]] is a [[fermented drink]] that is prepared with rice, water, wheat flour, sugar, cloves, and cinnamon. All this together forms a desired drink to accompany fritters or meat patties.

=== ''Chorizo from the [[Valle de San José|San José Valley]]'' ===
12 km from San Gil, on the road that leads to Charalá, you will find a town called Valle de San José. People from this region say this is the best Colombian Chorizo, but people from [[Santa Rosa de Cabal]], in the [[Columbian coffee growing axis|Coffee Zone]], will tell you the same.


=== Beverages ===
=== Beverages ===
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=== Artists ===
=== Artists ===
The most outstanding and representative artists of the Colombian Santander department are [[Segundo Agelvis]], [[Mario Hernández Prada]], [[Carlos Gómez Castro]], [[Martín Quintero]], [[Oscar Rodríguez Naranjo]] and [[Pacheco de Suratá]].
Among the most outstanding and representative artists of the Colombian Santander Department are [[Segundo Agelvis]], [[Mario Hernández Prada]], [[Carlos Gómez Castro]], [[Martín Quintero]], [[Oscar Rodríguez Naranjo]] and [[Pacheco de Suratá]].


== Notable people ==
== Notable people ==
[[File:Antonia Santos cropped.jpg|thumb|150px|Antonia Santos]]
[[File:Antonia Santos cropped.jpg|thumb|150px|Antonia Santos]]
* [[Manuela Beltrán]] was a [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|Neogranadine]] woman who organized a peasant revolt against excess taxation in 1780
* [[Manuela Beltrán]] (1724-??) a [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|Neogranadine]] woman who organized a peasant revolt against excess taxation in 1780
⚫
* [[:es:Juan Eloy Valenzuela y Mantilla|Juan Eloy Valenzuela y Mantilla, (Spanish Wiki)]] (1756-1834) a Colombian priest and botanist, worked on the [[Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada]] which classified plants and wildlife.
* [[María Antonia Santos Plata]] (1782 in [[Pinchote]] – 1819 in [[Socorro, Santander]]) was a [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|Neogranadine]] peasant, rebel leader and heroine
* [[María Antonia Santos Plata]] (1782 in [[Pinchote]] – 1819 in [[Socorro, Santander]]) was a [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|Neogranadine]] peasant, rebel leader and heroine
⚫
* [[Geo von Lengerke]] (1827 − 1882) was a German engineer, merchant and landowner.
* [[Ofelia Uribe de Acosta]] (1900 in [[Oiba]] – 1988 in [[Bogota]]) was a Colombian suffragist.
* [[Ofelia Uribe de Acosta]] (1900 in [[Oiba]] – 1988 in [[Bogota]]) was a Colombian suffragist.
* [[Oscar Rodríguez Naranjo]] (1907–2006) a painter from Socorro, Santander Department, Colombia. His works include mainly oil paintings and sculptures
* [[Oscar Rodríguez Naranjo]] (1907–2006) a painter from Socorro, Santander Department, Colombia. His works include mainly oil paintings and sculptures
* [[José de Jesús Pimiento Rodríguez]] (born 1919 in [[Zapatoca]]) is a Colombian Prelate of the Catholic Church. At the age of 98, he is the oldest living cardinal
* [[José de Jesús Pimiento Rodríguez]] (1919 in [[Zapatoca]] - 2019) a Colombian Prelate of the Catholic Church
* [[Virginia Gutiérrez de Pineda]] (1921 in El Socorro, Santander - 1999 in Bogotá) was a Colombian anthropologist who pioneered work on Colombian family and [[medical anthropology]]
* [[Virginia Gutiérrez de Pineda]] (1921 in El Socorro, Santander - 1999 in Bogotá) was a Colombian anthropologist who pioneered work on Colombian family and [[medical anthropology]]
* [[Reiner Bredemeyer]] (1929 − 1995) was a German composer. He was born in [[Vélez, Santander]] and went to school in [[Breslau]]
* [[Reiner Bredemeyer]] (1929 in [[Vélez, Santander]] − 1995) a German composer
* [[Carlos Ardila Lülle]] (born in Bucaramanga) is a Colombian entrepreneur and the founder and head of the [[Organización Ardila Lülle]].
* [[Carlos Ardila Lülle]] (1930–2021, born in Bucaramanga) a Colombian entrepreneur, founded [[Organización Ardila Lülle]].
⚫
* [[Geo von Lengerke]] (1827 − 1882) was a German engineer, merchant and landowner.
* [[Carlos Prada Sanmiguel]] (1939−2013) a Colombian Roman Catholic bishop.
* [[Carlos Prada Sanmiguel]] (1939−2013) a Colombian Roman Catholic bishop.
* [[Patricia Ariza]] (born in 1948 in [[Vélez, Santander]]) a Colombian poet, playwright and actor
* [[Patricia Ariza]] (born 1948 in [[Vélez, Santander]]) a Colombian poet, playwright and actor
⚫
* [[Juan Eloy Valenzuela y Mantilla]] was a Colombian priest and botanist who was a person very important during the [[Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada]] which classified plants and wildlife.


== Administrative divisions ==
== Administrative divisions ==
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The department is subdivided into [[province]]s:
The department is subdivided into [[province]]s:
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Metropolitan Province]]
* [[Metropolitana Province]]
* [[North Soto Province]]
* [[North Soto Province]]
* [[Comunera Province]]
* [[Comunera Province]]
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=== Municipalities ===
=== Municipalities ===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
{{Div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Aguada, Santander|Aguada]]
* [[Aguada, Santander|Aguada]]
* [[Albania, Santander|Albania]]
* [[Albania, Santander|Albania]]
Line 174: Line 201:
* [[Barbosa, Santander|Barbosa]]
* [[Barbosa, Santander|Barbosa]]
* [[Barichara]]
* [[Barichara]]
* [[Barrancabermeja, Santander|Barrancabermeja]]
* [[Barrancabermeja]]
* [[Betulia, Santander|Betulia]]
* [[Betulia, Santander|Betulia]]
* [[Bolívar, Santander|Bolívar]]
* [[Bolívar, Santander|Bolívar]]
Line 186: Line 213:
* [[Charalá]]
* [[Charalá]]
* [[Charta]]
* [[Charta]]
* [[Chima (town)|Chima]]
* [[Chima, Santander|Chima]]
* [[Chipatá, Santander|Chipatá]]
* [[Chipatá, Santander|Chipatá]]
* [[Cimitarra]]
* [[Cimitarra]]
Line 193: Line 220:
* [[Contratación]]
* [[Contratación]]
* [[Coromoro]]
* [[Coromoro]]
* [[Curiti|Curití]]
* [[Curití]]
* [[El Carmen, Santander|El Carmen]]
* [[El Carmen de Chucurí|El Carmen]]
* [[El Guacamayo]]
* [[El Guacamayo]]
* [[El Peñón, Santander|El Peñón]]
* [[El Peñón, Santander|El Peñón]]
* [[El Playón, Santander|El Playón]]
* [[El Playón, Santander|El Playón]]
* [[Encino, Santander|Encino]]
* [[Encino, Santander|Encino]]
* [[Enciso, Santander|Enciso]]
* '''[[Enciso, Santander|Enciso]]'''
* [[Florián]]
* [[Florián]]
* [[Floridablanca, Santander|Floridablanca]]
* [[Floridablanca, Santander|Floridablanca]]
* [[Galan, Santander|Galán]]
* [[Galán, Santander|Galán]]
* [[Gámbita]]
* [[Gámbita]]
* [[Girón, Santander|Girón]]
* [[San Juan de Girón|Girón]]
* [[Guaca, Santander|Guaca]]
* [[Guaca, Santander|Guaca]]
* [[Guadalupe, Santander|Guadalupe]]
* [[Guadalupe, Santander|Guadalupe]]
Line 212: Line 239:
* [[Hato, Santander|Hato]]
* [[Hato, Santander|Hato]]
* [[Jesus María, Santander|Jesús María]]
* [[Jesus María, Santander|Jesús María]]
* [[Jordan, Santander|Jordán]]
* [[Jordán, Santander|Jordán]]
* [[La Belleza]]
* [[La Belleza, Santander|La Belleza]]
* [[Landázuri]]
* [[Landázuri]]
* [[La Paz, Santander|La Paz]]
* [[La Paz, Santander|La Paz]]
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* [[Onzaga]]
* [[Onzaga]]
* [[Palmar, Santander|Palmar]]
* [[Palmar, Santander|Palmar]]
* [[Palmas Socorro]]
* [[Palmas del Socorro]]
* [[Páramo, Santander|Páramo]]
* [[Páramo, Santander|Páramo]]
* [[Piedecuesta]]
* [[Piedecuesta]]
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* [[Simacota]]
* [[Simacota]]
* [[Socorro, Santander|Socorro]]
* [[Socorro, Santander|Socorro]]
* [[Suaita]]
* [[San José de Suaita|Suaita]]
* [[Sucre, Santander|Sucre]]
* [[Sucre, Santander|Sucre]]
* [[Suratá]]
* [[Suratá]]
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== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons category|Santander Department}}
{{Commons category|Santander Department}}
{{wikivoyage|Santander, Colombia}}
{{wikivoyage|Santander, Colombia}}
* {{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610180108/http://www.gobernaciondesantander.gov.co/santander/portal/ Government of Santander official website]
* {{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610180108/http://www.gobernaciondesantander.gov.co/santander/portal/ Government of Santander official website]
Line 271: Line 298:


{{Departments of Colombia}}
{{Departments of Colombia}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Santander Department| ]]
[[Category:Santander Department| ]]

Latest revision as of 15:10, 3 May 2024

Department of Santander
Departamento de Santander
Department
Flag of Department of Santander
Flag
Coat of arms of Department of Santander
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Santandereanos siempre adelante
(Spanish: People of Santander always ahead)
Anthem: Himno de Santander
Santander shown in red
Santander shown in red
Topography of the department
Topography of the department
Coordinates: 7°8′N 73°0′W / 7.133°N 73.000°W / 7.133; -73.000
Country Colombia
RegionAndean Region
EstablishedMay 13, 1857
CapitalBucaramanga
Largest cityBucaramanga
Government
 • GovernorDidier Alberto Tavera Amado (2016-2019) (Liberal Party)
Area
 • Total30,537 km2 (11,790 sq mi)
 • Rank12th
Population
 (2018)[1]
 • Total2,184,837
 • Rank6th
 • Density72/km2 (190/sq mi)
GDP
[2]
 • TotalCOP 92,277 billion
(US$ 21.7 billion)
Time zoneUTC-05
ISO 3166 codeCO-SAN
Provinces8
Municipalities87
HDI (2019)0.778[3]
high · 6th of 33
Websitegobernaciondesantander.gov.co

Santander (Spanish pronunciation: [santanˈdeɾ]) is a department of Colombia. Santander inherited the name of one of the nine original states of the United States of Colombia. It is located in the central northern part of the country, borders the Magdalena River to the east, Boyacá to the south and southeast, the Norte de Santander Department to the northeast, the Cesar Department to the north, the Bolivar and Antioquia Departments to the west. Its capital is the city of Bucaramanga.

History[edit]

Pre-Columbian era[edit]

Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, the territory now known as Santander was inhabited by Amerindian ethnic groups: Muisca, Chitareros, Laches, Yariguí, Opón, Carare and Guanes.

Their political and social structure was based on cacicazgos, a federation of tribes led by a cacique, with different social classes. Their main activity was planting maize, beans, yuca, arracacha, cotton, agave, tobacco, tomato, pineapple and guava, among others. Their agricultural skills were sufficiently developed to take advantage of the different mountainous terrains. The Guanes utilized terraces and an artificial system of irrigation. They had a knowledge of arts and crafts based on ovens to produce ceramics. They had cotton to make clothing and accessories such as hats and bags.

Colonization[edit]

Spanish conqueror Antonio de Lebrija led the first expedition through the area in 1529. The area was later invaded c. 1532 by German Ambrosius Ehinger in a quest to find El Dorado. This disrupted or destroyed many of the Amerindian villages. Some ethnic groups like the Yariguíes, Opones, and Carares fought the conquerors until they became extinct. Explorer Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada later went to the area in an effort to appease the tribes. The colonization process in the area was started by Martín Galeano who founded the village of Vélez on July 3, 1539 and Pedro de Ursúa and Ortún Velázquez de Velasco founded the village of Pamplona (now part of the Norte de Santander Department) in 1549.

Once the Amerindian tribes were dominated, the Spanish organized the territory based on Cabildos (councils) to maintain the dominance and administer justice in the conquered territory. Amerindians were assimilated and subject to the encomienda regime to work in agriculture, manufacturing goods, and mines. These two villages functioned as centers for the Cabildos' territories. In 1636 the Cabildo of Vélez was transferred to a new jurisdiction centered on the village of Girón, comprising from the Sogamoso River, and Río del Oro to the Magdalena River. The village of San Gil was created in 1689, segregated from the Jurisdiction of Vélez. In 1789 the village of Socorro was also segregated from Vélez and they were all put under the mandate of the Province of Tunja, a subdivision of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. On July 9, 1795 the corregimiento of Vélez – San Gil – Socorro was created due to the unsustainability of the Province of Tunja, and local government was established in the village of Socorro.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912 400,084—    
1938 615,710+53.9%
1950 747,706+21.4%
1964 1,001,213+33.9%
1973 1,127,999+12.7%
1985 1,511,392+34.0%
1993 1,811,741+19.9%
2005 1,957,789+8.1%
2018 2,184,837+11.6%
Source:[4]

Culture[edit]

The department's culture descends from a mix of Spanish and Chibcha influences, particularly in the south where the Muisca controlled territory and in the Chicamocha Canyon where the Guane are situated. During the colony and independence war times, people from Santander were especially recognized for their bravery in battle and their policy of "not even a step back". Soldiers from Santander were valued and respected but also difficult to control as they were, in general, more politically aware than people from other regions and therefore prone to question orders and law.[citation needed]

Cuisine[edit]

Santander cuisine includes regional specialties and food from the Department's capital city of Bucaramanga and other cities such as Cepita.

The most famous dishes are sancocho, oreada (dried cured beef), mute, egg broth, yellow arepa, masato, guarapo, aguapanela, tamale, and the exotic culona ants.

Goat[edit]

Usually accompanied by pepitoria and yellow arepa, it can be eaten fried, oven-baked, or dried.

Arepa Santandereana[edit]

Flat corn bread. This dish includes chicharron (pork belly-fat) and cooked peeled corn. When possible, the peeled corn is roasted in clay pots, to provide even more flavor.

Mute[edit]

A soup prepared with a variety of ingredients such as red meat, tripe, beef ribs, grains, potatoes, pasta, corn, and spices. Due to the ingredients included, it has a thick consistency.

Pepitoria[edit]

Pepitoria is prepared with the intestines of a goat or lamb. Served with rice, yuca, and potatoes.

Santander tamale[edit]

The tamale is a dish that is eaten in various parts of Colombia, but in Santander it is prepared with peeled corn dough and filled with beef, chicken or pork, chickpeas, onions, and paprika. It is then wrapped in banana leaf giving it a rectangular shape.

Oreada meat[edit]

This is a marinated, salted, sun-dried beef ready to grill. It is a classic dish that can be found in many restaurants as a specialty, served with yucca and chili.

Hormigas Culonas (Big Bum Ants)[edit]

A traditional dish of the Guane indigenous inhabitants of this region. The head, wings, and legs of these giant ants are removed, leaving the body and bum to be fried and seasoned with salt.

Bocadillo Veleño[edit]

Created in the town of Vélez, the Veleño Sandwich is prepared with the pulp of ripe Guava and is wrapped in a bijao leaf, giving it a characteristic flavor. It is sometimes paired with goat cheese.

Broth[edit]

A soup prepared with water, potatoes, toast, coriander, and egg (no milk or cream) and enjoyed for breakfast or lunch. There is also a variation called changua or chingua, which is normally prepared with water, potatoes, milk, cream and coriander. Sometimes broth (caldo) and changua comes with chicken or beef. Not to be confused with ajiaco, which is eaten in Bogota with creamy potato, huascas (green herb) and shredded chicken.

Obleas wafers[edit]

The wafer is a superfine cookie that is spread with Arequipe (caramel, sweetened milk spread). Over time, other ingredients such as cheese, blackberry, chocolate, etc. have been incorporated.

Masato[edit]

Masato is a fermented drink that is prepared with rice, water, wheat flour, sugar, cloves, and cinnamon. All this together forms a desired drink to accompany fritters or meat patties.

Chorizo from the San José Valley[edit]

12 km from San Gil, on the road that leads to Charalá, you will find a town called Valle de San José. People from this region say this is the best Colombian Chorizo, but people from Santa Rosa de Cabal, in the Coffee Zone, will tell you the same.

Beverages[edit]

Artists[edit]

Among the most outstanding and representative artists of the Colombian Santander Department are Segundo Agelvis, Mario Hernández Prada, Carlos Gómez Castro, Martín Quintero, Oscar Rodríguez Naranjo and Pacheco de Suratá.

Notable people[edit]

Antonia Santos

Administrative divisions[edit]

Provinces[edit]

The department is subdivided into provinces:

Municipalities[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Estimaciones de Población 1985 - 2005 y Proyecciones de Población 2005 - 2020 Total Municipal por Área (estimate)". Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  2. ^ "Producto Interno Bruto por departamento", www.dane.gov.co
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  4. ^ "Reloj de Población". DANE. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísitica. Retrieved 6 July 2017.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santander Department.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Santander, Colombia.
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