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==History==
==History==
The Georgian kingdoms were contested between the Sasanids and the neighboring rivalling [[Roman Empire|Roman]]-[[Byzantine Empire]] ever since the 3rd century.{{sfn|Rapp|2003|p=12}} Over the span of the next hundreds of years, both the Byzantines and the Sasanids managed to establish hegemony over these regions. At the few remaining times, the Georgian kings managed to retain their autonomy. Sasanian governance was established for the first time early on in the Sasanian era, during the reign of king [[Shapur I]] (r. 240-270). In 284, the Sasanians secured the Iberian throne for an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] prince from the [[House of Mihran]], subsequently known by his dynastic name [[Mirian III of Iberia|Mirian III]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Toumanoff|first1=Cyril|title=Studies in Christian Caucasian history|date=1963|publisher=Georgetown University Press|page=149|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=jlE1AAAAIAAJ&q=mirian+III+mihranid&dq=mirian+III+mihranid&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwin2JjS6sPNAhXJK8AKHS4-C6UQ6AEIOzAE|quote=(...) Sasanian diplomacy was successful in securing, at that very time, the throne of Iberia for a branch of the Iranian house of Mihran (...)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rapp|first1=Stephen H.|title=Corpus scriptorum christianorum orientalium: Subsidia|date=2003|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-9042913189|page=154|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=nCFwaxMumWkC&dq=mirian+III+mihranid&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s|quote=Mirian III, the first Christian king of the K'art'velians. He was a Mihranid Iranian prince who became king through his marriage to a K'art'velian princess.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowman|first1=Alan|last2=Peter|first2=Garnsey|last3=Cameron|first3=Averill|title=The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521301992|page=489|quote=In 284 the Iberian throne passed to Meribanes III, a member of the Iranian Mihranid family.}}</ref><ref>Lenski, Noel. (2003) ''Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D.'' University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520928534 "(...) they successfully asserted their claim by crowning a Persian dynast named Mirian III. Mirian, founder of the Mihranid dynasty, which ruled Iberia into the sixth century (...)"</ref> Mirian III became thus the first head of this branch of the Mihranid family in the Kingdom of Iberia, known as the [[Chosroid dynasty]] (otherwise known as the Iberian Mihranids, or Mihranids of Iberia), whose members would rule Iberia into the sixth century.<ref>Lenski, Noel. (2003) ''Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D.'' University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520928534 "(...) they successfully asserted their claim by crowning a Persian dynast named Mirian III. Mirian, founder of the Mihranid dynasty, which ruled Iberia into the sixth century (...)"</ref> In 363, Sasanian suzerainty was restored by king [[Shapur II]] (r. 309-379) when he invaded Iberia and installed [[Aspacures II of Iberia|Aspacures II]] as his vassal on the Iberian throne.
The Georgian kingdoms were contested between the Sasanids and the neighboring rivalling [[Roman Empire|Roman]]-[[Byzantine Empire]] ever since the 3rd century.{{sfn|Rapp|2003|p=12}} Over the span of the next hundreds of years, both the Byzantines and the Sasanids managed to establish hegemony over these regions. At the few remaining times, the Georgian kings managed to retain their autonomy. Sasanian governance was established for the first time early on in the Sasanian era, during the reign of king [[Shapur I]] (r. 240-270). In 284, the Sasanians secured the Iberian throne for an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] prince from the [[House of Mihran]], subsequently known by his dynastic name [[Mirian III of Iberia|Mirian III]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Toumanoff|first1=Cyril|title=Studies in Christian Caucasian history|date=1963|publisher=Georgetown University Press|page=149|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=jlE1AAAAIAAJ&q=mirian+III+mihranid&dq=mirian+III+mihranid&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwin2JjS6sPNAhXJK8AKHS4-C6UQ6AEIOzAE|quote=(...) Sasanian diplomacy was successful in securing, at that very time, the throne of Iberia for a branch of the Iranian house of Mihran (...)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rapp|first1=Stephen H.|title=Corpus scriptorum christianorum orientalium: Subsidia|date=2003|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-9042913189|page=154|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=nCFwaxMumWkC&dq=mirian+III+mihranid&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s|quote=Mirian III, the first Christian king of the K'art'velians. He was a Mihranid Iranian prince who became king through his marriage to a K'art'velian princess.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowman|first1=Alan|last2=Peter|first2=Garnsey|last3=Cameron|first3=Averill|title=The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521301992|page=489|quote=In 284 the Iberian throne passed to Meribanes III, a member of the Iranian Mihranid family.}}</ref><ref>Lenski, Noel. (2003) ''Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D.'' University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0520928534}} "(...) they successfully asserted their claim by crowning a Persian dynast named Mirian III. Mirian, founder of the Mihranid dynasty, which ruled Iberia into the sixth century (...)"</ref> Mirian III became thus the first head of this branch of the Mihranid family in the Kingdom of Iberia, known as the [[Chosroid dynasty]] (otherwise known as the Iberian Mihranids, or Mihranids of Iberia), whose members would rule Iberia into the sixth century.<ref>Lenski, Noel. (2003) ''Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D.'' University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0520928534}} "(...) they successfully asserted their claim by crowning a Persian dynast named Mirian III. Mirian, founder of the Mihranid dynasty, which ruled Iberia into the sixth century (...)"</ref> In 363, Sasanian suzerainty was restored by king [[Shapur II]] (r. 309-379) when he invaded Iberia and installed [[Aspacures II of Iberia|Aspacures II]] as his vassal on the Iberian throne.


The continuing rivalry between Byzantium and Sasanian Persia for supremacy in the [[Caucasus]], and the unsuccessful insurrection (523) of the Georgians under Gurgen had severe consequences for the country. Thereafter, the king of Iberia had only nominal power, while the country was effectively ruled by the Persians. By the time of [[Vezhan Buzmihr]]'s tenure as ''[[marzban]]'' of Iberia, the [[hagiographies]] of the period implied that the "kings" in [[Tbilisi]] had only the status of ''mamasakhlisi'', which means "head of the (royal) house".{{sfn|Rayfield|2013|page=51}} When [[Bacurius III of Iberia|Bakur III]] died in 580, the Sassanid government of Persia under [[Hormizd IV]] (578-590) seized on the opportunity to abolish the Iberian monarchy.{{sfn|Suny|1994|p=25}} Iberia became a Persian province, administrated through its direct rule by appointed ''marzbans'',{{sfn|Yarshater|2001|p=465}}{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2015|page=529}} which in fact was, as Prof. [[Donald Rayfield]] states; "a ''[[de jure]]'' continuation of [[de facto]] abolition of Iberian kingship since the 520s".{{sfn|Rayfield|2013|page=51}}
The continuing rivalry between Byzantium and Sasanian Persia for supremacy in the [[Caucasus]], and the unsuccessful insurrection (523) of the Georgians under Gurgen had severe consequences for the country. Thereafter, the king of Iberia had only nominal power, while the country was effectively ruled by the Persians. By the time of [[Vezhan Buzmihr]]'s tenure as ''[[marzban]]'' of Iberia, the [[hagiographies]] of the period implied that the "kings" in [[Tbilisi]] had only the status of ''mamasakhlisi'', which means "head of the (royal) house".{{sfn|Rayfield|2013|page=51}} When [[Bacurius III of Iberia|Bakur III]] died in 580, the Sassanid government of Persia under [[Hormizd IV]] (578-590) seized on the opportunity to abolish the Iberian monarchy.{{sfn|Suny|1994|p=25}} Iberia became a Persian province, administrated through its direct rule by appointed ''marzbans'',{{sfn|Yarshater|2001|p=465}}{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2015|page=529}} which in fact was, as Prof. [[Donald Rayfield]] states; "a ''[[de jure]]'' continuation of [[de facto]] abolition of Iberian kingship since the 520s".{{sfn|Rayfield|2013|page=51}}

Revision as of 10:39, 29 June 2017

Sasanian Iberia
255/6 – 299a
363-580b
580–627c
StatusProvince of the Sasanian Empire
CapitalArmazi
Mtskheta
Tbilisi
Common languages
GovernmentFully subordinate monarchy (up to 580), governorate
Historical eraAntiquity
• Established
255/6
299
• Sasanian reconquest under Shapur II
363
• Marzbanate period starts
580
• Adarnase I declares independence
627
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Kingdom of Iberia
Byzantine Empire
Principality of Iberia
Today part of Georgia
 Turkey
 Russia
 Armenia
 Azerbaijan
  1. ^ Shapur I conquers Iberia in ca. 255/6, and puts the country under the control of a bidaxs. The Sasanian Empire later cedes Iberia to the Romans in 299 after a peace treaty.
  2. ^ Shapur II invades Iberia in 363 and installs Aspacures II as his vassal. The Sasanians continue to rule Iberia for decades with two brief interruptions in 482-484 and 502-518. In 580, Hormizd IV decides to abolish the Iberian monarchy.
  3. ^ The Kingdom of Iberia is once and for all abolished by Hormizd IV, who appoint a marzban of the country, thus starting the "Marzbanate period" of Iberia. In 591, Khosrow II cedes a large part of Iberia to the Romans, and later briefly regains it in 604 until ca. 624/5. In 627, the Iberian prince Adarnase I rebels against a heavily weakened Sasanian Empire, thus ending Sasanian rule in the country.

Sasanian Iberia (Georgian: [სასანური ქართლი sasanuri kartli] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); known in Middle Persian sources as Wirōzān/Wiruzān/Wiručān) refers to the period the Kingdom of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) was under the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire. The period includes when it was ruled by Marzbans (governors) appointed by the Sasanid Iranian king, including later through the Principality of Iberia. It furthermore covers up the period up to including the loss of major parts of it during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 to the neighboring Byzantine Empire, just shortly prior to the Muslim conquest of Persia.

History

The Georgian kingdoms were contested between the Sasanids and the neighboring rivalling Roman-Byzantine Empire ever since the 3rd century.[1] Over the span of the next hundreds of years, both the Byzantines and the Sasanids managed to establish hegemony over these regions. At the few remaining times, the Georgian kings managed to retain their autonomy. Sasanian governance was established for the first time early on in the Sasanian era, during the reign of king Shapur I (r. 240-270). In 284, the Sasanians secured the Iberian throne for an Iranian prince from the House of Mihran, subsequently known by his dynastic name Mirian III.[2][3][4][5] Mirian III became thus the first head of this branch of the Mihranid family in the Kingdom of Iberia, known as the Chosroid dynasty (otherwise known as the Iberian Mihranids, or Mihranids of Iberia), whose members would rule Iberia into the sixth century.[6] In 363, Sasanian suzerainty was restored by king Shapur II (r. 309-379) when he invaded Iberia and installed Aspacures II as his vassal on the Iberian throne.

The continuing rivalry between Byzantium and Sasanian Persia for supremacy in the Caucasus, and the unsuccessful insurrection (523) of the Georgians under Gurgen had severe consequences for the country. Thereafter, the king of Iberia had only nominal power, while the country was effectively ruled by the Persians. By the time of Vezhan Buzmihr's tenure as marzban of Iberia, the hagiographies of the period implied that the "kings" in Tbilisi had only the status of mamasakhlisi, which means "head of the (royal) house".[7] When Bakur III died in 580, the Sassanid government of Persia under Hormizd IV (578-590) seized on the opportunity to abolish the Iberian monarchy.[8] Iberia became a Persian province, administrated through its direct rule by appointed marzbans,[9][10] which in fact was, as Prof. Donald Rayfield states; "a de jure continuation of de facto abolition of Iberian kingship since the 520s".[7]

The Iberian nobles acquiesced to this change without resistance,[8] while the heirs of the royal house withdrew to their highland fortresses – the main Chosroid line in Kakheti, and the younger Guaramid branch in Klarjeti and Javakheti. However, the direct Persian control brought about heavy taxation and an energetic promotion of Zoroastrianism in a largely Christian country. Therefore, when the Eastern Roman emperor Maurice embarked upon a military campaign against Persia in 582, the Iberian nobles requested that he helped restore the monarchy. Maurice did respond, and, in 588, sent his protégé, Guaram I of the Guaramids, as a new ruler to Iberia. However, Guaram was not crowned as king, but recognized as a presiding prince and bestowed with the Eastern Roman title of curopalates. The Byzantine-Sassanid treaty of 591 confirmed this new rearrangement, but left Iberia divided into Roman- and Sassanid-dominated parts at the town of Tbilisi.[8] Mtskheta came to be under Byzantine control.

Guaram's successor, the second presiding prince Stephen I (Stephanoz I), reoriented his politics towards Persia in a quest to reunite a divided Iberia, a goal he seems to have accomplished, but this cost him his life when the Byzantine emperor Heraclius attacked Tbilisi in 626,[11] during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, marking the definite Byzantine predominance in most of Georgia by 627-628 at the expense of the Sasanids until the Muslim conquest of Persia.[12]

Sasanian governors of Iberia

See also

References

  1. ^ Rapp 2003, p. 12. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRapp2003 (help)
  2. ^ Toumanoff, Cyril (1963). Studies in Christian Caucasian history. Georgetown University Press. p. 149. (...) Sasanian diplomacy was successful in securing, at that very time, the throne of Iberia for a branch of the Iranian house of Mihran (...)
  3. ^ Rapp, Stephen H. (2003). Corpus scriptorum christianorum orientalium: Subsidia. Peeters Publishers. p. 154. ISBN 978-9042913189. Mirian III, the first Christian king of the K'art'velians. He was a Mihranid Iranian prince who became king through his marriage to a K'art'velian princess.
  4. ^ Bowman, Alan; Peter, Garnsey; Cameron, Averill (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337. Cambridge University Press. p. 489. ISBN 978-0521301992. In 284 the Iberian throne passed to Meribanes III, a member of the Iranian Mihranid family.
  5. ^ Lenski, Noel. (2003) Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520928534 "(...) they successfully asserted their claim by crowning a Persian dynast named Mirian III. Mirian, founder of the Mihranid dynasty, which ruled Iberia into the sixth century (...)"
  6. ^ Lenski, Noel. (2003) Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520928534 "(...) they successfully asserted their claim by crowning a Persian dynast named Mirian III. Mirian, founder of the Mihranid dynasty, which ruled Iberia into the sixth century (...)"
  7. ^ a b Rayfield 2013, p. 51.
  8. ^ a b c Suny 1994, p. 25.
  9. ^ Yarshater 2001, p. 465.
  10. ^ Mikaberidze 2015, p. 529.
  11. ^ Suny 1994, p. 26.
  12. ^ Mikaberidze 2015, p. 28.

Sources

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