[go: nahoru, domu]
Jump to content

Slovaks: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 141: Line 141:
File:Michael Strank.jpg| Michael Strank, U.S Marine of Slovak ancestry, One of the men who raised the flag in Iwo Jima.
File:Michael Strank.jpg| Michael Strank, U.S Marine of Slovak ancestry, One of the men who raised the flag in Iwo Jima.
File:Miroslaw Iringh Stanko.jpg| Miroslav Iringh, one of the Warsaw Uprising organisers.
File:Miroslaw Iringh Stanko.jpg| Miroslav Iringh, one of the Warsaw Uprising organisers.
File:Juraj Jakubisko.jpg| Film director Juraj Jakubisko
</gallery>
</gallery>


Revision as of 12:52, 24 May 2010

Slovaks
(Slováci)
Anton Bernolák, Ľudovít Štúr, Andrej Hlinka, Štefan Banič, Jozef Miloslav Hurban, Aurel Stodola, Adam František Kollár, Milan Hodža, Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav, Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Gustáv Husák, Alexander Dubček
Regions with significant populations
 Slovakia:    4,614,854[1]

 United States:    1,200,000[2]
 Czech Republic:    200,000[3]
 Canada:    100,000[4]
 Serbia:    59,021Slovaks#References
 Ireland:    30,000[5]
 Austria:    25,000[6]
 Germany:    20,200Slovaks#References
 Hungary:    17,693[7]
 Romania:    17.226[8]
 Belgium:    4,000[9]

Other:    120,000 (est.)[citation needed]
Languages
Slovak
Religion
Roman Catholic 68.9%, Byzantine Rite Catholic 4.1%, Protestant 10.8%, Eastern Orthodox, other or unspecified 3.2%, no denomination, agnostic or non-religious 13% (2001 census within Slovakia, extrapolated to outside Slovaks)
Related ethnic groups
other West Slavs

The Slovaks (Slovak Slováci, singular Slovák, feminine Slovenka, dual Slovenky) are a western Slavic people that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is closely related to the Czech language.

Most Slovaks today live within the borders of the independent Slovakia (circa 5,000,000). There are Slovak minorities in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Serbia and sizable populations of immigrants and their descendants in the U.S. and in Canada.

History

Main article: History of Slovakia

Slavs of the Pannonian Basin

The first known Slavic states on the territory of present-day Slovakia were the Empire of Samo and the Principality of Nitra, founded sometime in the 8th century.

Great Moravia

Pribina, ruler of Principality of Nitra [10] and established and ruled the Balaton Principality from 839/840 to 861.[11]

Great Moravia (833 - ?907) was a slavic state in the 9th and early 10th century A.D. Current ethnolinguistic Slovak nationalism traces the roots of the Slovak nation to the times of Greater Moravia, claiming the polity to have been the ‘first Slovak state’.[12][note 1] However, there is no continuity in politics, culture, or written language between this early Slavic polity and the modern Slovak nation.[12] Its formation and rich cultural heritage have attracted somewhat more interest since 19th century. Important developments took place at this time, including the mission of Cyril and Methodius, the development of the Glagolitic alphabet (an early form of the Cyrillic alphabet), and the use of Old Church Slavonic as the official and literary language.

The original territory inhabited by the Slavic tribes included not only present-day Slovakia, but also parts of present-day southeastern Moravia and approximately the entire northern half of present-day Hungary[citation needed].

Kingdom of Hungary

Main article: History of Hungary
Gallery of famous Slovak people, active in different areas (history, literature, education, religion, science). Published on occasion of establishing Matica slovenská ("Slovak Foundation"), major patriotic organization. List of portraited personalities: Ján Mallý-Dusarov, Juraj Tvrdý, Jozef Kozáček, Štefan Moyzes, Martin Čulen, Karol Kuzmány, Štefan Závodník, Michal Chrástek, Viliam Pauliny-Tóth, Michal Miloslav Hodža, Štefan Marko Daxner, Ján Francisci-Rimavský, Ján Gotčár, Andrej Ľudovít Radlinský, Jozef Miloslav Hurban, Jonáš Záborský, Jozef Karol Viktorin, Mikuláš Štefan Ferienčík, Ján Kalinčiak, Martin Hattala, Ján Palárik, František Víťazoslav Sasinek, Andrej Sládkovič, Daniel Gabriel Lichard, Ján Čipka, Juraj Slota, Andrej Kossa
File:Štúrovci.jpg
Štúr generation (Viliam Pauliny-Tóth, Andrej Sládkovič, Samo Tomášik, Samo Chalupka, Michal Miloslav Hodža, Janko Matúška, Janko Kráľ, Ján Kalinčiak, Ján Botto, Jozef Miloslav Hurban)
Ľudovít Štúr - epitome of the Slovak Revival[clarification needed] - politician, poet, journalist, publisher, teacher, philosopher and linguist

The territory of present day Slovakia became the part of the Kingdom of Hungary under Hungarian rule gradually from 907 to the early 14th century (major part by 1100) and remained within the framework of this kingdom (see also Upper Hungary or Kingdom of Hungary) until the formation of Czechoslovakia in 1918.[13] The Slovaks never had political or territorial autonomy within Hungary.[13] A separate entity called Nitra Frontier Duchy, existed this time within the Kingdom of Hungary. This duchy was abolished in 1107. The territory inhabited by the Slovaks in present-day Hungary was gradually reduced.[14]

When most of Hungary was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1541 (see Ottoman Hungary), Upper Hungary (now the territory of present day Slovakia) became the new center of the "reduced" kingdom[15] that remained under Hungarian, and later Habsburg rule, officially called Royal Hungary. Royal Hungary covered the whole of Slovakia, they had no king instead they were ruled by the Palatine. 3 of the most important Palatines in history came from the Slovak family Turzo, Jan Turzo, Juraj Turzo VII, Stanislav Turzo. When the Ottomans arrived in Slovakia the ethnic Slovaks immediately attacked the Ottomans. But the most famous tale of Slovak bravery against the Ottomans was the tale of Juraj Šucha who died defending the castle of Dregely in 1552.[15] Some Croats settled around and in present-day Bratislava for similar reasons. Also, many Germans settled in the Kingdom of Hungary,[15] especially in the towns, as work-seeking colonists and mining experts from the 13th to the 15th century. Jews and Romanies(Gypsies) also formed significant populations within the territory.[15]

After the Ottoman Empire were forced to retreat from present-day Hungary around 1700, thousands of Slovaks were gradually settled in depopulated parts of the restored Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Hungary, Romania, Serbia, and Croatia) under Maria Theresia, and that is how present-day Slovak enclaves (like Slovaks in Vojvodina, Slovaks in Hungary) in these countries arose.

After Transylvania, Upper Hungary (the territory of present day Slovakia), was the most advanced part of the Kingdom of Hungary for centuries (the most urbanized part, intense mining of gold and silver), but in the 19th century, when Buda/Pest became the new capital of the kingdom, the importance of the territory, as well as other parts within the Kingdom fell, and many Slovaks were impoverished. As a result, hundreds of thousands of Slovaks emigrated to North America, especially in the late 19th and early 20th century (between cca. 1880–1910), a total of at least 1.5 million emigrants (~2/3 of them were part of some minority).

Slovakia exhibits a very rich folk culture. A part of Slovak customs and social convention are common with those of other nations of the former Habsburg monarchy (the Kingdom of Hungary was in personal union with the Habsburg monarchy from 1526 to 1918).

Czechoslovakia

Main article: History of Czechoslovakia

People of Slovakia spent most part of the 20th century within the framework of Czechoslovakia, a new state formed after World War I. Significant reforms and post-World War II industrialization took place during this time. The Slovak language has been strongly influenced by the Czech language during this period.

Contemporary Slovaks

The political transformations of 1989, 1993 and the accession to the EU in 2004 brought new liberties, which have considerably improved the outlook and prospects of all Slovaks.

Contemporary Slovak society organically combines elements of both folk traditions and Western European lifestyles.

Name and ethnogenesis

The origin of the Slovaks is disputed among scholars and it is very contradictious. The different theories regarding the ethnogenesis of the Slovaks were used to justify or unjustify historical situations from variant historical perspectives,[16] as the argument of ‘my-nation-was-here-first’ type was, and still remains to be a useful instrument of legitimizing a nation-state’s ownership of a given territory or its claim to an area outside its current borders.[17] The conception that the Slovaks are descended from the Slavic population who inhabited the territory of present-day Slovakia between the 5th-10th centuries has a long story and it is connected with the ambition of the Slovaks to reach self-determination or autonomy within Hungary (mostly under romantic nationalism of the 19th century and during the Slovak national revival). This continuity theory, supporting the supposed former common past of the Czech and Slovak nations -thus also legitimizating the creation of the united “Czechoslovak nation[16]- gained political subvention during the formation of Czechoslovakia.[16] After the Treaty of Trianon, the theory of Hungarian historian János Karácsonyi became very popular among Hungarian politicians and it was utilized to prove that the separation of the territory of Slovakia from Hungary was unjustified.[16]

After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992, and the formation of independent Slovakia in 1993 motivated interest in a particularly Slovak national identity. One reflection of this was the rejection of the common Czechoslovak national identity in favour of a pure Slovak one.

Theories regarding the ethnogenesis of the Slovaks

Ján Hollý (portrait from 1885)

Current ethnolinguistic Slovak nationalism traces the roots of the Slovak nation to the times of Greater Moravia, claiming the polity to have been the first Slovak state.[12] The definition and identification of the inhabitants of this realm proved to be politically imperative and difficult.[18] Historical records are anything else but precise in this question.[18] As Kirschbaum points out:[18] "Slavist and literary historians consider the Cyrillo-Methodian literature as the heritage of all Slavs. Other claim that it is the heritage of the Slavs who laid the bases of the Empire of Great Moravia, namely the Slovaks, the Moravians and the Slovenes. Slovak scholars have been saying for three centuries that the literature created in Great Moravia or translated by Sts. Cyril and Methodius and their disciples for the ancestors of the Slovaks are rather part of the Slovak cultural heritage."[18] There are Slovak historians who suggest that "It is not correct to label Great Moravia was the first state of the Czechs and the Slovaks for the simple reason that the membership of the Czechs in this state had been short lived."[18] There are Slovak historians who believe in extreme opinions such as the Slavic inhabitants living on the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 8th century were conscious of their national identy, therefore we can identify them as Slovaks.[10] However the use of this term would contradict the theory that the distinct Slavic nations had not yet emerged by the 9th century and the culture and language of various Slavic tribes in central Europe were indistinguishable from each other.[19] Naming various institutions after the saintly brothers and Greater Moravian rulers and devoting commemorative plaques and monuments to them became widespread in post-1993 Slovakia.[20][note 2] The laudation of the imagined history of Slovak culture and language led to the myth of the Cyrillo-Methodian dawn of the Slovak nation which was incorporated into the 1992 Slovak Constitution,[21] which adverts the spiritual heritage of Cyril and Methodius and the historical heritage of the Great Moravian Empire as inherently Slovak.[21] In this interpretation, the Slovaks have the oldest tradition of statehood in Central Europe,[22] but unfortunately, the 'millennium of Hungarian occupation’ caused them to ‘forget’ their proud traditions.[22] Although the idea of the Cyrillo-Methodian heritage is very prevalent in nowadays Slovakia, there is no continuity in politics, culture, or written language between this early Slavic polity and the modern Slovak nation.[12] Although it seems reasonable to propose that the modern Slovaks may be descendants of the Greater Moravian population,[12] this proposition is also true in the case of many modern Central European countries.[12] The theory of the "Great Moravian" and "Cyrillo-Methodian" heritage dates back to the 18th century. In his writing (Historia gentis Slavae. De regno regibusque Slavorum [History of the Slavic People: On the kingdom and kings of the Slavs]) Georgius Papanek (or Juraj Papánek) traces the roots of the Slovaks to Greater Moravia.[22]

Josef Dobrovský

According to the Czech priest Josef Dobrovský, Great Moravia was located in Upper Hungary and Moravia (i.e. Present-day Slovakia and Czech Republic). Writers of Slavic origin like Juraj Sklenár, and Juraj Fándly (considered to be the fathers of Slovak historiography) praised Greater Moravia as opposed to the ‘heathen Magyars’ who destroyed this realm.[23] In 1879, Jaroslav Vlček wrote that Greater Moravia was a common state of Slovaks and Moravians.[24] František Viktor Sasinek (1830–1914) asseted in his work "Die Slovaken. Eine Ethnographische Skizze" (The Slovaks: An ethnographic outline) that Greater Moravia was the state of the Slovaks, Moravians, and Czechs.[25] According to Josef Ladislav Píč ("O methode dejepisu Slovenska" [On the Methodology of Slovak Historiography]) Greater Moravia was the state of the Czechoslovak nation,[25] but he agreed that the separate Slovak nation emerged after the Hungarians destroyed the polity.[25] Slovak historian Julius Botto Jr. asserted ("Slovaci. Vyvin ich narodneho povedomia" [The Slovaks: Development of their national consciousness]) that Greater Moravia was solely a Slovak realm.[25] Interestingly, Samuel Timon Jesuit priest claimed ("Imago antiquae Hungariae" [The Description of Old Hungary]) that the Hungarians by destroying Greater Moravia, had liberated the Slovaks from the Moravian yoke.[26] It was Ján Hollý who imprinted the idea of Greater Moravia and the Cyrillo-Methodian literacy on the ideological blueprint of Slovak nationalism with his poems (Svatopluk, 1833; Cyrilo-Methodiana, 1835; Slav, 1839).[23] When the Slovaks and Czechs lived in a common state it was suggested that Great Moravia was the equal legacy of both nations.[18] However, Russian historian George Vernadsky asserted that Great Moravia is the legacy exclusively of the Czechs.[18]

File:János Karácsonyi.jpg
János Karácsonyi

The opinion of Hungarian historian János Karácsonyi was, that the indigenous Slavs had died out or they had been assimilated by Hungarians,[27] therefore contemporary Slovaks are the progeny of the White Croats[27] (arrived from the north and north-west by the twelfth century in to Hungary) the Czech (Bohemian, Moravian), Polish (Lesser Polish) and German (Silesian, Saxonian, Swabian) settlers who came to Hungary during 10th–18th century. According to this theory, only a small part of present-day Slovakia was inhabited during the reign of Stephen I,[28] thus there is no direct connection between the autochthonous Slavic population living in the territory of present-day Slovakia before the 12th century and modern Slovaks.[29] Czech historian Václav Chaloupecký also admitted that most of the territory of present-day Slovakia (except the southern parts) was a primeval forest until the thirteenth century and an intentionally unpopulated frontier region of the Kingdom of Hungary.[28] Chaloupecký asserted that Slovaks are Czechs by origin but their almost 1000-years’ existence in the Kingdom of Hungary led to their separation from the Czech nation.[27] Furthermore, he also considered that the Walachian populations,[28] especially in the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries were significant agents in the ethnogenesis of the Slovaks.[28] However Chaloupecký had no doubts about that after the eleventh century the Slavonic inhabitants of south-western Slovakia were descendants of those Slavs who had lived there in the ninth and the tenth centuries.[16]

Origin of the word 'Slovak'

The Slovaks and Slovenes are the only current Slavic nations that have preserved the old name of the Slavs (singular: slověn) in their name - the adjective "Slovak" is still slovenský and the feminine noun "Slovak" is still Slovenka in the Slovak language; only the masculine noun "Slovak" changed to Slovenin, probably in the High Middle Ages, and finally (under Czech and Polish influence) to Slovák around 1400. For Slovenes, the adjective is still slovenski and the feminine noun "Slovene" is still Slovenka, but the masculine noun has since changed to Slovenec. The Slovak name for their language is slovenčina and the Slovene name for theirs is slovenščina. The Slovak term for the Slovene language is slovinčina; and the Slovenes call Slovak slovaščina. The name is derived from proto-Slavic form slovo "word, talk" (cf. Slovak sluch, which comes from the IE root *ḱlew-). Thus Slovaks as well as Slovenians would mean "people who speak (the same language)", i.e. people who understand each other.

According to Nestor and modern Slavic linguists, the above-mentioned word slověn probably was the original name of all Slavs, but most Slavs (Czechs, Poles, Croats, etc.) took other names in the Early Middle Ages. Although the Slovaks themselves seem to have had a slightly different word for "Slavs" (Slovan), they were called "Slavs" by Latin texts approximately up to the High Middle Ages. Thus, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish when Slavs in general and when Slovaks are meant. One proof of the use of "Slavs" in the sense of "Slovaks" are documents of the Kingdom of Hungary which mention Bohemians (Czechs), Poles under a different name.[14] Slovaks of Hungary were dubbed as "Slavi Pannonii"[30] and Czechs as "Slavi Bohemii"[30]. The semantic closeness of the ethnonym ‘Slovak’ to that of ‘Slav’ endowed the Slovak national movement with the myth that of all the Slavic nations the Slovaks are the most direct descendants of the original Slavs, and the Slovak language the most direct continuation of Old Slavic.[30]

Ethnic affiliations and genetic origins

Slovaks -as other slavonic ethnical groups in Central Europe- carry Eurasian lineages as a consequence of admixture with Central Asian nomadic tribes, who migrated into Central and Eastern Europe in the early Middle Ages.[31] Slovak populations do not cluster together.[32] Western Slovaks are located together with the Czechs and Austrians, while eastern Slovaks are placed close to Slovenians.[32] Slovak mtDNAs belong to the common West Eurasian mitochondrial haplogroups,[32] but characterized by a small frequency of East Eurasian (2,8 percent)[32] and Gypsy-specific (2,8 percent)[32] mtDNA lineages.[32] Furthermore, African mtDNAs (L2a) are present in the population from the eastern part of the country.[32] About 3 percent of mtDNAs from eastern Slovakia encompass Gypsy-specific lineages,[32] which belong to the Indian-specific haplogroups M5a1 and M35.[32] The Gypsy related J1 haplotype appeares in 2,9 percent of persons from eastern Slovakia.[32] The identified M-haplotype in Slovaks is also known among Italians, Saudi Arabians and Bedouins from Israel.[32]

Quotes from important chronicles

This is how Nestor in his Primary Chronicle (historically correctly) describes the Slovaks[citation needed]: Slavs that were settled along the Danube, which have been occupied by the Hungarians, the Czechs, the Lachs, and Poles that are now known as the Rus. Nestor calls these Slavs "Slavs of Hungary" in another place of the text, and mentions them in the first place in a list of Slavic nations (besides Moravians, Bohemians, Poles, Russians, etc.), because he considers the Carpathian Basin (including what is today Slovakia) the original Slavic territory.

Anonymus, in his Gesta Hungarorum, calls the Slovaks (around 1200 with respect to past developments) Sclavi , i.e. Slavs (as opposed to "Boemy" - the Bohemians, and "Polony" - the Poles) or in another place Nytriensis Sclavi, i.e. Nitrian Slavs.

And this is how Slovaks were called in various very precise sources approximately from 1200 to about 1400: Slovyenyn, Slowyenyny; Sclavus, Sclavi, Slavus, Slavi; Tóth; Winde, Wende, Wenden.

Culture

See also List of Slovaks
File:Jánošík.jpg
Juraj Jánošík, Slovak folk hero

The art of Slovakia can be traced back to the Middle Ages, when some of the greatest masterpieces of the country's history were created. Significant figures from this period included the many Masters, among them the Master Paul of Levoča and Master MS. More contemporary art can be seen in the shadows of Koloman Sokol,[33] Albín Brunovský, Martin Benka,[34] Mikuláš Galanda,[33] and Ľudovít Fulla.[33] The most important Slovak composers have been Eugen Suchoň, Ján Cikker, and Alexander Moyzes, in the 21st century Vladimir Godar and Peter Machajdik.

The most famous Slovak names can indubitably be attributed to invention and technology. Such people include Jozef Murgaš, the inventor of wireless telegraphy; Ján Bahýľ, Štefan Banič, inventor of the modern parachute; Aurel Stodola, inventor of the bionic arm and pioneer in thermodynamics; and, more recently, John Dopyera, father of modern acoustic string instruments. Štefan Anián Jedlík Slovakia is also known for its polyhistors, of whom include Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Matej Bel, Ján Kollár, and its political revolutionaries, such Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Alexander Dubček.

There were two leading persons who codified the Slovak language. The first one was Anton Bernolák whose concept was based on the dialect of western Slovakia (1787). It was the enactment of the first national literary language of Slovaks ever. The second notable man was Ľudovít Štúr. His formation of the Slovak language had principles in the dialect of central Slovakia (1843).

The best known Slovak hero was Juraj Jánošík (the Slovak equivalent of Robin Hood). Prominent explorer Móric Benyovszky had Slovak ancestors.

In terms of sports, the Slovaks are probably best known (in North America) for their hockey personalities, especially Stan Mikita, Peter Šťastný, Peter Bondra, Žigmund Pálffy and Marián Hossa. For a list see List of Slovaks.

For a list of the most notable Slovak writers and poets, see List of Slovak authors.

  • Slovak folk dance in Serbia
    Slovak folk dance in Serbia
  • Girl from Slovakia
    Girl from Slovakia
  • Moravian-Slovak folk festival
    Moravian-Slovak folk festival
  • Easter in Slovakia
    Easter in Slovakia
  • Slovak peasant from the Tatra mountains, 1908
    Slovak peasant from the Tatra mountains, 1908
  • Folklore festival in Slovakia
    Folklore festival in Slovakia
  • Hontianska parade
    Hontianska parade
  • Captain Juraj Šucha
    Captain Juraj Šucha
  • Tennis player Dominika Cibulkova
    Tennis player Dominika Cibulkova
  • Tennis player Magdaléna Rybáriková
    Tennis player Magdaléna Rybáriková
  • Viola Valachová a Partisan
    Viola Valachová a Partisan
  • Jana Kirschner pop singer
    Jana Kirschner pop singer
  • Jan Francisci-Rimavsky poet and revolutionary
    Jan Francisci-Rimavsky poet and revolutionary
  • Milan Ivana
    Milan Ivana
  • Dušan Švento
    Dušan Švento
  • Marian Gaborik
    Marian Gaborik
  • Jan Sambucus
    Jan Sambucus
  • Jan Slota
    Jan Slota
  • Andrej Hadik
    Andrej Hadik
  • Chaviva Reikova Slovak-Jewish partisan
    Chaviva Reikova Slovak-Jewish partisan
  • President of first Slovak Republic Jozef Tiso
    President of first Slovak Republic Jozef Tiso
  • Jozef Gabčík Slovak soldier, assassin of Reinhard Heydrich
    Jozef Gabčík Slovak soldier, assassin of Reinhard Heydrich
  • Michael Strank, U.S Marine of Slovak ancestry, One of the men who raised the flag in Iwo Jima.
    Michael Strank, U.S Marine of Slovak ancestry, One of the men who raised the flag in Iwo Jima.
  • Miroslav Iringh, one of the Warsaw Uprising organisers.
    Miroslav Iringh, one of the Warsaw Uprising organisers.

Statistics

There are approximately 4.6 million autochthonous Slovaks in Slovakia. Further Slovaks live in the following countries (the list shows estimates of embassies etc. and of associations of Slovaks abroad in the first place, and official data of the countries as of 2000/2001 in the second place).

The list stems from Claude Baláž, a Canadian Slovak, the current plenipotentiary of the Government of the Slovak Republic for Slovaks abroad (see e.g.: 6)  :

  • USA (1 200 000 / 821 325*) [*(1)there were, however, 1 882 915 Slovaks in the US according to the 1990 census, (2) there are some 400 000 "Czechoslovaks" in the US, a large part of which are Slovaks] - 19th - 21st century emigrants; see also Census.gov
  • Czech Republic (350 000 / 183 749*) [*there were, however, 314 877 Slovaks in the Czech Republic according to the 1991 census] - due to the existence of former Czechoslovakia
  • Hungary (39 266 / 17 693)
  • Canada (100 000 / 50 860) - 19th - 21st century migrants
  • Serbia (60 000 / 59 021*) [especially in Vojvodina;*excl. the Rusins] - 18th & 19th century settlers
  • Poland (2002) (47 000 / 2 000*) [* The Central Census Commission has accepted the objection of the Association of Slovaks in Poland with respect to this number ]- ancient minority and due to border shifts during the 20th century
  • Romania (18 000 / 17 199) - ancient minority
  • Ukraine (17 000 / 6 397) [especially in Carpathian Ruthenia] - ancient minority and due to the existence of former Czechoslovakia
  • France (13 000/ n.a.)
  • Australia (12 000 / n.a.) - 20th - 21st century migrants
  • Austria (10 234 / 10 234) - 20th - 21st century migrants
  • United Kingdom (10 000 / n.a.)
  • Croatia (5 000 / 4 712) - 18th & 19th century settlers
  • other countries

The number of Slovaks living outside Slovakia in line with the above data was estimated at max. 2 016 000 in 2001 (2 660 000 in 1991), implying that, in sum, there were max. some 6 630 854 Slovaks in 2001 (7 180 000 in 1991) in the world. The estimate according to the right-hand site chart yields an approximate population of Slovaks living outside Slovakia of 1.5 million.

Other (much higher) estimates stemming from the Dom zahraničných Slovákov (House of Foreign Slovaks) can be found on SME.[35]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ For examples see: Bagin, Anton (1993). Cyrilometodská tradícia u Slovákov (in Slovak). Bratislava: Slovak Academic Press. ISBN 8085665085. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) and Durica, Milan S. (1996). Dejiny Slovenska a Slovákov (in Slovak). Bratislava: Media Trade and Slovenské pedagogické nakladatel' stvo. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ The University in Nitra was named after St Cyril, and later the university in Trnava added both St Cyril and St Methodius to its name. Kamusella p.887

References

  1. ^ Statistics.sk
  2. ^ USZZ.sk
  3. ^ CIA.gov
  4. ^ USZZ.sk
  5. ^ USZZ.sk
  6. ^ USZZ.sk
  7. ^ Population by ethnic minorities in Hungary
  8. ^ Transindex.ro
  9. ^ USZZ.sk
  10. ^ a b Kirschbaum 1995, p. 25
  11. ^ Bagnell Bury, John (1923). The Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Macmillan. p. 211.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Kamusella 2009, p. 131
  13. ^ a b Eberhardt 2003, p. 105
  14. ^ a b Vauchez, André; Barrie Dobson, Richard; Lapidge, Michael (2000). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 1363. ISBN 1579582826, 9781579582821. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  15. ^ a b c d Eberhardt 2003, p. 104
  16. ^ a b c d e Marsina 1997, p. 17
  17. ^ Kamusella 2009, p. 948
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Kirschbaum 1995, p. 35
  19. ^ Bartl, Július (1997). "Ďurica, M. S.: Dejiny Slovenska a Slovákov". Historický časopis. 45 (1): 114–122. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  20. ^ Kamusella 2009, p. 887
  21. ^ a b Kamusella 2009, p. 528
  22. ^ a b c Kamusella 2009, p. 134
  23. ^ a b Kamusella 2009, p. 479
  24. ^ Kamusella 2009, p. 816
  25. ^ a b c d Kamusella 2009, p. 814
  26. ^ Kamusella 2009, p. 819
  27. ^ a b c Marsina 1997, p. 15
  28. ^ a b c d Marsina 1997, p. 16
  29. ^ Marsina 1997, pp. 16–17
  30. ^ a b c Kamusella 2009, p. 132
  31. ^ Malyarchuk, BA; Vanecek, T; Perkova, MA; Derenko, MV; Sip, M. "Mitochondrial DNA variability in the Czech population, with application to the ethnic history of Slavs; Hum Biol. 2006 Dec;78(6):681-96.". Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences. Portovaya str. 18, 685000 Magadan, Russia.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Malyarchuk et al. 2008
  33. ^ a b c Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2009). "Slovakia; Cultural expression". World and Its Peoples. Vol. 7. Marshall Cavendish. p. 993. ISBN 0761478833, 9780761478836. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  34. ^ Mikuš 1977, p. 108
  35. ^ Template:Sk icon SME.sk
  1. Slovaks in the US PDF
  2. Slovaks in Czech Republic
  3. Slovaks in Serbia
  4. Slovaks in Canada
  5. Slovaks in Hungary
  6. Baláž, Claude: Slovenská republika a zahraniční Slováci. 2004, Martin
  7. Baláž, Claude: (a series of articles in:) Dilemma. 01/1999 – 05/2003

Sources

Maps

  • Slovaks in Vojvodina, Serbia (2002 census)
    Slovaks in Vojvodina, Serbia (2002 census)
  • The language spread of Slovak in the United States according to U. S. Census 2000 and other resources interpreted by research of U. S. English Foundation, percentage of home speakers
    The language spread of Slovak in the United States according to U. S. Census 2000 and other resources interpreted by research of U. S. English Foundation, percentage of home speakers
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slovaks&oldid=363914697"