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| leader_name3 = [[Bayo Alaba]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]<br />[[David Burton-Sampson]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]] |
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'''Southend-on-Sea''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-SouthendOnSea.ogg|ˌ|s|aʊ|θ|ɛ|n|d| |ɒ|n| |ˈ|s|iː|}}), commonly referred to as '''Southend''' ({{IPAc-en|s|aʊ|ˈ|θ|ɛ|n|d|}}), is a coastal city and [[unitary authorities of England|unitary authority area]] with [[Borough status in the United Kingdom|borough status]] in south-eastern [[Essex]], England. It lies on the north side of the [[Thames Estuary]], {{convert|40|mi}} east of central [[London]]. It is bordered to the north by [[Rochford (district)|Rochford]] and to the west by [[Castle Point]]. The city is one of the most densely populated places in the country outside of London. It is home to the longest [[pleasure pier]] in the world, [[Southend Pier]] |
'''Southend-on-Sea''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-SouthendOnSea.ogg|ˌ|s|aʊ|θ|ɛ|n|d| |ɒ|n| |ˈ|s|iː|}}), commonly referred to as '''Southend''' ({{IPAc-en|s|aʊ|ˈ|θ|ɛ|n|d|}}), is a coastal city and [[unitary authorities of England|unitary authority area]] with [[Borough status in the United Kingdom|borough status]] in south-eastern [[Essex]], England. It lies on the north side of the [[Thames Estuary]], {{convert|40|mi}} east of central [[London]]. It is bordered to the north by [[Rochford (district)|Rochford]] and to the west by [[Castle Point]]. The city is one of the most densely populated places in the country outside of London. It is home to the longest [[pleasure pier]] in the world, [[Southend Pier]],<ref name="lonely planet">{{cite book |title=England |series=Lonely Planet travel guide |editor-first=David |editor-last=Else |edition=5th |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-74104-590-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741045901/page/445 445] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741045901/page/445 }}</ref> while [[London Southend Airport]] is located to the north of the city centre. |
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Southend-on-Sea originally consisted of a few poor fishermen's huts and farm at the southern end of the village of [[Prittlewell]]. In the 1790s, the first buildings around what was to become the High Street of Southend were completed. In the 19th century, Southend's status as a [[seaside resort]] grew after a visit from the [[Princess of Wales]], [[Caroline of Brunswick]], and |
Southend-on-Sea originally consisted of a few poor fishermen's huts and farm at the southern end of the village of [[Prittlewell]]. In the 1790s, the first buildings around what was to become the High Street of Southend were completed. In the 19th century, Southend's status as a [[seaside resort]] grew after a visit from the [[Princess of Wales]], [[Caroline of Brunswick]], and the construction of both the pier and railway, allowing easier access from London. From the 1960s onwards, the city declined as a holiday destination. After the 1960s, much of the city centre was developed for commerce and retail, and many original structures were lost to redevelopment. As part of its reinvention, Southend became the home of the [[Access (credit card)|Access credit card]], due to its having one of the UK's first [[Electronic switching system|electronic telephone exchanges]]. An annual seafront airshow, which started in 1986 and featured a flypast by [[Concorde]], used to take place each May until 2012. |
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On 18 October 2021, it was announced that Southend would be granted [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]], in memorial to the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] Member of Parliament for Southend West, [[David Amess|Sir David Amess]], a long-time supporter of city status for the borough, who was [[Murder of David Amess|murdered]] on 15 October 2021.<ref name=City>{{cite news|date=18 October 2021|title=Sir David Amess: Southend to become a city in honour of MP|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-northamptonshire-58956615|access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 October 2021|title=Southend to become city in honour of Sir David Amess|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/18/southend-to-become-city-in-honour-of-sir-david-amess|access-date=19 October 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Southend was granted city status by letters patent dated 26 January 2022. On 1 March 2022, the letters patent were presented to Southend Borough Council by [[Charles III|Charles, Prince of Wales]].<ref name="charles">{{cite news |date=1 March 2022 |title=Southend: Prince Charles presents city status document |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-60568792 |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/CrownOffFOIDs/status/1509588961844473860#m |publisher=Crown Office |title=Warrant to prepare Letters Patent for conferring city status on Southend-on-Sea |access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> |
On 18 October 2021, it was announced that Southend would be granted [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]], in memorial to the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] Member of Parliament for Southend West, [[David Amess|Sir David Amess]], a long-time supporter of city status for the borough, who was [[Murder of David Amess|murdered]] on 15 October 2021.<ref name=City>{{cite news|date=18 October 2021|title=Sir David Amess: Southend to become a city in honour of MP|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-northamptonshire-58956615|access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 October 2021|title=Southend to become city in honour of Sir David Amess|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/18/southend-to-become-city-in-honour-of-sir-david-amess|access-date=19 October 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Southend was granted city status by letters patent dated 26 January 2022. On 1 March 2022, the letters patent were presented to Southend Borough Council by [[Charles III|Charles, Prince of Wales]].<ref name="charles">{{cite news |date=1 March 2022 |title=Southend: Prince Charles presents city status document |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-60568792 |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/CrownOffFOIDs/status/1509588961844473860#m |publisher=Crown Office |title=Warrant to prepare Letters Patent for conferring city status on Southend-on-Sea |access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> |
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===The start and fail of New South-End=== |
===The start and fail of New South-End=== |
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[[File:Constable - Southend, D.228-1888.jpg|thumb|Southend by John Constable]] |
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In 1790, the local lord of the Manor of both Prittlewell and Milton (now Westcliff-on-Sea) and landowner Daniel Scratton set aside 35-acres of land at the top of the cliffs to the west of South-end called Grove Field and the Grove.<ref name=Smithp6-14>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/originsfailureof0000smit/page/3/mode/1up|title=The origins and failure of New South-End|author=Smith, J. R.|date=1991|isbn=9780900360886| |
In 1790, the local lord of the Manor of both Prittlewell and Milton (now Westcliff-on-Sea) and landowner Daniel Scratton set aside 35-acres of land at the top of the cliffs to the west of South-end called Grove Field and the Grove.<ref name=Smithp6-14>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/originsfailureof0000smit/page/3/mode/1up|title=The origins and failure of New South-End|author=Smith, J. R.|date=1991|isbn=9780900360886|pages=6–14|publisher=Essex County Council }}</ref> The site was split into three leasehold sites with 99 year leases, with the development called New South-End, and the original settlement being renamed Old South-end. A new road was created that cut through the development, which would later become the High Street.<ref name=Smithp6-14/> The Chelmsford Chronicle wrote at the time, |
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{{blockquote|''There seems but little doubt of its becoming a place of fashionable resort, and answering the expectations of the proprietors, being only 42 miles from London and two coaches, and the post passes through it three times a week; water carriage is also convenient, being only eight hours sail, with a fair wind, from London''<ref name=Smithp6-14/>}} |
{{blockquote|''There seems but little doubt of its becoming a place of fashionable resort, and answering the expectations of the proprietors, being only 42 miles from London and two coaches, and the post passes through it three times a week; water carriage is also convenient, being only eight hours sail, with a fair wind, from London''<ref name=Smithp6-14/>}} |
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Scratton leased the parcels of land to building firm Pratt, Watt & Louden and John Sanderson, an architect, both of Lambeth. Another site was leased from Scratton by Pratt, Watt & Louden for a brick works for the development. |
Scratton leased the parcels of land to building firm Pratt, Watt & Louden and John Sanderson, an architect, both of Lambeth. Another site was leased from Scratton by Pratt, Watt & Louden for a brick works for the development.<ref name=Smithp6-14/> The first house in Grove Terrace was completed by January 1792 and it was reported that the hotel had been roofed and 60 dwellings had been started on. By the summer two public houses, the Duke of York and the Duke of Clarence had opened.<ref name=Smithp6-14/> However, by September that year [[The Times]] was reporting that the resort was likely to attract the lower and middle classes, not the wealthy clientele that was being aimed at.<ref name=Smithp6-14/> At this time, Pratt, Watt & Louden transferred the lease to Thomas Holland, a builder and solicitor from [[Grays Inn]], however his finances were not sound and he was soon selling off building materials.<ref name=Smithp6-14/> By December 1792, the operators of the Duke of York, brewers Sea and Woollet closed the public house, but by September 1793 it was still in their ownership.<ref name=Smithp6-14/> The Grand Hotel, now known as The Royal Hotel opened on the 1st July 1793, and most of Grove Terrace was available to let.<ref name=Gordon2014/> Later that year New South-End was listed for the first time by the parish for the annual rate, and by the summer of 1794 the Terrace, Grove Terrace, the Mews and Library had finally been completed.<ref name=Smithp6-14/> However, by February 1795, Thomas Holland had been declared bankrupt, and the property he owned was not sold by auction until 1797, with the Heygate family purchasing the buildings. John Sanderson, the other developer was also declared bankrupt, with only Grove House built, and his estate was not sold until 1802, with much of the site still open land.<ref name=Smithp6-14/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vc4HAAAAQAAJ&dq=southend+commercial+industry&pg=PA83|title=Royal Illustrated History of Eastern England|author=A. D. Bayne|date=1873|pages=82–83}}</ref> In contrast, Old South-end doubled in size during the same period including two public houses, the Ship Inn and the Anchor and Hope Inn, five shops and the Caroline baths.<ref name=Smithp15>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/originsfailureof0000smit/page/3/mode/1up|title=The origins and failure of New South-End|author=Smith, J. R.|date=1991|isbn=9780900360886|page=15|publisher=Essex County Council }}</ref> A large house was built by Abraham Vandervord in 1792 in Old South-end which would later become the Minerva public house.<ref name=Smithp18>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/originsfailureof0000smit/page/3/mode/1up|title=The origins and failure of New South-End|author=Smith, J. R.|date=1991|isbn=9780900360886|page=18|publisher=Essex County Council }}</ref> |
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===Growth of the town=== |
===Growth of the town=== |
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Due to the bad transportation links between Southend and London, there was not rapid development during the [[Georgian Era]] as there was in [[Brighton]]. [[Margate]], although further away from London than Southend, offered cheaper boat and stagecoach fares and had more to offer the visitor.<ref name=Smithp21>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/originsfailureof0000smit/page/3/mode/1up|title=The origins and failure of New South-End|author=Smith, J. R.|date=1991|isbn=9780900360886|page=21|publisher=Essex County Council }}</ref> Development was piecemeal in the early 19th century, with a Theatre being built in Old South-end by [[Thomas Trotter (impresario)|Thomas Trotter]] in 1804.<ref name=Smithp18/> Southend was however mentioned in [[Jane Austen]]'s novel ''Emma'' of 1815. The resort first received Royal patronage in 1801 when [[Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)|Princess Charlotte of Wales]] visited to sea bathe on the order of her physician.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/10/mode/1up|title=Southend Seaside Holiday|author=Everritt, Sylvia|date=1980|page=10|publisher=Phillimore |isbn=0850333342}}</ref><ref name=benton>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkgBxak9f9cC&dq=%22The+Machines%22+southend&pg=PA622|title=The History of Rochford Hundred, (together with the Parishes Comprised Within the Union,)|author=Philip Benton|date=1888|page=622|publisher=Unicorn Press |isbn=978-0-9516587-1-0 }}</ref> Her mother, Princess [[Caroline of Brunswick]] stayed at 7-9 The Terrace during 1803, and in 1805 [[Emma, Lady Hamilton|Lady Hamilton]] held a ball in the hotel assembly room in honour of [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Lord Nelson]].<ref name=Gordon2014>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ87AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22princess+caroline%22+southend-on-sea&pg=PT27|title=The Secret History of Southend-on-Sea|author=Gordon. D|date=2014|publisher=The History Press |isbn=9780750955454}}</ref> The visit of Princess Caroline boosted Southend's popularity with tourists.<ref name=Pevsner/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Thames and Thanet Guide, and Kentish Tourist ... Third Edition, Illustrated with Maps, Etc|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfcUOtJyLJ4C&pg=PA36|chapter=Southend |author=George Henry Davidson|date=1850|page=36}}</ref> Travellers would often arrive by sailing boat or later by [[Thames steamers|Thames steamer]], which presented problems as boats could only dock during high tide.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clamp |first=Francis |title=Southend-on-Sea in the Great War |publisher=Pen and Sword |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPZsBQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-47382-255-9|page=8}}</ref> The Southend coast consists of [[mudflat]]s that extend far from the shore, with a high tide depth that seldom exceeds {{convert|5.5|m|ft}}. Large boats were unable to port near to the beach and no boats could approach at low tide.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tsouras |first=Peter G |title=Bayonets, Balloons & Ironclads: Britain and France Take Sides with the South |publisher=Skyhorse |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmF4BwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-62914-867-0|page=223}}</ref> Many potential visitors would travel beyond Southend on to [[Margate]] or other resorts with better docking facilities.<ref name="bbc_legacies"/> Due to this, local dignitaries lead by the former [[Lord Mayor of London|Lord Mayor of the City of London]] [[Sir William Heygate, 1st Baronet|Sir William Heygate]], campaigned in the early 1820s to gain permission from parliament to build a pier.<ref name="bbc_legacies"/> On the 7 May 1829, the House of Lords passed the Bill and it received Royal Assent on the 14 May.<ref name=Rayment>{{cite book |last=Rayment |first=David |title=A-Z of Southend: Places-People-History |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |year=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_-3DwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-44568-648-6|page=114}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpZFAAAAcAAJ |title=The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=Great Britain |year=1829 |page=880 |access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> By July, Lord Mayor of London, [[William Thompson (1792–1854)|Sir William Thompson]] laid the foundation stone, and the first section of the pier opened a year later.<ref name=Rayment/> However, Southend was still a quiet health resort, as the pier did not extend far enough out and visitors had issues disembarking.<ref name=Everritt12-13>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/11/mode/1up|title=Southend Seaside Holiday|author=Everritt, Sylvia|date=1980| |
Due to the bad transportation links between Southend and London, there was not rapid development during the [[Georgian Era]] as there was in [[Brighton]]. [[Margate]], although further away from London than Southend, offered cheaper boat and stagecoach fares and had more to offer the visitor.<ref name=Smithp21>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/originsfailureof0000smit/page/3/mode/1up|title=The origins and failure of New South-End|author=Smith, J. R.|date=1991|isbn=9780900360886|page=21|publisher=Essex County Council }}</ref> Development was piecemeal in the early 19th century, with a Theatre being built in Old South-end by [[Thomas Trotter (impresario)|Thomas Trotter]] in 1804.<ref name=Smithp18/> Southend was however mentioned in [[Jane Austen]]'s novel ''Emma'' of 1815. The resort first received Royal patronage in 1801 when [[Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)|Princess Charlotte of Wales]] visited to sea bathe on the order of her physician.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/10/mode/1up|title=Southend Seaside Holiday|author=Everritt, Sylvia|date=1980|page=10|publisher=Phillimore |isbn=0850333342}}</ref><ref name=benton>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkgBxak9f9cC&dq=%22The+Machines%22+southend&pg=PA622|title=The History of Rochford Hundred, (together with the Parishes Comprised Within the Union,)|author=Philip Benton|date=1888|page=622|publisher=Unicorn Press |isbn=978-0-9516587-1-0 }}</ref> Her mother, Princess [[Caroline of Brunswick]] stayed at 7-9 The Terrace during 1803, and in 1805 [[Emma, Lady Hamilton|Lady Hamilton]] held a ball in the hotel assembly room in honour of [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Lord Nelson]].<ref name=Gordon2014>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ87AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22princess+caroline%22+southend-on-sea&pg=PT27|title=The Secret History of Southend-on-Sea|author=Gordon. D|date=2014|publisher=The History Press |isbn=9780750955454}}</ref> The visit of Princess Caroline boosted Southend's popularity with tourists.<ref name=Pevsner/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Thames and Thanet Guide, and Kentish Tourist ... Third Edition, Illustrated with Maps, Etc|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfcUOtJyLJ4C&pg=PA36|chapter=Southend |author=George Henry Davidson|date=1850|page=36}}</ref> Travellers would often arrive by sailing boat or later by [[Thames steamers|Thames steamer]], which presented problems as boats could only dock during high tide.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clamp |first=Francis |title=Southend-on-Sea in the Great War |publisher=Pen and Sword |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPZsBQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-47382-255-9|page=8}}</ref> The Southend coast consists of [[mudflat]]s that extend far from the shore, with a high tide depth that seldom exceeds {{convert|5.5|m|ft}}. Large boats were unable to port near to the beach and no boats could approach at low tide.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tsouras |first=Peter G |title=Bayonets, Balloons & Ironclads: Britain and France Take Sides with the South |publisher=Skyhorse |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmF4BwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-62914-867-0|page=223}}</ref> Many potential visitors would travel beyond Southend on to [[Margate]] or other resorts with better docking facilities.<ref name="bbc_legacies"/> Due to this, local dignitaries lead by the former [[Lord Mayor of London|Lord Mayor of the City of London]] [[Sir William Heygate, 1st Baronet|Sir William Heygate]], campaigned in the early 1820s to gain permission from parliament to build a pier.<ref name="bbc_legacies"/> On the 7 May 1829, the House of Lords passed the Bill and it received Royal Assent on the 14 May.<ref name=Rayment>{{cite book |last=Rayment |first=David |title=A-Z of Southend: Places-People-History |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |year=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_-3DwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-44568-648-6|page=114}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpZFAAAAcAAJ |title=The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=Great Britain |year=1829 |page=880 |access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> By July, Lord Mayor of London, [[William Thompson (1792–1854)|Sir William Thompson]] laid the foundation stone, and the first section of the pier opened a year later.<ref name=Rayment/> However, Southend was still a quiet health resort, as the pier did not extend far enough out and visitors had issues disembarking.<ref name=Everritt12-13>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/11/mode/1up|title=Southend Seaside Holiday|author=Everritt, Sylvia|date=1980|pages=12–13|isbn=0850333342}}</ref> |
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In June 1852, after several attempts at building a railway to Southend, Royal Assent was given to build the [[London, Tilbury and Southend Railway]]<ref name=Kay>{{cite book|last=Kay|first=Peter|title=The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway: A history of the company and line Volume 1 1836-1893|publisher=Peter Kay|year=1996|isbn=1-899890-10-6| |
In June 1852, after several attempts at building a railway to Southend, Royal Assent was given to build the [[London, Tilbury and Southend Railway]]<ref name=Kay>{{cite book|last=Kay|first=Peter|title=The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway: A history of the company and line Volume 1 1836-1893|publisher=Peter Kay|year=1996|isbn=1-899890-10-6|pages=15–19}}</ref> with the line finally opening at Southend in 1856. The line had been planned to terminate opposite the pier, however residents in The Royal Terrace opposed this, and the station was built further back.<ref name=Kay/> In 1859, the Grove Field area was leased to [[Morton Peto|Sir Morton Peto]], and with a consortium which included [[Thomas Brassey]], the contractors for the railway construction, hired architects [[Robert Richardson Banks|Banks & Barry]] to design ''Clifftown''.<ref name=Pevsner/> The first houses were made available for sale in 1871, with even the smaller properties offering a glimpse of the sea, and eventually the development would include the Clifftown Congregational Church, the Nelson Road shopping parade and Prittlewell Square, Southend's first park.<ref name=Pevsner/> The arrival of the railway did not at first greatly increase visitor numbers, with Southend still being seen as quiet resort and not a noisy fashionable seaside town, with [[Benjamin Disraeli]] visiting regularly between 1833 and 1884,<ref name=Deeping>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8yZdR7aR2oC&dq=southend+1920s&pg=PA64|title=The Ordeal of Warwick Deeping. Middlebrow Authorship and Cultural Embarrassment|author=Mary Grover|date=2009|isbn=9780838641880|pages=65–66|publisher=Associated University Presse }}</ref> [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur]] visiting in 1868, while the [[Eugénie de Montijo|Empress of France, Eugénie]] and her son, [[Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial]] also came to the town.<ref name=Everritt12-13/><ref name=benton/> However the growth of Southend saw a Local Board of Health be created in 1866,<ref name=Everritt17>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/11/mode/1up|title=Southend Seaside Holiday|author=Everritt, Sylvia|date=1980|page=17|isbn=0850333342}}</ref> and the large steam powered Middleton brewery was opened by Henry Luker & Co in 1869 to serve a growing population.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jvZ5EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22luker%22+brewery+southend&pg=PT48|title=Struggle and Suffrage in Southend-on-Sea. Women's Lives and the Fight for Equality|author=Dee Gordon|date=2019|publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=9781526717672}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mD1cfhKpi1AC&q=%22luker%22+brewery+southend|title=Essex Record Office Publications Issue 66|date=1974|page=67|publisher=The Council |isbn=978-0-900360-43-5 }}</ref> Southend's development as a resort however seem to stall, until the [[Bank Holidays Act 1871|Bank Holidays Act of 1871]] with holidays becoming available to more of the population.<ref name=Everritt12-13/> The growth in visitor numbers due to the new bill saw the Local Board purchase the pier in 1873, construct Marine Parade in 1878, while the cliffs west of the pier were purchased and transformed into tree lined walkways during 1886.<ref name=Everritt31-32>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/11/mode/1up|title=Southend Seaside Holiday|author=Everritt, Sylvia|date=1980|pages=31–32|isbn=0850333342}}</ref> In 1889, the [[Great Eastern Railway]] opened its station at Southend Victoria, and a new iron built replacement for the pier opened.<ref name=Pevsner/><ref name=pier/> The town was officially incorporated in 1892, with the Local Board of Health being replaced by a municipal corporation,<ref name=Everritt17/> and a year later added the ''on-sea'' to the town's name.<ref name=Pevsner/> During 1892, the famous Southend department store [[Keddies]] opened its doors for the first time.<ref name=H&T>{{cite web|last1=Worpole|first1=Chris|title=G. J. Keddie & Sons|url=http://www.hadleighhistory.org.uk/page_id__200.aspx|website=Hadleigh and Thundersley Community Archive|publisher=Hadleigh History|access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref> Between 1871 and 1901 the towns population grew 100 fold from 2,800 to 29,000.<ref name=Pevsner>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/essex0000bett/page/n3/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22+clifftown|title=The Buildings of England: Essex|author=James Bettley, Nikolaus Pevsner|date=2007|pages=690–717|publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300116144}}</ref> Marine Park & Gardens opened during 1894, which in 1901 was redeveloped into [[Kursaal (amusement park)|The Kursaal]] amusement park.<ref name=Raymentp92>{{cite book | last=Rayment | first=David C. | title=A-Z of Southend: Places-People-History | publisher=Amberley Publishing | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-4456-8648-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_-3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT92 | page=92}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theatrestrust.org.uk/resources/theatres/show/1837-kursaal-southend-on-sea|title=Kursaal | Theatres Trust}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwrACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|title=The Architecture of Pleasure: British Amusement Parks 1900–1939|last=Kane|first=Josephine|date=2016-03-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317044741|pages=64|language=en}}</ref> In the same year, the Metropole Hotel opened on Pier Hill, which would later be renamed the Palace Hotel,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=womIAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22southend%22+first+world+war+st+marys+hospital&pg=PT91|title=Southend Through Time|author=Rayment. D. C.|date=2011|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=9781445631028}}</ref> while the town first received both electric street lighting and trams,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/11/mode/1up|title=Southend Seaside Holiday|author=Everritt, Sylvia|date=1980|page=20|publisher=Phillimore |isbn=0850333342}}</ref> and had fitted an electric staircase fitted by [[Jesse W. Reno]] on the site of where the current Cliff lift is.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Pk0VqExkaHgC&q=%22the+electric+stairway%22+southend-on-sea&dq=%22the+electric+stairway%22+southend-on-sea&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_uunCpPyGAxXfaUEAHXeFBPkQ6AF6BAgGEAM#%22the%20electric%20stairway%22%20southend-on-sea|title=Book of Prospectuses. Statements for Information and Circulars to Shareholders of Public Companies. Issue 23|date=1902|page=57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Southend Museums Service|title=Cliff Lift History|year=2010|publisher=Southend Museums Service|location=Southend-on-Sea}}</ref> A foundation stone was laid by [[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury|Lord Avebury]] in 1901 for the new Day Technical School, School of Art and Evening Class Institute with the completed building being opened by the [[Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] a year later.<ref name=Everritt34/><ref name="Carmichael, Harry 1995 4">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22|title=With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary|author=Carmichael, Harry|date=1995|page=4|isbn=9780952592303}}</ref><ref name="Carmichael, Harry 1995 5">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22|title=With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary|author=Carmichael, Harry|date=1995|page=5|isbn=9780952592303}}</ref><ref name=Carmichael6>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22|title=With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary|author=Carmichael, Harry|date=1995|page=6|isbn=9780952592303}}</ref> The site had previously been planned to be home to a new joint town hall, library and school but spiraling costs had seen the town hall and library being dropped.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22|title=With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary|author=Carmichael, Harry|date=1995|page=3|isbn=9780952592303}}</ref> In 1903, it was reported that around 1 million people had paid admission to use the pier, while 250,000 passengers had alighted from pleasure steamboats.<ref name=pier>{{cite news |url=https://www.southendpier.co.uk/history |title=Pier History |website=Southend Pier & Railway|access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> Further facilities were built for the growing visitor numbers, including extending the esplanade to Chalkwell in 1903,<ref name=Everritt31-32/> and in 1909 adding the "wedding cake" bandstand at the top of the cliffs, opposite Prittlewell Square, which was one of six bandstands that stood in Southend.<ref name="echo-news.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/nostalgia/20878063.memories-southend-cliffs-wedding-cake-bandstand/|title=Memories of the Southend Cliffs 'wedding cake' bandstand|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=4 September 2022}}</ref> |
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[[File:A. E. Sanders, Southend-on-Sea.jpg|thumb|Southend-on-Sea Pier, c. 1904]] |
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In 1909, an indoor roller-skating rink was opened in Warrior Square.<ref name=Everritt34/> The new facilities were not only serving the growing visitor numbers, but also the residents, with the inhabitants having grown by 1911 to 62,723, the fastest growing population in England,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/canadianalmanacd0000unse_g7p6/page/337/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22|title=Canadian almanac & directory|date=1848|page=337}}</ref> and was being regarded an Eastern suburb of London.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/economichistoryo0000jhcl_c8u8/page/457/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22|title=An Economic History of Modern Britain in Three Volumes|author=J.H. Clapham|date=1914|page=457}}</ref> During 1913, the Day Technical School split, with the girls moving to the new Southend High School for Girls at Boston Avenue, while the day technical school was renamed Southend High School for Boys.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22|title=With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary|author=Carmichael, Harry|date=1995|page=13|isbn=9780952592303}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22|title=With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary|author=Carmichael, Harry|date=1995|page=14|isbn=9780952592303}}</ref> In 1914, the town gained county borough status, and the corporation formed the first police force.<ref name=Everritt25>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/27/mode/1up?q=Police|title=Southend seaside holiday|author=Everritt, Sylvia|date=1980|page=27|isbn=0850333342}}</ref> |
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===Southend during World War I=== |
===Southend during World War I=== |
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Shortly after [[United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)|the declaration of war]], the British government began the [[Internment in the United Kingdom during the First World War|internment of German citizens]] and several thousand were held on three ships, the Royal Edward, Saxonia and the Ivernia which were moored off the pier until May 1915.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.essexregiment.co.uk/powgships.html|title=The POW Ships at Southend on Sea|website=Essex Regiment|access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wy4DgAAQBAJ&q=%22southend%22+first+world+war+internment|title=Prisoners of the British. Internees and Prisoners of War during the First World War|author=Michael Foley|date=2017|isbn=978-1781554791}}</ref> The War Office selected a piece of land north of the town in 1914 for a new aerodrome, with Squadron no. 37 of the Royal Flying Corps moving in a year later.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google. |
Shortly after [[United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)|the declaration of war]], the British government began the [[Internment in the United Kingdom during the First World War|internment of German citizens]] and several thousand were held on three ships, the Royal Edward, Saxonia and the Ivernia which were moored off the pier until May 1915.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.essexregiment.co.uk/powgships.html|title=The POW Ships at Southend on Sea|website=Essex Regiment|access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wy4DgAAQBAJ&q=%22southend%22+first+world+war+internment|title=Prisoners of the British. Internees and Prisoners of War during the First World War|author=Michael Foley|date=2017|isbn=978-1781554791}}</ref> The War Office selected a piece of land north of the town in 1914 for a new aerodrome, with Squadron no. 37 of the Royal Flying Corps moving in a year later.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEhKAQAAIAAJ&q=southend+1920s|title=Southend Story|magazine=Aerospace|volume=8-9|date=1981|page=21}}</ref> Many soldiers passed through Southend en route to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. The pier was frequently used to reach troop ships, with the Admiralty stationing a war signal station at the pierhead, and [[Southchurch Park]] was taken over as an army training ground.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clamp |first1=Frances |title=Southend-on-Sea in the Great War |date=2014 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |location=Barnsley |isbn=9781473841307 |edition=Kindle |ref=none|pages=16–17}}</ref><ref name=pierhistory>{{cite web|url=https://www.southendpier.co.uk/history#:~:text=The%20Admiralty%2C%20responsible%20for%20the,camps%20due%20to%20safety%20concerns.|title=Pier history|website=Southend Pier & Railway|access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> During the war, the public could still walk the length of the pier.<ref name=pierhistory/> As the war drew on, Southend also became an evacuation point for casualties and several hotels were converted to hospitals, including the Metropole into the Queen Mary Naval Hospital.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clamp |first1=Frances |title=Southend-on-Sea in the Great War |date=2014 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |location=Barnsley |isbn=9781473841307 |edition=Kindle |ref=none|page=29}}</ref> Arthur Maitland Keddie, from the Keddies department store organised day trips for wounded soldiers from the Queen Mary Naval Hospital to [[Thundersley]] and [[Runwell]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Southend-on-Sea in the Great War|author=Frances Clamp|date=2014|publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=9781473840775}}</ref> The town was first bombed by German [[Zeppelin]]s on 10 May 1915 with the death of one women, while a second attack happened on the 26 May again with one death.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nelsonshistoryof0008buch/page/106/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22|title=Nelson's History of the war|author=Buchan, John|date=1915|page=107}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Clamp |first1=Frances |title=Southend-on-Sea in the Great War |date=2014 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |location=Barnsley |isbn=9781473841307 |edition=Kindle |ref=none|pages=32–41}}</ref> Another bombing raid by [[Gotha G.IV|Gothas]] took place in 1917 with a further 33 deaths.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clamp |first1=Frances |title=Southend-on-Sea in the Great War |date=2014 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |location=Barnsley |isbn=9781473841307 |edition=Kindle |ref=none|page=118}}</ref> When peace was confirmed in 1919, official celebrations were organised by the town. A large Naval review off the Southend shore took place, with a twenty-one gun salute being fired on Peace Day on the 23 July. The town organised a carnival, fetes and a firework display.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPZsBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22southend-on-sea%22+1919&pg=PA100|title=Southend-on-Sea in the Great War|author=Frances Clamp|date=2014|page=100|publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=9781473822559}}</ref> |
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===Between the wars=== |
===Between the wars=== |
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After the war Southend continued to grow in both residents and visitors, with many moving out of London to live in better conditions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google. |
After the war Southend continued to grow in both residents and visitors, with many moving out of London to live in better conditions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsZrBgAAQBAJ&dq=southend+1920s&pg=PA4|title=SAGUS Vol 4: Boys in the 1930s.Two teenagers in 1930s England|author=Roy Thomas and Paul Thomas|date=2015}}</ref> Its population in 1921 was recorded as 106,050, but as the census was postponed to the summer months due to a planned general strike, it was greatly inflated by holidaymakers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23134641.southend-population-falsely-increased-huge-50-per-cent-1921/|title=Southend population falsely increased huge 50 per cent in 1921|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=20 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4YPAQAAIAAJ&q=southend+1920s|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica|date=1926|page=605 |last1=Garvin |first1=James Louis }}</ref> The Corporation purchased three former German [[U-boat]] engines to generate power for the tram network, siting them at Leigh, London Road and Thorpe Bay.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LN0mEAAAQBAJ&dq=southend+commercial+industry&pg=PA92|title=Spoils of War. The Fate of Enemy Fleets After the Two World Wars|author=Aidan Dodson, Serena Cant|date=2020|publisher=Seaforth |isbn=9781526741998}}</ref> The pier head was enlarged in 1929 with the Prince George extension, at a cost of £58,000, to manage the increasing number of visitors arriving by paddle steamer.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1qoAwAAQBAJ&dq=southend+1920s&pg=PT9|title=By Steamer to the Essex Coast|author=Andrew Gladwell|date=2012|isbn=9781445623290}}</ref> EKCO opened their large factory at Priory Crescent on the site of a former cabbage patch in 1930.<ref name=eric/> To cope with the increase demand for housing, estates like Earls Hall was built during 1930, with the Manners Way estate joining it just north along with a new road towards in Rochford in 1937.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJHTAAAAMAAJ&q=%22manners+way%22+estate+southend+when+was+it+built|title=A history of Prittlewell|author=William Pollitt|date=1945|page=38}}</ref> The London Taxi Drivers Charity for Children completed their first taxi drive to Southend in 1931, with 40 Hackney Carriages bringing children to the town, who were given 6d to spend on the seafront.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ltcfc.org.uk/announcement/1931-the-birth-of-a-tradition/|title=1931 – THE BIRTH OF A TRADITION|website=London Taxi Drivers Charity for Children|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref> At the 1931 Census the population of Southend was recorded at 110,790,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10056718/cube/TOT_POP|title=Administrative Area Southend UA|website=Vision of Britain|access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref> however the town would grow further by absorbing [[Shoeburyness|South Shoebury]] district and parts of Rochford district in 1933. Southend tried their first autumn illuminations during 1935, following on from thr example set in 1913 by Blackpool.<ref name=Everritt34/> |
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===The town's reinvention=== |
===The town's reinvention=== |
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An annual seafront airshow, started in 1986 when it featured a flypast by [[Concorde]] whilst on a passenger charter flight, used to take place each May and became one of Europe's largest free airshows. The aircraft flew parallel to the seafront, offset over the sea. The [[RAF Falcons]] parachute display team and RAF [[Red Arrows]] aerobatics team were regular visitors to the show. The last show was held in 2012; an attempt to revive the show for September 2015, as the Southend Airshow and Military Festival, failed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southendairshow.com/|title=southendairshow.com|access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> In 2003, during excavations for a road widening scheme at Priory Crescent, an [[Prittlewell royal Anglo-Saxon burial|Anglo-Saxon]] royal burial was found dating from the 6th century, with a display of the finds displayed at Southend Central Museum since 2019.<ref name="bbc20190509">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-48203883|title=Southend burial site 'UK's answer to Tutankhamun'|publisher=BBC|date=9 May 2019|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="theguardian20190509">{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Mark |title=Britain's equivalent to Tutankhamun found in Southend-on-Sea |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/may/09/britains-equivalent-to-tutankhamun-found-in-southend-on-sea |access-date=9 May 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509075238/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/may/09/britains-equivalent-to-tutankhamun-found-in-southend-on-sea |archive-date=9 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |
An annual seafront airshow, started in 1986 when it featured a flypast by [[Concorde]] whilst on a passenger charter flight, used to take place each May and became one of Europe's largest free airshows. The aircraft flew parallel to the seafront, offset over the sea. The [[RAF Falcons]] parachute display team and RAF [[Red Arrows]] aerobatics team were regular visitors to the show. The last show was held in 2012; an attempt to revive the show for September 2015, as the Southend Airshow and Military Festival, failed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southendairshow.com/|title=southendairshow.com|access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> In 2003, during excavations for a road widening scheme at Priory Crescent, an [[Prittlewell royal Anglo-Saxon burial|Anglo-Saxon]] royal burial was found dating from the 6th century, with a display of the finds displayed at Southend Central Museum since 2019.<ref name="bbc20190509">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-48203883|title=Southend burial site 'UK's answer to Tutankhamun'|publisher=BBC|date=9 May 2019|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="theguardian20190509">{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Mark |title=Britain's equivalent to Tutankhamun found in Southend-on-Sea |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/may/09/britains-equivalent-to-tutankhamun-found-in-southend-on-sea |access-date=9 May 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509075238/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/may/09/britains-equivalent-to-tutankhamun-found-in-southend-on-sea |archive-date=9 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===The formation of the city=== |
===The formation of the city=== |
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On 15 October 2021, the Member of Parliament for Southend West, Sir David Amess, was [[Murder of David Amess|fatally stabbed]] during a constituency meeting in [[Leigh-on-Sea]]. On 18 October 2021, the Prime Minister, [[Boris Johnson]], announced that [[Elizabeth II|the Queen]] had agreed to grant Southend-on-Sea with [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] as a memorial to Amess, who had long campaigned for this status to be granted.<ref name="City" /> Preparations, led by Amess, for Southend to enter a competition for city status in 2022 as part of the Queen's [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Platinum Jubilee]] were underway at the time of his death.<ref>{{cite web|title=Southend-on-Sea's City Status |url=https://yoursay.southend.gov.uk/southend-on-sea-city-status|website=Southend-On-Sea Borough Council|access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Emes|first1=Toby |title=Bid to make Southend a city officially launched|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/19595744.bid-make-southend-city-officially-launched/|website=Basildon Canvey Southend Echo|date=22 September 2021}}</ref> A "City Week" was held throughout the town between 13 and 20 February 2022,<ref>{{cite web|title=Southend City|url=https://southend.city/|access-date=20 February 2022|website=southend.city}}</ref> beginning with the inaugural "He Built This City" concert named in honour of Amess.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pictures: 'Emotional' concert held at the Cliffs in honour of Sir David Amess|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/19923898.pictures-emotional-concert-held-honour-sir-david-amess/|access-date=20 February 2022|website=Echo|date=14 February 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=What you need to know about week long celebrations to mark Southend city status|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/19903520.southend-city-week-start/|access-date=20 February 2022|website=Echo|date=7 February 2022 }}</ref> The concert was held at the [[Cliffs Pavilion]] and included performers such as [[Digby Fairweather]], [[Lee Mead]], and [[Leanne Jarvis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Stars of Amess memorial concert: "we're going to do a lot in the city in Sir David's name"|url=https://planetradio.co.uk/greatest-hits/essex/news/amess-memorial-southend-city-concert/|access-date=20 February 2022|website=Greatest Hits Radio (Essex)}}</ref> Other events such as a city ceremony and the Southend LuminoCity Festival of Light were held during the week. [[Sam Duckworth]], who knew Amess personally, performed at some of the events.<ref name=":1" /> On 1 March, Southend Borough Council was presented letters patent from the Queen, by Charles, Prince of Wales, officially granting the borough city status.<ref name="charles"/> Southend became the second city in the ceremonial county of Essex, after Chelmsford, which was granted city status in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.essexlive.news/news/essex-news/essex-could-second-city-2021-3758807|title=Why Essex could have a second city in 2021|first=Brad|last=Gray|date=23 January 2020|website=EssexLive}}</ref> |
On 15 October 2021, the Member of Parliament for Southend West, Sir David Amess, was [[Murder of David Amess|fatally stabbed]] during a constituency meeting in [[Leigh-on-Sea]]. On 18 October 2021, the Prime Minister, [[Boris Johnson]], announced that [[Elizabeth II|the Queen]] had agreed to grant Southend-on-Sea with [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] as a memorial to Amess, who had long campaigned for this status to be granted.<ref name="City" /> Preparations, led by Amess, for Southend to enter a competition for city status in 2022 as part of the Queen's [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Platinum Jubilee]] were underway at the time of his death.<ref>{{cite web|title=Southend-on-Sea's City Status |url=https://yoursay.southend.gov.uk/southend-on-sea-city-status|website=Southend-On-Sea Borough Council|access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Emes|first1=Toby |title=Bid to make Southend a city officially launched|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/19595744.bid-make-southend-city-officially-launched/|website=Basildon Canvey Southend Echo|date=22 September 2021}}</ref> A "City Week" was held throughout the town between 13 and 20 February 2022,<ref>{{cite web|title=Southend City|url=https://southend.city/|access-date=20 February 2022|website=southend.city}}</ref> beginning with the inaugural "He Built This City" concert named in honour of Amess.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pictures: 'Emotional' concert held at the Cliffs in honour of Sir David Amess|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/19923898.pictures-emotional-concert-held-honour-sir-david-amess/|access-date=20 February 2022|website=Echo|date=14 February 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=What you need to know about week long celebrations to mark Southend city status|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/19903520.southend-city-week-start/|access-date=20 February 2022|website=Echo|date=7 February 2022 }}</ref> The concert was held at the [[Cliffs Pavilion]] and included performers such as [[Digby Fairweather]], [[Lee Mead]], and [[Leanne Jarvis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Stars of Amess memorial concert: "we're going to do a lot in the city in Sir David's name"|url=https://planetradio.co.uk/greatest-hits/essex/news/amess-memorial-southend-city-concert/|access-date=20 February 2022|website=Greatest Hits Radio (Essex)}}</ref> Other events such as a city ceremony and the Southend LuminoCity Festival of Light were held during the week. [[Sam Duckworth]], who knew Amess personally, performed at some of the events.<ref name=":1" /> On 1 March, Southend Borough Council was presented letters patent from the Queen, by Charles, Prince of Wales, officially granting the borough city status.<ref name="charles"/> Southend became the second city in the ceremonial county of Essex, after Chelmsford, which was granted city status in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.essexlive.news/news/essex-news/essex-could-second-city-2021-3758807|title=Why Essex could have a second city in 2021|first=Brad|last=Gray|date=23 January 2020|website=EssexLive}}</ref> |
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==Geology== |
==Geology== |
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The seven kilometres of cliffs from [[Hadleigh Castle]] to Southend Pier consist of [[London Clay]] overlaid in the [[Ice age]] by sand, gravel and river alluvium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.essexfieldclub.org.uk/portal.php/p/Geology+Site+Account/s/Southend+cliffs+and+landslips/o/Southend+cliffs+and+landslips|title=SOUTHEND, Southend District, TQ875851, General geological site|website=Essex Field Club|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> The cliffs have been affected by slip planes affected by groundwater, with major slips having occurred in 1956, 1962, 1964 and 1969.<ref name=echoaug07>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/1637044.council-sued-over-cliff-slip/|title=Council sued over cliff slip|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=23 August 2007}}</ref> In 2001 a small slippage |
The seven kilometres of cliffs from [[Hadleigh Castle]] to Southend Pier consist of [[London Clay]] overlaid in the [[Ice age]] by sand, gravel and river alluvium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.essexfieldclub.org.uk/portal.php/p/Geology+Site+Account/s/Southend+cliffs+and+landslips/o/Southend+cliffs+and+landslips|title=SOUTHEND, Southend District, TQ875851, General geological site|website=Essex Field Club|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> The cliffs have been affected by [[Slip (materials science)|slip planes]] affected by groundwater, with major slips having occurred in 1956, 1962, 1964 and 1969.<ref name=echoaug07>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/1637044.council-sued-over-cliff-slip/|title=Council sued over cliff slip|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=23 August 2007}}</ref> In 2001, a small slippage occurred, which was followed by a major slippage in November 2002, which irreparably damaged the cliffs bandstand and restaurant. At a later date, a report came to light from a month before the slip which showed there was already signs of a slippage.<ref name=echoaug07/> A £2.8 million cliffs stabilisation programme was completed in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/10136365.southend-cliff-slip-repairs-nearing-completion/|title=Southend cliff slip repairs nearing completion|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=4 January 2013}}</ref> In May 2023, work started to investigate further slippage at Belton Hills in Leigh-on-Sea, with remedy work said to cost £500,000.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.geplus.co.uk/features/ground-investigations-stabilising-southends-soft-cliff-coastline-03-05-2023/|title=Ground investigations to help stabilise Southend’s soft cliff coastline|journal=Ground Engineering|date=3 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c87n1p2dzx4o|title=Beauty spot shut off for cliff-slipping tests|website=BBC|date=15 February 2024}}</ref> |
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==Governance== |
==Governance== |
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===Current administration=== |
===Current administration=== |
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{{main|Southend-on-Sea City Council}} |
{{main|Southend-on-Sea City Council}} |
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{{also|Southend-on-Sea local elections}} |
{{see also|Southend-on-Sea local elections}} |
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Southend is governed by Southend-on-Sea City Council, which is a [[unitary authorities in England|unitary authority]], performing the functions of both a county and district council. There is one [[civil parish]] within the city at [[Leigh-on-Sea]], which has a Town Council that was established in 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eastangliabylines.co.uk/politics/local-government/leigh-town-council-sticky-gate/#:~:text=Leigh%2Don%2DSea,-Which%20brings%20us&text=It%20is%20a%20small%20council,offered%20such%20as%20local%20planning.|title=Leigh Town Council: "Sticky gate"|website=East Anglia Bylines|date=27 May 2024}}</ref> The rest of the city is an [[unparished area]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Maps |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/ |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ukbmd.org.uk/reg/districts/southend%20on%20sea.html|title=Southend on Sea Registration District|publisher=UKBMD|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> The city is split into seventeen wards, with each ward returning three councillors. The 51 councillors serve four years and one third of the council is elected each year, followed by one year without election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southend.gov.uk/elections-registering-vote/ward-maps|title=Ward Maps|website=Southend-On-Sea City Council|access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> As of the 2024 local elections a coalition lead by [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] run the |
Southend is governed by Southend-on-Sea City Council, which is a [[unitary authorities in England|unitary authority]], performing the functions of both a county and district council. There is one [[civil parish]] within the city at [[Leigh-on-Sea]], which has a Town Council that was established in 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eastangliabylines.co.uk/politics/local-government/leigh-town-council-sticky-gate/#:~:text=Leigh%2Don%2DSea,-Which%20brings%20us&text=It%20is%20a%20small%20council,offered%20such%20as%20local%20planning.|title=Leigh Town Council: "Sticky gate"|website=East Anglia Bylines|date=27 May 2024}}</ref> The rest of the city is an [[unparished area]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Maps |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/ |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ukbmd.org.uk/reg/districts/southend%20on%20sea.html|title=Southend on Sea Registration District|publisher=UKBMD|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> The city is split into seventeen wards, with each ward returning three councillors. The 51 councillors serve four years and one third of the council is elected each year, followed by one year without election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southend.gov.uk/elections-registering-vote/ward-maps|title=Ward Maps|website=Southend-On-Sea City Council|access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> As of the 2024 local elections a coalition lead by [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] run the council.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c2ee38g4yj9o|title=Labour take control to lead coalition in Southend|website=BBC|date=21 May 2024}}</ref> |
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===Administrative history=== |
===Administrative history=== |
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{{also|County Borough of Southend on Sea}} |
{{see also|County Borough of Southend on Sea}} |
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Southend's first elected council was a [[Local Board of Health|local board]], which held its first meeting on 29 August 1866.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 1866 |title=Southend |url=https://www.findmypast.co.uk/search-newspapers |access-date=26 May 2023 |work=Chelmsford Chronicle |page=5}}</ref> Prior to that the town was administered by the [[vestry]] for the wider parish of [[Prittlewell]]. The local board district was enlarged in 1877 to cover the whole parish of Prittlewell.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yearsley |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DB2tCwAAQBAJ&dq=southend+prittlewell+local+board&pg=PT8 |title=Southend in 50 buildings |date=2016 |publisher=Amberley Publishing |isbn=978-1-4456-5189-7 |location=Stroud |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref> |
Southend's first elected council was a [[Local Board of Health|local board]], which held its first meeting on 29 August 1866.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 1866 |title=Southend |url=https://www.findmypast.co.uk/search-newspapers |access-date=26 May 2023 |work=Chelmsford Chronicle |page=5}}</ref> Prior to that the town was administered by the [[vestry]] for the wider parish of [[Prittlewell]]. The local board district was enlarged in 1877 to cover the whole parish of Prittlewell.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yearsley |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DB2tCwAAQBAJ&dq=southend+prittlewell+local+board&pg=PT8 |title=Southend in 50 buildings |date=2016 |publisher=Amberley Publishing |isbn=978-1-4456-5189-7 |location=Stroud |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref> |
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The town was made a [[municipal borough]] in 1892. In 1897 the borough was enlarged to also include the neighbouring parish of [[Southchurch]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 7) Act 1897 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/60-61/72/contents/enacted |access-date=3 September 2023 |website=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives}}</ref> with further enlargement in 1913 by taking over the area formerly controlled by [[Leigh-on-Sea|Leigh-on-Sea Urban District Council]]. In 1914 the enlarged Southend became a [[County Borough of Southend on Sea|county borough]] making it independent from [[Essex County Council]] and a single-tier of local government. The county borough was enlarged in 1933 by the former area of [[Shoeburyness Urban District]] and part of [[Rochford Rural District]]. |
The town was made a [[municipal borough]] in 1892. In 1897 the borough was enlarged to also include the neighbouring parish of [[Southchurch]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 7) Act 1897 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/60-61/72/contents/enacted |access-date=3 September 2023 |website=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives}}</ref> with further enlargement in 1913 by taking over the area formerly controlled by [[Leigh-on-Sea|Leigh-on-Sea Urban District Council]]. In 1914 the enlarged Southend became a [[County Borough of Southend on Sea|county borough]] making it independent from [[Essex County Council]] and a single-tier of local government.<ref name=Everritt25/> The county borough was enlarged in 1933 by the former area of [[Shoeburyness Urban District]] and part of [[Rochford Rural District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F232245|title=Shoeburyness Urban District Council|website=The National Archives|access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref> |
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[[Southend Civic Centre]] was designed by borough architect, Patrick Burridge, and officially opened by the [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Mother]] on 31 October 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2020 |title=Southend Civic Centre |url=https://modernmooch.com/tag/southend-civic-centre/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |publisher=Modern Mooch}}</ref> |
[[Southend Civic Centre]] was designed by borough architect, Patrick Burridge, and officially opened by the [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Mother]] on 31 October 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2020 |title=Southend Civic Centre |url=https://modernmooch.com/tag/southend-civic-centre/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |publisher=Modern Mooch}}</ref> |
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[[File:Southend - Civic Centre.jpg|thumb|[[Southend Civic Centre]], autumn 2007]] |
[[File:Southend - Civic Centre.jpg|thumb|[[Southend Civic Centre]], autumn 2007]] |
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On 1 April 1974, under the [[Local Government Act 1972]], Southend became a district of Essex, with the county council once more providing county-level services to the town. In 1990, Southend was the first local authority to outsource its |
On 1 April 1974, under the [[Local Government Act 1972]], Southend became a district of Essex, with the county council once more providing county-level services to the town. In 1990, Southend was the first local authority to outsource its municipal waste collection to a commercial provider.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stokes |first1=Raymond G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaM0AAAAQBAJ&dq=southend+commercial+industry&pg=PA255 |title=The Business of Waste: Great Britain and Germany, 1945 to the Present |last2=Köster |first2=Roman |last3=Sambrook |first3=Stephen C. |date=2013 |isbn=9781107027213 |page=255}}</ref> However, in 1998 it again became the single tier of local government when it became a [[unitary authority]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bettley |first=James |title=Essex |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-11614-4 |editor-last=Pevsner |editor-first=Nikolaus |series=[[Pevsner Architectural Guides: The Buildings of England]] |pages=690–691}}</ref> |
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Upon receiving city status on 1 March 2022, the council voted to rename itself '[[Southend-on-Sea City Council]]'.<ref name=charles/> |
Upon receiving city status on 1 March 2022, the council voted to rename itself '[[Southend-on-Sea City Council]]'.<ref name=charles/> |
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===Members of Parliament=== |
===Members of Parliament=== |
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{{main| |
{{main|Southend East and Rochford (UK Parliament constituency) |Southend West and Leigh (UK Parliament constituency) }} |
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====Current MPs==== |
====Current MPs==== |
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Southend is represented by two [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) at Westminster. |
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The MP for [[Southend West (UK Parliament constituency)|Southend West]] is [[Anna Firth]] (Conservative) has served as the MP for the constituency since the [[2022 Southend West by-election]] after the murder of [[Sir David Amess]]. |
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Since 2005 the MP for [[Rochford and Southend East (UK Parliament constituency)|Rochford and Southend East]] has been [[James Duddridge]] (Conservative). Despite its name the majority of the constituency is in Southend, including the centre of the city; Rochford makes up only a small part and the majority of Rochford District Council is represented in [[Rayleigh (UK Parliament constituency)|the Rayleigh constituency]]. |
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Due to boundary changes, the seats in Southend changed at the 2024 election to Southend East and Rochford<ref>{{cite web|url=https://members.parliament.uk/constituency/4316/overview|title=MPs and Lords - Southend East and Rochford\|website=UK Parliament|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> and Southend West and Leigh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://members.parliament.uk/constituency/4317/overview|title=MPs and Lords - Southend West and Leigh|website=UK Parliament|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> |
Due to boundary changes, the seats in Southend changed at the 2024 election to Southend East and Rochford<ref>{{cite web|url=https://members.parliament.uk/constituency/4316/overview|title=MPs and Lords - Southend East and Rochford\|website=UK Parliament|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> and Southend West and Leigh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://members.parliament.uk/constituency/4317/overview|title=MPs and Lords - Southend West and Leigh|website=UK Parliament|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> |
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In the [[2024 United Kingdom general election]], [[Bayo Alaba]] of [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] won 38.8% of the vote to win the seat of Southend East and Rochford, with a 57% turnout.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2024/uk/constituencies/E14001501|title=Southend East and Rochford results|website=BBC|date=5 July 2024}}</ref> The new MP for Southend West and Leigh is [[David Burton-Sampson]] of Labour, who won 35.6% of the vote on a turnover of 63%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2024/uk/constituencies/E14001502|title=Southend West and Leigh results|website=BBC|date=5 July 2024}}</ref> This was the first time since the initial seat in parliament was created in 1918, that Labour have been elected, as the city had previously been held by the Conservatives.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/24432445.labour-makes-history-double-win-southend/|title=Labour makes history with a double win in Southend|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=5 July 2024}}</ref> |
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====Former MPs==== |
====Former MPs==== |
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From the creation of the first Member of Parliament seat for [[Southend (UK Parliament constituency)|Southend]] in 1918, there has been a history of long serving MPs. [[Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh|Rupert |
From the creation of the first Member of Parliament seat for [[Southend (UK Parliament constituency)|Southend]] in 1918, there has been a history of long serving MPs. [[Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh|Rupert Guinness]] of the [[Guinness family]] was Southend's first MP, and only stepped down when he was given a peerage. His wife, [[Gwendolen Guinness, Countess of Iveagh|Gwendolen Guinness]] replaced him in 1927, until she retired and her son-in-law [[Henry Channon]] replaced her in 1935, serving until his death in 1958.<ref name="rayment">{{Rayment-hc|s|4|date=March 2012}}</ref> Because of the Guinness connection, the seat became known in the media as "Guinness-on-Sea".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-01-31 |title=Obituary: Lord Kelvedon |url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/jan/31/guardianobituaries.obituaries |access-date= |website=the Guardian}}</ref> |
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In 1950, the one seat was split into two, Southend East and Southend West due to the growth in the town. |
In 1950, the one seat was split into two, Southend East and Southend West due to the growth in the town. |
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[[Stephen McAdden|Sir Stephen McAdden]] served as the MP for [[Southend East (UK Parliament constituency)|Southend East]] from 1950 until his death in 1979.<ref>{{cite news|title = Sir Stephen McAdden dies|newspaper = [[The Guardian]]|date = 28 December 1979|page = 2}}</ref> His replacement [[Teddy Taylor|Sir Teddy Taylor]] served Southend East, then its replacement seat Rochford and Southend East from 1980 until he retired in 2005.<ref name = ODNB>{{cite ODNB|title = Taylor, Sir Edward Macmillan [Teddy] (1937–2017), politician|last = Shiels|first = David C.|date = 2021|doi = 10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.90000380366}}</ref> |
[[Stephen McAdden|Sir Stephen McAdden]] served as the MP for [[Southend East (UK Parliament constituency)|Southend East]] from 1950 until his death in 1979.<ref>{{cite news|title = Sir Stephen McAdden dies|newspaper = [[The Guardian]]|date = 28 December 1979|page = 2}}</ref> His replacement [[Teddy Taylor|Sir Teddy Taylor]] served Southend East, then its replacement seat Rochford and Southend East from 1980 until he retired in 2005.<ref name = ODNB>{{cite ODNB|title = Taylor, Sir Edward Macmillan [Teddy] (1937–2017), politician|last = Shiels|first = David C.|date = 2021|doi = 10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.90000380366}}</ref> James Duddridge served as Sir Teddy's replacement from 2005 until stepping down at the 2024 election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Rochford and Southend East MP James Duddridge to step down |url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23934922.rochford-southend-east-mp-james-duddridge-step/#:~:text=Sir%20James%20Duddridge%2C%20MP%20for%20Rochford%20and%20Southend%20East%2C%20has,at%20the%20next%20General%20Election. |website=Southend Echo |language=en-GB}}</ref> |
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[[Paul Channon]], son of Henry replaced his father as the MP for Southend West from 1959 until he stepped down in 1997.<ref name="telegraph">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1540957/Lord-Kelvedon.html Obituary], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 30 January 2007.</ref> He was replaced by Sir David Amess, who served from 1997 until [[Murder of David Amess|his murder]] in 2021. |
[[Paul Channon]], son of Henry replaced his father as the MP for Southend West from 1959 until he stepped down in 1997.<ref name="telegraph">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1540957/Lord-Kelvedon.html Obituary], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 30 January 2007.</ref> He was replaced by Sir David Amess, who served from 1997 until [[Murder of David Amess|his murder]] in 2021. [[Anna Firth]] of the Conservatives had replaced Amess at the by-election in January 2022 with 86% of the vote but lost her seat at the 2024 election.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 January 2022 |title=Statement of persons nominated, notice of poll and situation in polling stations |url=https://www.southend.gov.uk/downloads/file/7258/statement-of-persons-nominated-notice-of-poll-and-situation-of-polling-stations-uk-parliamentary-election-southend-west |accessdate=11 January 2022 |work=Southend Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Southend West by-election live updates: Residents vote to elect MP after Sir David Amess' death |url=https://www.essexlive.news/news/essex-news/southend-west-election-live-updates-6593386 |work=[[Essex Live]] |quote=The turnout for the Southend West by election was 24.03 per cent of an electorate of 66,354}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |number=1489409859841929220 |user=BritainElects |title=Southend West parliamentary by-election, result}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 February 2022 |title=Election Results Southend West by-election 2022 |url=https://www.southend.gov.uk/elections-registering-vote/election-results-1 |access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref> |
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==Demography== |
==Demography== |
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===Population density=== |
===Population density=== |
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Southend is the seventh most densely populated area in the United Kingdom outside of the London Boroughs, with 38.8 people per hectare compared to a national average of 3.77. |
Southend is the seventh most densely populated area in the United Kingdom outside of the London Boroughs, with 38.8 people per hectare compared to a national average of 3.77.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://localplan.southend.gov.uk/sites/localplan.southend/files/2019-02/Southend%20Joint%20Strategic%20Needs%20Assessment%202008.pdf |url-status=live |title=Southend Joint Strategic Needs Assessment |date=April 2008 |access-date=2 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003142720/https://localplan.southend.gov.uk/sites/localplan.southend/files/2019-02/Southend%20Joint%20Strategic%20Needs%20Assessment%202008.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> |
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====Greater Urban Area==== |
====Greater Urban Area==== |
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[[File:SouthendOnSeaBUA.png|thumb|right|400px|Map of the Southend Urban Area with subdivisions]] |
[[File:SouthendOnSeaBUA.png|thumb|right|400px|Map of the Southend Urban Area with subdivisions]] |
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The [[Department for Communities and Local Government]]'s 2010 Indices of Multiple Deprivation [https://web.archive.org/web/20110904051633/http://www.imd.communities.gov.uk/ Deprivation Indices] data showed that Southend is one of Essex's most deprived areas. Out of 32,482 Lower Super Output Areas in England, area 014D in the Kursaal ward is 99th, area 015B in Milton ward is 108th, area 010A in Victoria ward is 542nd, and area 009D in Southchurch ward is 995th, as well as an additional 5 areas all within the top 10% most deprived areas in England (with the most deprived area having a rank of 1 and the least deprived a rank of 32,482).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/mar/31/deprivation-map-indices-multiple|title=Deprivation mapped: how you show the poorest (and richest) places in England|last=Rogers|first=Simon|date=31 March 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> Victoria and Milton wards have the highest proportion of ethnic minority residents – at the 2011 Census these figures were 24.2% and 26.5% respectively. Southend has the highest percentage of residents receiving housing benefits (19%) and the third highest percentage of residents receiving council tax benefits in Essex. |
The [[Department for Communities and Local Government]]'s 2010 Indices of Multiple Deprivation [https://web.archive.org/web/20110904051633/http://www.imd.communities.gov.uk/ Deprivation Indices] data showed that Southend is one of Essex's most deprived areas. Out of 32,482 Lower Super Output Areas in England, area 014D in the Kursaal ward is 99th, area 015B in Milton ward is 108th, area 010A in Victoria ward is 542nd, and area 009D in Southchurch ward is 995th, as well as an additional 5 areas all within the top 10% most deprived areas in England (with the most deprived area having a rank of 1 and the least deprived a rank of 32,482).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/mar/31/deprivation-map-indices-multiple|title=Deprivation mapped: how you show the poorest (and richest) places in England|last=Rogers|first=Simon|date=31 March 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> Victoria and Milton wards have the highest proportion of ethnic minority residents – at the 2011 Census these figures were 24.2% and 26.5% respectively. Southend has the highest percentage of residents receiving housing benefits (19%) and the third highest percentage of residents receiving council tax benefits in Essex. |
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===Employment and unemployment=== |
===Employment and unemployment=== |
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As of May 2024, The Office of National Statistics have recorded the following employment, unemployment and economic inactivity in Southend-on-Sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/labourmarketlocal/E06000033/|title=Employment, unemployment and economic inactivity in Southend-on-Sea|website=Office of National Statistics|date=14 May 2024}}</ref> |
As of May 2024, The Office of National Statistics have recorded the following employment, unemployment and economic inactivity in Southend-on-Sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/labourmarketlocal/E06000033/|title=Employment, unemployment and economic inactivity in Southend-on-Sea|website=Office of National Statistics|date=14 May 2024}}</ref> |
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In the 2021 census, it was reported that 69.1% of the working population work in full |
In the 2021 census, it was reported that 69.1% of the working population work in full-time employment, with 10.9% working more than 48 hours a week.<ref name="2021 Nomis"/> |
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===Population statistics=== |
===Population statistics=== |
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Other manufacturing companies based in Southend include [[MK Electric]], who relocated there in 1961 and in 2014 had seen the 100 millionth socket made at the factory,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://buildings.honeywell.com/content/dam/hbtbt/en/documents/downloads/MK-Centenary-Brochure_Spreads_FINAL.pdf|title=MK Centenary Brochure|author=Honeywell|date=2019}}</ref> and [[Olympus Corporation|Olympus UK & Ireland]] (formerly Keymed), who specialise in medical equipment and have been in Southend since 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympus.co.uk/company/en/about-olympus/company-profile/|title=Company Profile|website=Olympus UK & Ireland|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23292592.southend-olympus-keymed-day-nursery-set-shut/|title=Southend Olympus KeyMed Day Nursery set to shut down|date=2 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympus.co.uk/company/en/careers/our-impact-in-the-uk-and-ireland/|title=Our impact in the UK and Ireland|website=Olympus UK & Ireland|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> |
Other manufacturing companies based in Southend include [[MK Electric]], who relocated there in 1961 and in 2014 had seen the 100 millionth socket made at the factory,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://buildings.honeywell.com/content/dam/hbtbt/en/documents/downloads/MK-Centenary-Brochure_Spreads_FINAL.pdf|title=MK Centenary Brochure|author=Honeywell|date=2019}}</ref> and [[Olympus Corporation|Olympus UK & Ireland]] (formerly Keymed), who specialise in medical equipment and have been in Southend since 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympus.co.uk/company/en/about-olympus/company-profile/|title=Company Profile|website=Olympus UK & Ireland|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23292592.southend-olympus-keymed-day-nursery-set-shut/|title=Southend Olympus KeyMed Day Nursery set to shut down|date=2 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympus.co.uk/company/en/careers/our-impact-in-the-uk-and-ireland/|title=Our impact in the UK and Ireland|website=Olympus UK & Ireland|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> |
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Another major employment area in Southend is Financial Services, with [[ |
Another major employment area in Southend is Financial Services, with [[NatWest]]'s credit card operations located in Thanet Grange.<ref name=2017growth/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/19983289.natwest-southend-160-bank-call-centre-jobs-risk-redundancy-processes-started/|title=NatWest Southend: 160 bank call centre jobs at risk as redundancy processes started|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=10 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/03/hsbc-cuts-jobs|title=HSBC cuts 1700 jobs |work= The Guardian |date= 3 November 2009|access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> In 2006, travel insurance company [[InsureandGo]] relocated its offices from [[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]] to Maitland House in Southend-on-Sea. The company brought 120 existing jobs from Braintree and announced the intention to create more in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/777860.300-new-jobs-for-southend/|title=300 new jobs for Southend|date=31 May 2006|website=Echo|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> However the business announced the plan to relocate to Bristol in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/14031031.More_than_100_jobs_to_go_as_call_centre_leaves_Southend/|title=More than 100 Insure & Go employees face redundancy in Southend – Evening Echo p.16 Nov 2016|date=16 November 2015 |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> The company however as of 2021 is still located in Southend.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/19739321.southend-based-insurance-firm-create-least-70-new-jobs/|title=Southend based insurance firm to create at least 70 new jobs|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=25 November 2021}}</ref> The building is now also home to Ventrica, a customer service outsourcing company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ventrica.co.uk/our-facilities|title=Centrica – Our Facilities|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/16415158.business-set-to-offer-200-new-jobs/|title=''Ventrica, Southend, set to offer 200 new jobs'' – Evening Echo Cornell.A p.13 August 2018|date=13 August 2018 |access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> |
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Southend has industrial parks located at Progress Road, Comet and Aviation Way in Eastwood and Stock Road in Sutton. Firms located in Southend include [[Hi-Tec Sports]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/harrissouthernca0000merg/page/708/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22|title=Harris southern california business directory and buyer's guide 2019|date=2019|page=708|publisher=[Place of publication not identified] MERGENT |isbn=9781641411783}}</ref> |
Southend has industrial parks located at Progress Road, Comet and Aviation Way in Eastwood and Stock Road in Sutton. Firms located in Southend include [[Hi-Tec Sports]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/harrissouthernca0000merg/page/708/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22|title=Harris southern california business directory and buyer's guide 2019|date=2019|page=708|publisher=[Place of publication not identified] MERGENT |isbn=9781641411783}}</ref> |
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EK Cole|website=Museum of Designs in Plastics|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref> EKCO Plastics was sold by Philips to Linpac during the 1980s, before becoming Ecomold.<ref name=poole/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/3713010.ek-cole-treasure-trove-discovered/|title=EK Cole treasure trove discovered|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=30 September 2008}}</ref> After the Ecomold factory closed, the whole site was converted into Ekco Park, a 231 home estate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/14473637.pictures-from-the-past-southends-former-ekco-radio-and-television-factory/|title=PICTURES FROM THE PAST: Southend's former Ekco radio and television factory|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=15 May 2016}}</ref> A statue of Eric Cole was placed in his honour on the estate during 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/18592994.sculpture-honours-southends-ekco-factory-founder-eric-cole/|title=Sculpture honours Southend's Ekco factory founder Eric Cole|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=20 July 2020}}</ref> |
EK Cole|website=Museum of Designs in Plastics|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref> EKCO Plastics was sold by Philips to Linpac during the 1980s, before becoming Ecomold.<ref name=poole/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/3713010.ek-cole-treasure-trove-discovered/|title=EK Cole treasure trove discovered|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=30 September 2008}}</ref> After the Ecomold factory closed, the whole site was converted into Ekco Park, a 231 home estate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/14473637.pictures-from-the-past-southends-former-ekco-radio-and-television-factory/|title=PICTURES FROM THE PAST: Southend's former Ekco radio and television factory|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=15 May 2016}}</ref> A statue of Eric Cole was placed in his honour on the estate during 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/18592994.sculpture-honours-southends-ekco-factory-founder-eric-cole/|title=Sculpture honours Southend's Ekco factory founder Eric Cole|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=20 July 2020}}</ref> |
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'''The Joint Credit Card Company''' was created by [[Lloyds Bank]], [[Midland Bank]] and [[NatWest|National Westminster Bank]], and operated as the [[Access (credit card)|Access]] credit card.<ref name=plastic>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/plasticelectroni0000fraz/page/21/mode/1up?q=%22joint+credit+card+company%22|title=Plastic and electronic money : new payment systems and their implications|author=Frazer, P. A. T|date=1985|isbn=0859412903}}</ref> It was the second credit card company launched in the UK, becoming available during 1972. The company purchased the former [[EKCO]] television and radio factory on Priory Crescent from owners [[Philips]] to operate from.<ref name=poole>{{cite book|url=https://epepnet.co.uk/links/LinksPDF/EKCO%2520Dpl.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiRjZ6xmOOGAxUMQEEAHWOjCxk4HhAWegQIERAB&usg=AOvVaw0XvDwTzUYSII8as4X65XwP|title=EKCO Electronics|author=Chris Poole|date=April 2008}}</ref> The company would expand by opening further offices across the city. In 1989, the company |
'''The Joint Credit Card Company''' was created by [[Lloyds Bank]], [[Midland Bank]] and [[NatWest|National Westminster Bank]], and operated as the [[Access (credit card)|Access]] credit card.<ref name=plastic>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/plasticelectroni0000fraz/page/21/mode/1up?q=%22joint+credit+card+company%22|title=Plastic and electronic money : new payment systems and their implications|author=Frazer, P. A. T|date=1985|isbn=0859412903}}</ref> It was the second credit card company launched in the UK, becoming available during 1972. The company purchased the former [[EKCO]] television and radio factory on Priory Crescent from owners [[Philips]] to operate from.<ref name=poole>{{cite book|url=https://epepnet.co.uk/links/LinksPDF/EKCO%2520Dpl.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiRjZ6xmOOGAxUMQEEAHWOjCxk4HhAWegQIERAB&usg=AOvVaw0XvDwTzUYSII8as4X65XwP|title=EKCO Electronics|author=Chris Poole|date=April 2008}}</ref> The company would expand by opening further offices across the city. In 1989, the company was renamed as Signet Ltd in 1989, along with a change to allow member banks to process their own customers as part of a [[Competition Commission|Competition and Monopolies Commission]] review into credit cards.<ref name=cma>{{cite book|title=Decision on the CMA's review of the Credit Cards (Merchant Acquisition) Order 1990|author=Commission and Monopolies Commission|date=6 September 2005}}</ref> In the same year, processing was transferred to a new site in Basildon,<ref name=ilford>{{cite web|url=https://www.accesscreditcard.info/offCmr.aspx|title=The Access Credit Card Offices: Christopher Martin Road|website=Access Credit Card|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.accesscreditcard.info/offPriory.aspx|title=The Access Credit Card Offices: Priory Crescent|website=Access Credit Card|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref> while offices across Southend were transferred to the member banks. This included Esplanade House to NatWest,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.accesscreditcard.info/offEspl.aspx|title=The Access Credit Card Offices: Esplanade House|website=Access Credit Card|access-date=17 June 2017}}</ref> Chartwell House to Midland Bank/HSBC<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.accesscreditcard.info/offChart.aspx|title=The Access Credit Card Offices: Chartwell House|website=Access Credit Card|access-date=17 June 2017}}</ref> and Essex House to Lloyds Bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.accesscreditcard.info/offEssex.aspx|title=The Access Credit Card Offices: Essex House|website=Access Credit Card|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref> In 1991, the business was sold to [[First Data|First Data Resources]],<ref name=vendor>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/VAP-FtoGcompany/page/n105/mode/1up?q=Signet|title=Vendor Profile: A Publication from INPUT's Vendor Analysis Program|date=1993|page=4}}</ref> and the Priory Crescent site was sold to Royal Bank of Scotland. The credit card industry in Southend declined with HSBC closing their operations in 2011,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/4718137.hsbc-to-cut-hundreds-of-jobs-in-southend/|title=HSBC to cut hundreds of jobs in Southend|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=3 November 2009}}</ref> while Lloyds Bank joined them by closing Essex House in 2013.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hrmagazine.co.uk/content/news/union-anger-over-further-redundancies-at-lloyds-bank/|title=Union anger over further redundancies at Lloyds Bank|magazine=HR Magazine|date=10 May 2013}}</ref> Royal Bank of Scotland/NatWest however stayed, and moved to a new purpose built building at Thanet Grange in 2003.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=New Royal Bank of Scotland developments|magazine=Architecture Today|issue=149|page=36|date=2004}}</ref> |
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'''[[ |
'''[[Cuthbert Heath|C. E. Heath]]''' moved to Southend during 1966 into the purpose built Heath House on Victoria Avenue. C. E. Heath was one of the largest insurance brokers in the world. The company also operated offices in Sutton Road and had a social club in Wellstead Gardens. In 1996, redundancies saw the number of staff drop from 600 to 300. However six years later, C. E. Heath merged with Lambert Fenchurch Group and announced closure of the Southend office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/5517155.southend-merger-kills-off-insurance-giant/|title=Southend: Merger kills off insurance giant|newspaper=Daily Gazette|date=4 February 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/5517091.southend-300-insurance-jobs-axed-at-ce-heath/|title=Southend: 300 insurance jobs axed at CE heath|newspaper=Daily Gazette|date=7 February 2000}}</ref> The property remained empty until 2016 when it was converted into flats.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/14736408.welcome-to-the-mayfair-of-southend-former-office-block-transformed-into-hundreds-of-modern-apartments/|title=Welcome to the 'Mayfair of Southend': Former office block transformed into hundreds of modern apartments|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=12 September 2016}}</ref> |
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'''[[HM Revenue and Customs]]''' (HMRC) previously employed over 4,000 people in Southend in Alexandra House and Portcullis House, which sat side by side on Victoria Avenue, and Tylers House/Dencora Court, Tylers Avenue.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/5431217.southend-civil-servants-stage-strike-over-job-cuts/|title=Southend: Civil servants stage strike over job cuts|newspaper=Daily Gazette|date=5 November 2004}}</ref> A training centre was located in Carby House, also in Victoria Avenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1982-01-18/debates/5a53b410-2890-4969-862f-6c288be57e7a/CustomsAndExcise(TrainingEstablishments)|title=Customs And Excise (Training Establishments)|website=Hansard|date=18 January 1982}}</ref> In 2008, it was announced that both Tylers House and Portcullis House would be surplus to requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2008-06-16/debates/08061631000011/RevenueAndCustomsClosures|title=Revenue and Customs: Closures|website=Hansard|date=16 June 2008}}</ref> Tylers House would close, with the space rented out by HMRC to other government departments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://governmentbuildings.co.uk/properties/view/166953|title=TYLERS HOUSE & DENCORA COURT|website=Government Buildings|access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> HMRC announced in 2015 that they would be closing its Southend office and transferring the operations to Stratford.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/14026746.hmrc-office-in-southend-affected-by-plan-to-close-170-offices-across-country/|title=HMRC office in Southend affected by plan to close 170 offices across country|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=12 November 2015}}</ref> Portcullis House closed first in 2008, and in 2019 the site was purchased by Weston Homes to develop into 217 flats.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/9389358.empty-southend-office-block-to-be-demolished/|title=Empty Southend office block to be demolished|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.weston-homes.com/news-insights/latest-news/weston-homes-acquire-hmrc-hq-site-for-new-60m-apartment-scheme-in-southend-on-sea/|title=WWeston Homes acquire HMRC HQ site for new £60m apartment scheme in Southend-on-Sea|newspaper=Weston Homes|date=29 October 2019}}</ref> Alexandra House has since closed and in late 2023 planning permission was being sought to convert the building into 557 flats by [[Comer Group]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23923872.southend-hmrc-office-block-sees-plans-557-flats/|title=Southend HMRC office block sees plans for 557 flats|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=15 November 2023}}</ref> |
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'''[[Flightline (airline)|Flightline]]''' was an airline, maintenance and aircraft sales company that operated out of London Southend Airport, which went into administration in 2008.<ref name="FI">{{cite news | title= Directory: World Airlines | work= [[Flight International]] | page= 82 | date= 2007-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2008/12/05/eastern-takes-over-early-as-flightline-goes-bust | title=Eastern takes over early as Flightline goes bust | work=The Shetland Times | date=5 December 2008 | access-date=30 June 2011 | author=Tait, Jim | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004124246/http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2008/12/05/eastern-takes-over-early-as-flightline-goes-bust | archive-date=4 October 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> |
'''[[Flightline (airline)|Flightline]]''' was an airline, maintenance and aircraft sales company that operated out of London Southend Airport, which went into administration in 2008.<ref name="FI">{{cite news | title= Directory: World Airlines | work= [[Flight International]] | page= 82 | date= 2007-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2008/12/05/eastern-takes-over-early-as-flightline-goes-bust | title=Eastern takes over early as Flightline goes bust | work=The Shetland Times | date=5 December 2008 | access-date=30 June 2011 | author=Tait, Jim | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004124246/http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2008/12/05/eastern-takes-over-early-as-flightline-goes-bust | archive-date=4 October 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> |
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'''ATC Lasham''' was an aircraft maintenance company based out of both Southend and Southampton airports. It collapsed in 2015 with the loss of 144 jobs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-34466248|title=Hundreds lose jobs as ATC Lasham enters administration|website=BBC|date=7 October 2015}}</ref> |
'''ATC Lasham''' was an aircraft maintenance company based out of both Southend and Southampton airports. It collapsed in 2015 with the loss of 144 jobs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-34466248|title=Hundreds lose jobs as ATC Lasham enters administration|website=BBC|date=7 October 2015}}</ref> |
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'''[[British United Air Ferries|British Air Ferries]]''' was an airline that from 1967 was headquartered at Southend Airport.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=From BUAF to BAF — Plans for the new independent British Air Ferries|magazine=Flight International|volume=92|date=1967|page=937}}</ref> The company went into administration, and after several changes of ownership became British World Airlines in 1993, however the business entered administration in 2001.<ref>''Mike Sessions – Looking on the Bright Side of Life'', Airliner World, Key Publishing, Stamford, UK, March 2010, p. 48</ref> |
'''[[British United Air Ferries|British Air Ferries]]''' was an airline that from 1967 was headquartered at Southend Airport.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=From BUAF to BAF — Plans for the new independent British Air Ferries|magazine=Flight International|volume=92|date=1967|page=937}}</ref> The company went into administration, and after several changes of ownership became British World Airlines in 1993, however the business entered administration for a final time in 2001.<ref>''Mike Sessions – Looking on the Bright Side of Life'', Airliner World, Key Publishing, Stamford, UK, March 2010, p. 48</ref> |
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'''[[Jota Aviation]]''' was a specialist air haulage company working in the motorsport industry and based at London Southend Airport since 2009. The company ceased operations in 2022.<ref name="AirCargoNews">{{cite web |last1=Brett |first1=Damian |title=Jota Aviation appoints liquidators as Covid and Brexit take their toll |url=https://www.aircargonews.net/airlines/freighter-operator/jota-aviation-appoints-liquidators-as-covid-and-brexit-take-their-toll/ |website=Air Cargo News |publisher=DVV Media International Ltd |access-date=30 June 2022|date=30 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaminski-Morrow |first1=David |title=UK operator Jota to be liquidated after pandemic and Brexit setbacks |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/airlines/uk-operator-jota-to-be-liquidated-after-pandemic-and-brexit-setbacks/148827.article |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=30 June 2022 |date=27 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Graham |first1=James |title=Business losses bring down Jota Aviation |url=https://www.aircargoweek.com/business-losses-bring-down-jota-aviation/ |website=Air Cargo Week |access-date=30 June 2022 |date=22 May 2022}}</ref> |
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===Energy=== |
===Energy=== |
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Southend-on-Sea County Borough Corporation provided the borough with electricity from the early twentieth century up to 1966 from the Southend power station in London Road. Upon [[nationalisation]] of the electricity industry in 1948, ownership passed to the [[British Electricity Authority]] and later to the [[Central Electricity Generating Board]]. Electricity connections to the [[National Grid (Great Britain)|national grid]] rendered the 5.75 [[Watt|megawatt]] (MW) power station redundant. Electricity was generated by diesel engines and by steam obtained from the exhaust gases. The power station closed in 1966 and in its final year of operation it delivered 2,720 [[Kilowatt hour|MWh]] of electricity to the borough.<ref>''CEGB Statistical Yearbook 1965, 1966''. CEGB, London.</ref> |
Southend-on-Sea County Borough Corporation provided the borough with electricity from the early twentieth century up to 1966 from the Southend power station in London Road. Upon [[nationalisation]] of the electricity industry in 1948, ownership passed to the [[British Electricity Authority]] and later to the [[Central Electricity Generating Board]]. Electricity connections to the [[National Grid (Great Britain)|national grid]] rendered the 5.75 [[Watt|megawatt]] (MW) power station redundant. Electricity was generated by diesel engines and by steam obtained from the exhaust gases. The power station closed in 1966 and in its final year of operation it delivered 2,720 [[Kilowatt hour|MWh]] of electricity to the borough.<ref>''CEGB Statistical Yearbook 1965, 1966''. CEGB, London.</ref> |
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In 1853, a new company, Southend Gas Company, was set up to build a [[coal gas]] works to supply Southend.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google. |
In 1853, a new company, Southend Gas Company, was set up to build a [[coal gas]] works to supply Southend.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7Q6AQAAMAAJ&q=southend&pg=RA2-PA475|title=Southend Gas Company|journal=Gas Journal. Light, Heat, Power, Bye-products|volume=3|date=1853|page=713}}</ref> The works opened on Eastern Esplanade in 1855, and helped with the development of the then fledgling town.<ref name=easterncons>{{cite book|url=https://yoursay.southend.gov.uk/5774/widgets/17205/documents/7021|title=Southend-on-Sea: Eastern Esplanade Conservation Area Appraisal|author=Purcell|page=21}}</ref><ref name=echo13nov>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/14030049.picture-from-the-past-southend-gasworks-and-jetty-in-1970/|title=Picture from the past: Southend gasworks and jetty in 1970|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=13 November 2015}}</ref> The company was purchased by Southend Corporation after the First World War,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8g0jAQAAMAAJ&q=%22southend+gas+works+%22+southend+corporation|title=Southend Gas Company|journal=Journal of Gas Lighting and Water Supply|volume=146|date=1919|page=200}}</ref> with its own landing pier locally known as Southend Pier Junior.<ref name=echo13nov/> The company was nationalised in 1949 and was transferred to the [[North Thames Gas Board]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Always Under Pressure. A History of North Thames Gas Since 1949|author=Malcolm E. Falkus|date=1988|isbn=9781349103164}}</ref> who in 1960 added the brutalist Esplanade House to the site as offices. The site stopped producing coal gas in 1968, and the works was demolished.<ref name=easterncons/> Esplanade House, was taken over by Access credit card operations in the 1980s, but by the 1990s they had moved out and the gas works site remained empty until it was demolished to make way for a Premier Inn in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/11005954.sun-sand-and-stench-from-the-old-gasworks/|title=Sun, sand... and stench from the old gasworks!|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=13 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/11230715.the-changing-face-of-our-seafront-work-starts-at-premier-inn-hotel-and-gym-plan-for-southend-arcade/|title=The changing face of our seafront... Work starts at Premier Inn hotel and gym plan for Southend arcade|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=23 May 2014}}</ref> |
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===Shopping=== |
===Shopping=== |
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[[File:Southend on Sea, Essex 5.jpg|thumb|High Street, looking North on market day]] |
[[File:Southend on Sea, Essex 5.jpg|thumb|High Street, looking North on market day]] |
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Southend High Street runs from the top of Pier Hill in the South, to Victoria Circus in the north. It currently has two shopping centres. The Victoria (built during the 1960s and a replacement for the old Talza Arcade, Victoria Arcade and Broadway Market) is located at the north end of the High Street.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southendtimeline.com/victoriashoppingcentre.htm|title=Victoria Shopping Centre – Southend Timeline|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref> The Royals Shopping Centre is located at the south end of the High Street, with construction starting in 1985<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23083814.southend-royals-shopping-centre-construction-remembered/|title=Southend Royals Shopping Centre construction remembered|work=Evening Echo|date=29 October 2022}}</ref> |
Southend High Street runs from the top of Pier Hill in the South, to Victoria Circus in the north. It currently has two shopping centres. The Victoria (built during the 1960s and a replacement for the old Talza Arcade, Victoria Arcade and Broadway Market) is located at the north end of the High Street.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southendtimeline.com/victoriashoppingcentre.htm|title=Victoria Shopping Centre – Southend Timeline|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref> The Royals Shopping Centre is located at the south end of the High Street, was designed by the [[Building Design Partnership]], with construction starting in 1985.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23083814.southend-royals-shopping-centre-construction-remembered/|title=Southend Royals Shopping Centre construction remembered|work=Evening Echo|date=29 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3FN4VL5lEwC&dq=%22the+royals+shopping+centre%22+construction&pg=PA697|title=Essex: The Buildings of England|author=James Bettley, Nikolaus Pevsner|date=2007|isbn=9780300116144|page=697|publisher=Yale University Press }}</ref> The centre was officially opened in March 1988 by singer-actor [[Jason Donovan]]. The centre replaced the south end of High Street and Grove Road, and saw the demolition of the Ritz Cinema and Grand Pier Hotel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southendtimeline.co.uk/southend-timeline-1980-1989-history-of-southend-on-sea.html|title=The Royals Shopping Centre|publisher=Southend Timeline|access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> Prior to the opening, [[Morrissey]] filmed the video for his top ten charting track ''[[Everyday Is Like Sunday]]'' in the centre.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/10252550.celebrating-25-years-of-shopping-at-the-royals/|title=Celebrating 25 years of shopping at the Royals|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=27 February 2013}}</ref> Southend High Street mainly consists of chain stores, with Boots located in the Royals, while Next anchor the Victoria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sarfend.co.uk/shopping.html|title=Shopping in Southend-on-Sea – Sarfend.co.uk|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref> However, since the covid pandemic the amount of empty shops in the city centre has increased greatly, with the High Street being called a ghost town.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-60110289|title=Southend: The city-to-be where a quarter of shops are shut|website=BBC|date=24 Jan 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/19269482.17-empty-shops-southend-high-street/#:~:text=EMPTY%20shops%20plaguing%20Southend%20High,year%20battling%20the%20coronavirus%20pandemic.|title=The shops empty on Southend High Street|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=2 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.essexlive.news/news/essex-news/ghost-town-essex-city-shops-9103843|title=The ghost town Essex city where shops lay empty for years could be offered to up and coming businesses|website=Essex Live|date=17 February 2024}}</ref> |
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A business that started in Southend during 1937 and is still active in 2024 is [[Dixons Retail]], now renamed [[Currys plc]].<ref name="history37">{{cite web|url=http://www.dixonsretail.com/dixons/en/aboutus/history |title=History |website=Dixons Retail |publisher=Wayback Machine |date=9 September 2011 |access-date=11 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909152831/http://www.dixonsretail.com/dixons/en/aboutus/history |archive-date=9 September 2011 }}</ref> |
A business that started in Southend during 1937 and is still active in 2024 is [[Dixons Retail]], now renamed [[Currys plc]].<ref name="history37">{{cite web|url=http://www.dixonsretail.com/dixons/en/aboutus/history |title=History |website=Dixons Retail |publisher=Wayback Machine |date=9 September 2011 |access-date=11 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909152831/http://www.dixonsretail.com/dixons/en/aboutus/history |archive-date=9 September 2011 }}</ref> |
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The city of Southend has shopping in other areas. The Broadway in Leigh-on-Sea is known for |
The city of Southend has shopping in other areas. The Broadway in Leigh-on-Sea is known for its independent boutiques and coffee shops.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/04/10/southends-trendier-sister-named-affordable-commuter-town-20623428/|title=Essex spot dubbed 'Southend's trendier sister' is the most affordable London commuter town|newspaper=Metro|date=10 April 2024}}</ref> Leigh Road in [[Leigh-on-Sea]], Southchurch Road and London Road are where many of Southend's independent businesses now reside.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitsouthend.co.uk/shopping/|title=Visit Southend – A Shopper's paradise|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref> Hamlet Court Road, Westcliff-on-Sea was once known as the Bond Street of Essex,<ref name=Party/> and is full of historical buildings, having being made into a conservation area in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-58550526|title=Southend's 'second high street' given conservation status|website=BBC|date=14 September 2021}}</ref> The road hosts the In Harmony festival each year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/24300981.westcliff-hamlet-court-road-festival-return-month/|title=Westcliff Hamlet Court Road festival to return this month|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=12 May 2024}}</ref> |
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There are regular vintage fairs and markets in Southend, held at a variety of locations including the Leigh Community Centre and [[Garon Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitsouthend.co.uk/event/the-big-southend-vintage-retro-fair-2/|title=The Big Southend Vintage & Retro Fair|website=Visit Southend|date=19 March 2023 |access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref> A record fair is frequently held at West Leigh Schools in Leigh on Sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/recordfairsuk/|title=Record Fairs UK|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref> |
There are regular vintage fairs and markets in Southend, held at a variety of locations including the Leigh Community Centre and [[Garon Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitsouthend.co.uk/event/the-big-southend-vintage-retro-fair-2/|title=The Big Southend Vintage & Retro Fair|website=Visit Southend|date=19 March 2023 |access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref> A record fair is frequently held at West Leigh Schools in Leigh on Sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/recordfairsuk/|title=Record Fairs UK|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref> |
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*'''[[Brightwells]]''' was a department store that opened in 19th century. The store closed in the 1970s. |
*'''[[Brightwells]]''' was a department store that opened in 19th century. The store closed in the 1970s. |
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*'''[[Havens (department store)|Havens]]''' was a department store that opened in 1901, in Hamlet Court Road, Westcliff-on-Sea.<ref name=Party>{{cite web|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/10464614.Hamlet_Court_Road_street_party_filmed_for_BBC_show/?ref=arc|title=Hamlet Court Road street party filmed for BBC show - Evening Echo p.6 June 2013|date=6 June 2013 |access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBJLH49xa-YC&q=%22Hamlet+Court+Road%22+is+Bond+Street&pg=PA219|title=London's Turning - The making of Thames Gateway - Edited by Philip Cohen & Michael J. Rustin page 219|isbn=9780754670636|access-date=19 December 2016|last1=Cohen|first1=Philip|last2=Rustin|first2=Michael J.|date=January 2008|publisher=Ashgate Publishing }}</ref> In May 2017, Havens announced that they would be closing their store to concentrate as an online retailer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/15281204.End_of_an_era_as_Havens_store_prepares_to_close_after_almost_100_years_on_the_high_street/|title=End of an era as Havens store prepares to close after almost 100 years on the high street – Evening Echo p.12 May 2017|date=12 May 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> |
*'''[[Havens (department store)|Havens]]''' was a department store that opened in 1901, in Hamlet Court Road, Westcliff-on-Sea.<ref name=Party>{{cite web|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/10464614.Hamlet_Court_Road_street_party_filmed_for_BBC_show/?ref=arc|title=Hamlet Court Road street party filmed for BBC show - Evening Echo p.6 June 2013|date=6 June 2013 |access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBJLH49xa-YC&q=%22Hamlet+Court+Road%22+is+Bond+Street&pg=PA219|title=London's Turning - The making of Thames Gateway - Edited by Philip Cohen & Michael J. Rustin page 219|isbn=9780754670636|access-date=19 December 2016|last1=Cohen|first1=Philip|last2=Rustin|first2=Michael J.|date=January 2008|publisher=Ashgate Publishing }}</ref> In May 2017, Havens announced that they would be closing their store to concentrate as an online retailer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/15281204.End_of_an_era_as_Havens_store_prepares_to_close_after_almost_100_years_on_the_high_street/|title=End of an era as Havens store prepares to close after almost 100 years on the high street – Evening Echo p.12 May 2017|date=12 May 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> |
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*'''Garons''' opened as a grocers at 64 High Street in 1885.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southend.gov.uk/historic-southend/history-southend/2r|title=The origins of Southend|website=Southend-On-Sea City Council|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> The grocers |
*'''Garons''' opened as a grocers at 64 High Street in 1885.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southend.gov.uk/historic-southend/history-southend/2r|title=The origins of Southend|website=Southend-On-Sea City Council|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> The grocers in 1910 opened a cinema and cafe, which had a ballroom added in 1920.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/51508|title=Garons Cinema – cinematreasures.org|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> The company further expanded the grocery side of the business, opening a large bakery in Sutton Road, and by 1946 branches were operating as grocers, butchers and greengrocers across the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/18552/page/287/data.pdf|title=The Edinburgh Gazette 11 April 1967|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/36844288@N00/51078815953|title=Garons of Southend-on-Sea, Essex, UK - advert from 1946 Post Office Telephones Directory|website=Flickr|date=28 March 2021}}</ref> The company also grew their catering facilities with the construction of Center House at 66-68 High Street.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/1150388298554976543/|title=SOUTHEND-ON-SEA Essex, 1937-1938 OFFICIAL GUIDE by Jennings, George (Publicity Officer): Good Soft cover (1937) 1st Edition,SEVERNBOOKS|website=Pinterest|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> In 1962, the 45 grocery stores across Essex and the bakery was sold to [[Wright's Biscuits#Moore Stores|Moores Stores]].<ref>{{cite periodical|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtI-JPkMcxwC&q=%22moores%22+garons+%22southend%22|title=Moores Stores Ltd|periodical=The New Dawn|date=1962|page=436}}</ref> The cinema was closed a year later, and the remaining business, including the new Garons 1 Banqueting suite at Victoria Circus was sold to [[Brent Walker|G and W Walker]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/1601784.billy-walker-back-in-southend/|title=Billy Walker back in Southend|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=8 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite periodical|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuYgAQAAMAAJ&q=%22garons%22+g+and+w+walker|title=Horizon Ahead|periodical=Investors Chronicle and Stock Exchange Gazette|volume=24|date=1973|page=728}}</ref> [[Garon Park]] was built on land donated by the family. |
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*'''[[R. A. Jones]]''' was a jewellers that was opened by Robert Arthur Jones in 1890. Jones would go on and become a benefactor for the town. The store closed in 1979.<ref>{{cite web|title=Essex Archives Online (D/BC 1/4/10/12/17)|url=http://seax.essexcc.gov.uk/Result_Details.aspx?DocID=429527|publisher=Essex Record Office| |
*'''[[R. A. Jones]]''' was a jewellers that was opened by Robert Arthur Jones in 1890. Jones would go on and become a benefactor for the town. The store closed in 1979.<ref>{{cite web|title=Essex Archives Online (D/BC 1/4/10/12/17)|url=http://seax.essexcc.gov.uk/Result_Details.aspx?DocID=429527|publisher=Essex Record Office|access-date=15 March 2013|format=Catalogue record}}</ref> |
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*'''Owen Wallis''' |
*'''Owen Wallis''' purchased an existing ironmongers store located in the High Street in around 1882.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/industriesofeast0000unse/page/220/mode/1up?q=%22Owen+wallis%22|title=Industries of the Eastern Counties : Essex|date=1982|page=220}}</ref> The store expanded into selling toys, before closing in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/58335675@N08/8426296551/|title=Owen Wallis & Sons, Southend – Flickr|date=14 January 2004|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=Hornby>{{cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/343003433/Hornby-Railways-International-Service-Dealer-Network-49|title=Hornby Railways International Service Dealer Network 49|author=Hornby Railways|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/11/mode/1up|title=Southend Seaside Holiday|author=Everritt, Sylvia|date=1980|page=35|isbn=0850333342}}</ref> |
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*'''Bermans''' was a sports and toy retailer who operated from Southchurch Road. The store closed in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sarfend.co.uk/cgi-bin/forum/YaBB.pl?num=1288393165|title=Old Shop Fronts & Names – Sarfend.co.uk|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=Hornby/> |
*'''Bermans''' was a sports and toy retailer who operated from Southchurch Road. The store closed in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sarfend.co.uk/cgi-bin/forum/YaBB.pl?num=1288393165|title=Old Shop Fronts & Names – Sarfend.co.uk|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=Hornby/> |
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*'''J Patience''' was a photographic retailers located in Queens Road.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTciAQAAMAAJ&q=%22J+Patience%22+southend|title=Essex|journal=The British Journal of Photography|volume=132|date=1985|page=257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/2152622.photographer-joe-patience-dies-aged-88/|title=Photographer Joe Patience dies aged 88|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=28 March 2008}}</ref> |
*'''J Patience''' was a photographic retailers located in Queens Road.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTciAQAAMAAJ&q=%22J+Patience%22+southend|title=Essex|journal=The British Journal of Photography|volume=132|date=1985|page=257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/2152622.photographer-joe-patience-dies-aged-88/|title=Photographer Joe Patience dies aged 88|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=28 March 2008}}</ref> |
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==Education== |
==Education== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:P1020316.JPG|[[University of Essex]] accommodation in Southend |
File:P1020316.JPG|[[University of Essex]] accommodation in Southend |
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File:Southend Adult Community College - geograph.org.uk - 700459.jpg|Southend Adult Community College |
File:Southend Adult Community College - geograph.org.uk - 700459.jpg|Southend Adult Community College |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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===Secondary schools=== |
===Secondary schools=== |
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Southend has a mixture of secondary school offerings. The mainstream secondary schools are mixed-sex comprehensives, including [[Belfairs Academy]]; [[Cecil Jones Academy]]; [[Chase High School]]; [[Southchurch High School]]; [[Shoeburyness High School]] and [[The Eastwood Academy]]. |
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In 2004, Southend retained the [[Grammar schools in the United Kingdom|grammar school system]] and has four such schools: [[Southend High School for Boys]]; [[Southend High School for Girls]]; [[Westcliff High School for Boys]] and [[Westcliff High School for Girls]]. |
In 2004, Southend retained the [[Grammar schools in the United Kingdom|grammar school system]] and has four such schools: [[Southend High School for Boys]]; [[Southend High School for Girls]]; [[Westcliff High School for Boys]] and [[Westcliff High School for Girls]]. |
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Additionally there is [[PROCAT]], (an arm of South Essex College) that is based at Progress Road, while learners can travel to [[USP College]] (formerly SEEVIC College) in [[Thundersley]]. The [[East 15 Acting School]], a drama school has its second campus in Southend, while the Southend Adult Community College is in Ambleside Drive. Southend United Futsal & Football Education Scholarship, located at [[Southend United]]'s stadium [[Roots Hall]], provides education for sports scholarships. |
Additionally there is [[PROCAT]], (an arm of South Essex College) that is based at Progress Road, while learners can travel to [[USP College]] (formerly SEEVIC College) in [[Thundersley]]. The [[East 15 Acting School]], a drama school has its second campus in Southend, while the Southend Adult Community College is in Ambleside Drive. Southend United Futsal & Football Education Scholarship, located at [[Southend United]]'s stadium [[Roots Hall]], provides education for sports scholarships. |
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===Formation of education in the city=== |
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====Primary education==== |
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The first school in the city opened in [[Prittlewell]] in 1727, after the Reverend Case campaigned for one to be setup. Land was provided by the Lord of the Manor Daniel Scratton in North Street for establishment of a school, and by 1739, Scratton had donated a further 21 acres of land. The school was by subscription of 1d a week, with 16 free places provided, and the remainder of the funding provided by a partial subscription of the parish and collections at St Mary's.<ref name=Burrows>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/southendonseadis00burriala/page/8/mode/1up?q=London+road|title=Southend-on-Sea and district: historical notes|author=Burrows, John William|date=1909|pages=138–145}}</ref> The Parliamentary commission into charities of 1819-37 described the school as ''"The premises consists of a house of lath and plaster, situate in the village near the bridge; it comprises a schoolroom of about 30ft. in length and 20ft. in breadth, and several other rooms which are appropriated to the use of the schoolmaster"''.<ref name=Burrows/> |
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After Southend became a separate ecclesiastical district in 1842, the church of St. John's the Baptist founded the subscription [[National school (England and Wales)|National School]] in 1855 in Lower Southend.<ref name=Burrows/> By 1876, the Board of Education called for a local board of education be setup and extra places be created. At the time of their report Southend had the following schools providing education for under 12s: |
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* Prittlewell Church of England - 175 pupils |
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* British School - 233 pupils |
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* Miss Felton's Infant School - 7 pupils |
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* Grovesnor School - 54 pupils |
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It was reported that the National School had closed and that Southend required a further 220 places. Many parishioners were against a local school board being setup, but Daniel Scratton was for the development, and by 1877 the Prittlewell School Board was formed.<ref name=Burrows/> |
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By 1879, a new school was created called the London Road Schools which had places for over 500 pupils, and Prittlewell Church of England school had moved to East Street.<ref name=Burrows/> However, by 1892, with further expansion of Southend, the Brewery Road School (now called Porters Grange) opened, followed by Leigh Road in 1897, Southchurch Hall in 1904, Bournemouth Park in 1907 and Chalkwell Park in 1909.<ref name=Burrows/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.porticoacademytrust.co.uk/copy-of-hamstel-junior-school|title=PORTERS GRANGE PRIMARY SCHOOL & NURSERY|website=Portico Academy Trust|access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref> The local board was dissolved by the [[Education Act 1902|Education Act of 1902]] and replaced by the education committee of the council.<ref name=Burrows/> |
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====Secondary and further education==== |
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The [[Science and Art Department]] formation in 1853 had seen the government push for education in art, science, technology, and design in Britain and Ireland.<ref name="Butterworth">{{cite thesis |last1=Butterworth |first1=Harry |title=The Science and Art Department, 1853–1900 |publisher=University of Sheffield |date=1968 |type=Ph.D. Thesis |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12801}}</ref> The movement did not arrive in Southend until 1882 when two evening classes were set up at the London Road Schools for Art and Physiology.<ref name=Burrows/> By 1883 the classes were moved to Clarence Street in a building shared with the council.<ref name=Burrows/> |
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The Technical Instruction Act of 1889 and 1891 allowed councils to provide evening classes for technical subjects. The [[County Borough of Southend on Sea|local board]] set up the Technical Instruction Committee, and soon classes were started at the council offices in Clarence Road. They were extremely popular, and the following year the newly created Southend Corporation purchased further land in Clarence Road to build a Technical Institute.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22|title=With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary|author=Carmichael, Harry|date=1995|page=1|isbn=9780952592303}}</ref> In 1895 the foundation stone was laid, but prior to it opening it was decided to also open a day technical school for about 20 pupils, influenced by the Bryce commission of 1894. The first headmaster was J Hitchcock from Woolwich and was supported by one assistant teacher.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22|title=With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary|author=Carmichael, Harry|date=1995|page=2|isbn=9780952592303}}</ref> A one-day a week Art school was opened, which by 1899 was a fully organised art college.<ref name=Carmichael12>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22|title=With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary|author=Carmichael, Harry|date=1995|page=12|isbn=9780952592303}}</ref> |
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The Day Technical School soon outgrew the Clarence Road site, and in 1902 a new building opened at Victoria Circus to host them, the Evening Technical Institute and the School of Art.<ref name="Carmichael, Harry 1995 4"/><ref name="Carmichael, Harry 1995 5"/><ref name=Carmichael6/> |
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==Sport== |
==Sport== |
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[[File:Southend - Leisure and tennis.jpg|thumb|Southend – Leisure and Tennis Centre]] |
[[File:Southend - Leisure and tennis.jpg|thumb|Southend – Leisure and Tennis Centre]] |
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Southend has two football teams. [[Southend United F.C.|Southend United]] is a professional outfit which was formed in 1906. They currently compete in the [[Vanarama National League]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.southendtimeline.com/1906.htm |title=1906 – Southend Timeline |work=southendtimeline.com |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120074912/https://www.southendtimeline.com/1906.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BBC-15Feb2023">{{cite news |title=Southend United: Fans fear future without football club |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-64635685 |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=BBC News |date=15 February 2023}}</ref> after dropping out of the Football League at the end of the |
Southend has two football teams. [[Southend United F.C.|Southend United]] is a professional outfit which was formed in 1906. They currently compete in the [[Vanarama National League]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.southendtimeline.com/1906.htm |title=1906 – Southend Timeline |work=southendtimeline.com |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120074912/https://www.southendtimeline.com/1906.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BBC-15Feb2023">{{cite news |title=Southend United: Fans fear future without football club |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-64635685 |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=BBC News |date=15 February 2023}}</ref> after dropping out of the Football League at the end of the 2020–21 season, after 101 years of participation.<ref name="BBC-01May2021">{{cite news |title=Barrow 1-2 Southend United |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56869357 |access-date=1 May 2021 |work=BBC Sport |date=1 May 2021}}</ref> The other, [[Southend Manor F.C.|Southend Manor]], plays in the [[Essex Senior League]], the 9th tier in the English football pyramid.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://essexseniorleague.co.uk/club/southend-manor-football-club/|title=Southend Manor Football Club|website=Essex Senior League|access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref> |
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There are two [[rugby union]] clubs [[Southend RFC]] which play in London 1 North and [[Westcliff R.F.C.]] who play in London & South East Premier. Southend was formerly home to the Essex Eels rugby league team. Southend was home to the [[Essex Pirates]] basketball team that played in the [[British Basketball League]] between 2009 and 2011. |
There are two [[rugby union]] clubs [[Southend RFC]] which play in London 1 North and [[Westcliff R.F.C.]] who play in London & South East Premier. Southend was formerly home to the Essex Eels rugby league team. Southend was home to the [[Essex Pirates]] basketball team that played in the [[British Basketball League]] between 2009 and 2011. |
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===Southend Pleasure Pier=== |
===Southend Pleasure Pier=== |
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{{main|Southend Pier}} |
{{main|Southend Pier}} |
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{{see also|Southend Pier Railway}} |
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[[File:Southend from Southend Pier.jpg|thumb|Southend on Sea from one mile out along the [[Southend Pier|pier]], the world's longest pleasure pier]] |
[[File:Southend from Southend Pier.jpg|thumb|Southend on Sea from one mile out along the [[Southend Pier|pier]], the world's longest pleasure pier]] |
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Southend-on-Sea is home to the world's longest pleasure pier, originally built in 1830 from wood before being replaced in iron. The pier stretches some {{convert|1.34|mi|km}} from shore into the Thames Estuary and is a Grade II [[listed building]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pleasure Pier, Non Civil Parish - 1112705 |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1112705 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southend.gov.uk/info/200306/southend_pier/84/history_of_southend_pier|title=History of Southend Pier|website=Southend-on-Sea Borough Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317234401/http://www.southend.gov.uk/info/200306/southend_pier/84/history_of_southend_pier|archive-date=17 March 2016|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> Sir [[John Betjeman]], English poet and broadcaster, once said that "the Pier is Southend, Southend is the Pier".<ref name="bbc_legacies">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/heritage/england/essex/article_1.shtml |title=Architectural Heritage|website=BBC|access-date=21 August 2020 }}</ref> |
Southend-on-Sea is home to the world's longest pleasure pier, originally built in 1830 from wood before being replaced in iron. The pier stretches some {{convert|1.34|mi|km}} from shore into the Thames Estuary and is a Grade II [[listed building]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pleasure Pier, Non Civil Parish - 1112705 |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1112705 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southend.gov.uk/info/200306/southend_pier/84/history_of_southend_pier|title=History of Southend Pier|website=Southend-on-Sea Borough Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317234401/http://www.southend.gov.uk/info/200306/southend_pier/84/history_of_southend_pier|archive-date=17 March 2016|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> Sir [[John Betjeman]], English poet and broadcaster, once said that "the Pier is Southend, Southend is the Pier".<ref name="bbc_legacies">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/heritage/england/essex/article_1.shtml |title=Architectural Heritage|website=BBC|access-date=21 August 2020 }}</ref> |
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===Southend Carnival=== |
===Southend Carnival=== |
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Southend Carnival has been an annual event since 1906,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google. |
Southend Carnival has been an annual event since 1906,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kBzEAAAQBAJ&dq=southend+1920s&pg=PA161|title=Dressing Up. A History of Fancy Dress in Britain|author=Verity Wilson|date=2022|isbn=9781789145304|pages=161–162}}</ref> where it was part of the annual regatta, and was set up to raise funds for the Southend Victoria Cottage Hospital. In 1926, a carnival association was formed, and by 1930, they were raising funds for the building of the new General Hospital with a range of events, including a fete in Chalkwell Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carnivalarchive.org.uk/southend#.XPUsheSP5dg|title=Southend – Carnival Archive|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/16405814.southend-carnival-week-starts-friday/|title=''Southend Carnival week starts Friday'' – Evening Echo Buckley.K p.8 August 2018|date=8 August 2018 |access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> The parades, which included a daylight and torchlight parades were cut down to just a torchlight parade during the 1990s. The carnival has not run since 2020, although attempts have been made to restart the parade,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23731677.memories-southend-carnival-event-remains-missing/|title=Memories of Southend Carnival as event remains is missing|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=19 August 2023}}</ref> however the accompanying fair returned in 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23680451.chalkwell-park-funfair-returns-2023-details/|title=Chalkwell Park funfair returns for 2023 all the details|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=26 July 2023}}</ref> |
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===Cliff Lift=== |
===Cliff Lift=== |
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[[File:Southend on Sea-sunset.jpg|thumb|The sunset in Southend, a view of Adventure Island in 2007]] |
[[File:Southend on Sea-sunset.jpg|thumb|The sunset in Southend, a view of Adventure Island in 2007]] |
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An amusement park [[Adventure Island (amusement park)|Adventure Island]], formerly known as Peter Pan's Playground, straddles the pier entrance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23320163.old-pictures-adventure-island-southend-decades/|title=Old pictures of Adventure Island in Southend through the decades|newspaper=Southend Echo|date=14 February 2023| |
An amusement park [[Adventure Island (amusement park)|Adventure Island]], formerly known as Peter Pan's Playground, straddles the pier entrance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23320163.old-pictures-adventure-island-southend-decades/|title=Old pictures of Adventure Island in Southend through the decades|newspaper=Southend Echo|date=14 February 2023|access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref> The seafront houses the "Sea-Life Adventure" [[aquarium]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/meerkat-escape-essex-southend-sea-life-adventure-centre-a9004211.html|title=Meerkats spotted running around Essex seafront after man breaks into Southend wildlife centre|newspaper=The Independent|date=14 July 2019}}</ref> |
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The cliff gardens, which included [[Never Never Land]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23314210.archives-southends-never-never-land/|title=Southend's Never Never Land: photos show former attraction|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=12 February 2023}}</ref> and a Victorian bandstand were an attraction until slippage in 2003 made parts of the cliffs unstable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://southendband.com/history/|title=The Official Town Civic Band|website=The Southend Band|access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/5443411.southend-cliffs-are-on-move-again/|title=Southend: Cliffs are on move again|newspaper=Essex County Standard|date=20 January 2004}}</ref> The bandstand has been removed and re-erected in Priory Park.<ref |
The cliff gardens, which included [[Never Never Land]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23314210.archives-southends-never-never-land/|title=Southend's Never Never Land: photos show former attraction|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=12 February 2023}}</ref> and a Victorian bandstand were an attraction until slippage in 2003 made parts of the cliffs unstable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://southendband.com/history/|title=The Official Town Civic Band|website=The Southend Band|access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/5443411.southend-cliffs-are-on-move-again/|title=Southend: Cliffs are on move again|newspaper=Essex County Standard|date=20 January 2004}}</ref> The bandstand has been removed and re-erected in Priory Park.<ref name="echo-news.co.uk"/> As of May 2024, Southend has four [[Keep Britain Tidy]] [[Blue Flag beach|Blue Flag]] awarded beaches at East Beach, Shoebury Common, Three Shells and Westcliff Bay.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/24320313.southend-beaches-handed-blue-flag-seaside-awards/|title=Southend beaches handed Blue Flag and Seaside Awards|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=15 May 2024}}</ref> |
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A modern vertical lift links the base of the High Street with the seafront and the new pier entrance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/20601146.southend-pier-hill-lift-seafront-action/|title=Southend Pier Hill lift to seafront is out of action|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=4 August 2022}}</ref> The older [[Southend Cliff Railway]], a short [[funicular]], is a few hundred metres away.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23718510.southends-cliff-lift-built-111-years-ago/|title=Southend's Cliff Lift: How it was built 111 years ago|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=12 August 2023}}</ref> |
A modern vertical lift links the base of the High Street with the seafront and the new pier entrance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/20601146.southend-pier-hill-lift-seafront-action/|title=Southend Pier Hill lift to seafront is out of action|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=4 August 2022}}</ref> The older [[Southend Cliff Railway]], a short [[funicular]], is a few hundred metres away.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23718510.southends-cliff-lift-built-111-years-ago/|title=Southend's Cliff Lift: How it was built 111 years ago|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=12 August 2023}}</ref> |
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===Festival events=== |
===Festival events=== |
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The Southend-on-Sea Film Festival is an annual event that began in 2009 and is run by the White Bus film and theatrical company based at The Old Waterworks Arts Center located inside a Victorian era Old Water Works plant. [[Ray Winstone]] attended the opening night gala in both 2010 and 2011, and has become the Festival Patron.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southendfilmfestival.com/latest_news.html |title=Latest News |access-date=4 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823093051/http://www.southendfilmfestival.com/latest_news.html |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref> |
The Southend-on-Sea Film Festival is an annual event that began in 2009 and is run by the White Bus film and theatrical company based at The Old Waterworks Arts Center located inside a Victorian era Old Water Works plant. [[Ray Winstone]] attended the opening night gala in both 2010 and 2011, and has become the Festival Patron.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southendfilmfestival.com/latest_news.html |title=Latest News |access-date=4 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823093051/http://www.southendfilmfestival.com/latest_news.html |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref> Southend is also home to Horror-on-Sea festival, again run by the White Bus Company, which was founded in 2013. The festival for independent horror films takes place over two weekends in January.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-67969717|title=Gore fans gather in Southend-on-Sea for the horror version of Cannes|website=BBC|date=14 January 2024}}</ref> |
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Since 2021, the city has hosted a Halloween parade in October, while the Leigh Art Trail runs during July. Two events that started in 2022 was Southend City Jam, a street art festival, and LuminoCity, a light festival,<ref name=guard2023/> however LuminoCity was announced to be cancelled for 2024 due to budget cuts at Southend City Council.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/24031501.luminocity-southend-look-back-festival-cancelled/|title=LuminoCity Southend: a look back after festival cancelled|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=6 January 2024}}</ref> The Old Leigh Regatta takes place every September,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leighlions.co.uk/leigh-regatta-2017|title=Old Leigh Regatta|website=Leigh Lions|date=29 March 2023}}</ref> while Leigh Folk Festival has run since 1992, though will be taking a break in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23952520.leigh-folk-festival-organisers-cancel-2024-event/|title=Leigh Folk Festival: organisers cancel 2024 event|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=28 November 2023}}</ref> The Southend Jazz Festival has been run since 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23770126.southend-jazz-festival-returning-fourth-year/|title=Southend Jazz Festival returning for a fourth year|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=6 September 2023}}</ref> |
Since 2021, the city has hosted a Halloween parade in October, while the Leigh Art Trail runs during July. Two events that started in 2022 was Southend City Jam, a street art festival, and LuminoCity, a light festival,<ref name=guard2023/> however LuminoCity was announced to be cancelled for 2024 due to budget cuts at Southend City Council.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/24031501.luminocity-southend-look-back-festival-cancelled/|title=LuminoCity Southend: a look back after festival cancelled|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=6 January 2024}}</ref> The Old Leigh Regatta takes place every September,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leighlions.co.uk/leigh-regatta-2017|title=Old Leigh Regatta|website=Leigh Lions|date=29 March 2023}}</ref> while Leigh Folk Festival has run since 1992, though will be taking a break in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23952520.leigh-folk-festival-organisers-cancel-2024-event/|title=Leigh Folk Festival: organisers cancel 2024 event|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=28 November 2023}}</ref> The Southend Jazz Festival has been run since 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23770126.southend-jazz-festival-returning-fourth-year/|title=Southend Jazz Festival returning for a fourth year|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=6 September 2023}}</ref> |
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===Parks=== |
===Parks=== |
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Southend is home to many recreation grounds. Its first formal park to open was [[Prittlewell Square]] in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southend.gov.uk/downloads/file/3854/parks_and_greenspaces_strategy|title=Parks and Greenspaces Strategy 2015-20.pdf - Southend-On-Sea Borough Council| |
Southend is home to many recreation grounds. Its first formal park to open was [[Prittlewell Square]] in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southend.gov.uk/downloads/file/3854/parks_and_greenspaces_strategy|title=Parks and Greenspaces Strategy 2015-20.pdf - Southend-On-Sea Borough Council|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Since then [[Prittlewell Priory|Priory Park]],<ref>{{cite sign|title=Commemorative plaque|year=1920|publisher= |
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Southend Museums Service|location=Priory Park gates}}</ref> Victory Sports Grounds<ref>{{cite web|title=Victory Sports Ground Trust Annual Report: year ended 31st March 2009|url=http://www.charitycommission.gov.uk/Accounts/Ends21%5C0000803621_ac_20090331_e_c.pdf|publisher=Charity Commission| |
Southend Museums Service|location=Priory Park gates}}</ref> Victory Sports Grounds<ref>{{cite web|title=Victory Sports Ground Trust Annual Report: year ended 31st March 2009|url=http://www.charitycommission.gov.uk/Accounts/Ends21%5C0000803621_ac_20090331_e_c.pdf|publisher=Charity Commission|access-date=14 March 2013}}</ref> and Jones Corner Recreation Ground were donated by the town benefactor [[R A Jones]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Yearsley|first=Ian|title=Priory Park Preservation Society: R A Jones|url=http://www.ppps.org.uk/history/rajones.html|publisher=Priory Park Preservation Society|access-date=14 March 2013}}</ref> Other formal parks that have opened since are [[Chalkwell Park]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3FN4VL5lEwC&dq=%22Chalkwell%22+essex&pg=PA716|title=Essex: The Buildings of England|author=Pevsner. N|date=2007|isbn=9780300116144|page=716|publisher=Yale University Press }}</ref> and [[Southchurch Hall]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Southchurch Hall Historic House|url=http://www.southend.gov.uk/info/200070/museums_and_galleries/631/southchurch_hall_historic_house/1|publisher=Southend-on-Sea Borough Council|access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> along with [[Southchurch Park]], [[Garon Park]] and [[Gunners Park and Shoebury Ranges|Gunners Park]]. |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Southend Cliff Gardens - geograph.org.uk - 734118.jpg|Southend Cliff Gardens |
File:Southend Cliff Gardens - geograph.org.uk - 734118.jpg|Southend Cliff Gardens |
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===Conservation areas and architecture=== |
===Conservation areas and architecture=== |
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{{main|List of conservation areas in Southend-on-Sea}} |
{{main|List of conservation areas in Southend-on-Sea}} |
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Southend has various [[Conservation area (United Kingdom)|Conservation areas]] across the city, with the first being designated in 1968.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southend.gov.uk/info/200422/conservation_areas/400/clifftown_conservation_area|title=Clifftown Conservation Area – Southend on Sea Borough Council| |
Southend has various [[Conservation area (United Kingdom)|Conservation areas]] across the city, with the first being designated in 1968.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southend.gov.uk/info/200422/conservation_areas/400/clifftown_conservation_area|title=Clifftown Conservation Area – Southend on Sea Borough Council|access-date=19 October 2017}}</ref> Nationally Historic England have 124 recorded listed buildings within the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/results/?search=Southend-on-sea+&searchType=NHLE+Simple|title=Southend-on-Sea|website=Historic England|access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> |
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[[File:3-6 Royal Terrace, Southend on sea, Essex.jpg|thumb|The Royal Terrace, Southend]] |
[[File:3-6 Royal Terrace, Southend on sea, Essex.jpg|thumb|The Royal Terrace, Southend]] |
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The Royal Terrace (originally called the Terrace), built between 1791 and 1793, is one of the few examples of 18th century urban housing in Essex, and was called ''"Exceptional"'' in the |
'''The Royal Terrace''' (originally called the Terrace), built between 1791 and 1793, is one of the few examples of 18th century urban housing in Essex, and was called ''"Exceptional"'' in the 2007 architectural guide ''The Buildings of England''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/essex0000bett/page/n3/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22+clifftown|title=The Buildings of England: Essex|author=James Bettley, Nikolaus Pevsner|date=2007|page=50|publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300116144}}</ref> The Terrace has been Grade II listed since 1951.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1306868|title=3-15 Royal Terrace|website=Historic England|date=23 November 1951}}</ref> |
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[[St Mary's Church, Prittlewell]] is a Grade I listed church that has existed since Saxon times and is the oldest building in the city. Professor Stephen Rippon of the [[University of Exeter]] noted in a study ''"stone buildings in this period were extremely rare, suggesting Prittlewell was a "minister" church of some importance"'', and the church was mentioned in the Domesday book.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DB2tCwAAQBAJ&dq=st+mary%27s+church+prittlewell&pg=PT10|title=Southend in 50 Buildings|author=Ian Yearsley|date=2016|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=9781445651897}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1322353?section=official-list-entry|title=Church of St Mary|website=Historic England|date=23 November 1951}}</ref> |
[[St Mary's Church, Prittlewell]] is a Grade I listed church that has existed since Saxon times and is the oldest building in the city. Professor Stephen Rippon of the [[University of Exeter]] noted in a study ''"stone buildings in this period were extremely rare, suggesting Prittlewell was a "minister" church of some importance"'', and the church was mentioned in the Domesday book.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DB2tCwAAQBAJ&dq=st+mary%27s+church+prittlewell&pg=PT10|title=Southend in 50 Buildings|author=Ian Yearsley|date=2016|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=9781445651897}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1322353?section=official-list-entry|title=Church of St Mary|website=Historic England|date=23 November 1951}}</ref> |
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[[Southend-on-Sea War Memorial]] is a Grade II* listed obelisk situated in Clifftown, Southend. The structure was completed in 1921 to designs by [[Edwin Lutyens|Sir Edwin Lutyens]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1322329?section=official-list-entry|title=Southend-on-Sea War Memorial|website=Historic England|date=22 August 1974}}</ref> Architectural historian [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] praised the ''"remarkably subtly proportioned"'' base and pedestal of the memorial.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bettley |last2=Pevsner |first2=Nikolaus |author-link2=Nikolaus Pevsner |series=[[The Buildings of England]] |first1=James |title=Essex |date=2007 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Connecticut |isbn=9780300116144 |page=698}}</ref> |
[[Southend-on-Sea War Memorial]] is a Grade II* listed obelisk situated in Clifftown, Southend. The structure was completed in 1921 to designs by [[Edwin Lutyens|Sir Edwin Lutyens]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1322329?section=official-list-entry|title=Southend-on-Sea War Memorial|website=Historic England|date=22 August 1974}}</ref> Architectural historian [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] praised the ''"remarkably subtly proportioned"'' base and pedestal of the memorial.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bettley |last2=Pevsner |first2=Nikolaus |author-link2=Nikolaus Pevsner |series=[[The Buildings of England]] |first1=James |title=Essex |date=2007 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Connecticut |isbn=9780300116144 |page=698}}</ref> |
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'''The White Hall''' is a Grade II listed former tennis club house in Clatterfield Gardens in the suburb of Westcliff-on-Sea. The building, along with its neighbouring house were designed by the Head of the School of Architecture at Southend Municipal College, Douglas Niel Martin-Kaye for the Thurston family. The building from 1934, is designed in the [[International Style]] and was to be part of a modernist development that failed to materialise beyond the two buildings. The building is now home to the Sunshine Nursery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1236551?section=official-list-entry|title=The White Hall|website=Historic England|date=1 December 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/services-skills/education/educational-images/clatterfield-gardens-southend-on-sea-southend-on-sea-4599|title=Clatterfield Gardens, Southend-on-Sea, Southend-on-Sea|website=Historic England|date=10 October 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://local.standard.co.uk/company/438343020843008|title=Sunshine Day Nursery 2003 Ltd|website=Evening Standard|access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56304/2015.56304.Kalendar-Of-The-Royal-Institute-Of-British-Architects-1928-29_djvu.txt|title=Representatives from five Schools of Architecture Recognised for Intermediate Examination|journal=The Calendar of the Royal Institute of British Architects 1928-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cvVUAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+White+Hall%22+Southend&dq=%22The+White+Hall%22+Southend&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVt4KDlPqGAxU6SEEAHSdnDDEQ6AF6BAgFEAM#%22The%20White%20Hall%22%20Southend|title=Douglas Niel Martin-Kaye|journal=Royal Institute of British Architects|date=1954|volume=61|page=250}}</ref> |
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===Art, galleries, museums and libraries=== |
===Art, galleries, museums and libraries=== |
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===Theatres=== |
===Theatres=== |
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There are a number of theatres in the city proving a variety of entertainment. |
There are a number of theatres in the city proving a variety of entertainment. |
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The Edwardian [[Palace Theatre, Westcliff-on-Sea|Palace Theatre]] is a Grade II [[listed building]] |
The Edwardian [[Palace Theatre, Westcliff-on-Sea|Palace Theatre]] is a Grade II [[listed building]] that opened in 1912. It shows plays by professional troupes and repertory groups, as well as comedy acts. The theatre has two circles and the steepest rake in Britain. The theatre was given to the town by its then owner Gertrude Mouillot in 1942 on condition that local amateur groups could continue to use the theatre.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DB2tCwAAQBAJ&dq=southend+during+the+1920s&pg=PT102|title=Southend in 50 Buildings|author=Ian Yearsley|date=2016|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=9781445651897}}</ref> A smaller venue called The Dixon Studio was added in the early 1980s after a fundraising campaign by the Palace Theatre Trust led by [[J F Dixons|John F Dixon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.palacetheatreclub.org.uk/content/palace-theatre/palace-theatre-history|title=Construction of the Dixon Studio|website=Palace Theatre History|access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref> |
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The [[Cliffs Pavilion]] is the largest purpose built arts venue in Essex.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google. |
The [[Cliffs Pavilion]] is the largest purpose built arts venue in Essex.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YiIzxJT5o8C&dq=cliffs+pavilion+biggest+arts+venue+in+essex&pg=PA33|title=The Hidden Places of East Anglia. Including Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk and Cambridgeshire|author=Barbara Vesey|date=2003|isbn=9781902007915|page=33|publisher=Travel Publishing }}</ref> Plans for a theatre on the site started in 1935 when the borough council purchased the site to build a 500-seat theatre and concert venue, with work starting four years later on construction but was suspended by the outbreak of World War II.<ref name=echodec23>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/24009493.southend-cliffs-pavilion-history-much-loved-theatre-venue/|title=Southend Cliffs Pavilion: a history of the much-loved theatre venue|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=25 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=yearsley>{{cite book|title=Southend in 50 Buildings|author=Ian Yearsley|date=2016|isbn=9781445651897}}</ref> After the war, the site was known as Southend's white elephant until 1963, when work was started on building that could host shows, concerts and private functions. The building was opened by the actor, writer and director [[Bernard Miles|Sir Bernard Miles]] in July 1964, with the first show opening the next day starring [[Norman Vaughan (comedian)|Norman Vaughan]] and his troupe of dancers, the Swinging Lovelies.<ref name=echodec23/> In 1991–92, the council extended the site, with a new Foyer Bar added and a balcony added to the auditorium, increasing the capacity to 1,600.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/24141478.cliffs-pavilion-major-8million-refurbishment-hit-delays/|title=Cliffs Pavilion major £8million refurbishment hit by delays|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=26 February 2024}}</ref><ref name=yearsley/> The venue hosts a variety of concerts, shows and performances on ice, as well as pantomimes at Christmas. Artists that have performed at the Cliffs include [[Paul McCartney]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.the-paulmccartney-project.com/concert/1991-07-19/|title=Westcliff-on-Sea • Friday, July 19, 1991|website=The Paul McCartney Project|access-date=13 June 2024}}</ref> and [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], whose live DVD [[Live by the Sea]] was recorded at the Cliffs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23356602.oasis-filmed-southend---old-photos-unearthed/|title=When Oasis filmed in Southend - old photos unearthed|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=1 March 2023}}</ref> |
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The [[Cliff Town Congregational Church|Clifftown Theatre]] is located in the former Clifftown United Reformed Church and as well as regular performances is part of the East 15 Acting School campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clifftowntheatre.co.uk/|title=Clifftown Theatre|access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> |
The [[Cliff Town Congregational Church|Clifftown Theatre]] is located in the former Clifftown United Reformed Church and as well as regular performances is part of the East 15 Acting School campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clifftowntheatre.co.uk/|title=Clifftown Theatre|access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> |
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Southend once hosted many more theatres. The [[New Empire Theatre]] closed in 2009. Unlike the Cliffs Pavilion or the Palace Theatre, the theatre was privately run, and hosted more amateur groups. The theatre was converted from the old ABC Cinema, which had |
Southend once hosted many more theatres. The [[New Empire Theatre]] closed in 2009. Unlike the Cliffs Pavilion or the Palace Theatre, the theatre was privately run, and hosted more amateur groups. The theatre was converted from the old ABC Cinema, which had previously been the Empire Theatre built in 1896.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theatrestrust.org.uk/resources/theatres/show/315-new-empire-theatre|title=New Empire Theatre - The Theatres Trust|website=www.theatrestrust.org.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-05-12}}</ref> The theatre closed after a dispute between the trust that ran the theatre and its owners. The building was badly damaged by fire on Saturday 1 August 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/13525054.Fall_of_the_Empire___burned_out_theatre_in_pictures/|title=Fall of the Empire – burned out theatre in ictures |work=Evening Echo |date=3 August 2015|access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref> and was demolished in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southendstandard.co.uk/news/15134920.Cinema_demolition_is_finally_underway/|title=Cinema demolition is finally underway|website=Southend Standard|date=6 March 2017 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref> Other former venues included the Floral Hall on Western Esplanade, which hosted [[G. H. Chirgwin]], that burnt down in 1937,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23162475.floral-hall-brought-music-western-esplanade-fire-1937/|title=Floral Hall brought music to Western Esplanade until a fire in 1937|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=4 December 2022}}</ref> while the Sundeck Theatre was at the pier head and hosted acts like [[Arthur English]], until it closed and was converted to the Diamond Horseshoe Showbar before it was destroyed in the fire in 1976.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/5512216.southend-its-showtime-on-the-pier-again/|title=Southend: It's showtime on the pier again|newspaper=Colchester Gazette|date=4 May 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cutpurse |first=Molly |title=The Chronologically Challenged Funeral Director |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKJzAgAAQBAJ |isbn=9-781-44576-926-4|page=163|publisher=Lulu.com }}</ref> The largest lost theatre was the Hippodrome in Southchurch Road, designed by [[Bertie Crewe]], which opened in 1909. The theatre could hold 1,750 on three tiers, but was purchased by [[Gaumont-British#Cinema|Gaumont Theatres]] and was converted to a cinema in 1933.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Southend.htm#hipp|title=Theatres and Halls in Southend-on-Sea, and Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex|website=Arthur Lloyd|access-date=13 June 2024}}</ref><ref name=Everritt34>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/34/mode/1up|title=Southend Seaside Holiday|author=Everritt. S|date=1980|page=34|isbn=0850333342}}</ref> |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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Southend has one cinema – the Odeon Multiplex at Victoria Circus which has eight screens. The borough of Southend had at one time a total of 18 cinema theatres,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southendtimeline.com/|title=Southend Timeline|website=Southend Timeline}}</ref> with the most famous being the Odeon (formerly the Astoria Theatre), which as well as showing films hosted live entertainers including the [[Beatles]] and [[Laurel and Hardy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://piley.blogspot.com/2010/08/more-memories-of-southend-cinema.html|title=Start The Revolution Without Me: More Memories of Southend Cinema!|date=23 August 2010}}</ref> This building no longer stands having been replaced by the Southend Campus of the University of Essex. There are plans to build a new 10-screen cinema and entertainment facility on the site of the Seaway Car Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/10160719.New_ten_screen_cinema_planned_for_Southend/|title=Ne Ten Screen Cinema Planned for Southend |work=Evening Echo |date=16 January 2013|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southendstandard.co.uk/news/11660630.REVEALED__First_look_at_what___50million_Southend__fun_palace__looks_like/|title=REVEALED First Look at What £50 Million Southend Fun Palace Looks Like – Southend Standard |date=6 December 2014|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> |
Southend has one cinema – the Odeon Multiplex at Victoria Circus which has eight screens. The borough of Southend had at one time a total of 18 cinema theatres,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southendtimeline.com/|title=Southend Timeline|website=Southend Timeline}}</ref> with the most famous being the Odeon (formerly the Astoria Theatre), which as well as showing films hosted live entertainers including the [[Beatles]] and [[Laurel and Hardy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://piley.blogspot.com/2010/08/more-memories-of-southend-cinema.html|title=Start The Revolution Without Me: More Memories of Southend Cinema!|date=23 August 2010}}</ref> This building no longer stands having been replaced by the Southend Campus of the University of Essex. There are plans to build a new 10-screen cinema and entertainment facility on the site of the Seaway Car Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/10160719.New_ten_screen_cinema_planned_for_Southend/|title=Ne Ten Screen Cinema Planned for Southend |work=Evening Echo |date=16 January 2013|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southendstandard.co.uk/news/11660630.REVEALED__First_look_at_what___50million_Southend__fun_palace__looks_like/|title=REVEALED First Look at What £50 Million Southend Fun Palace Looks Like – Southend Standard |date=6 December 2014|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> |
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Southend has appeared in films over the years, with the New York New York arcade on Marine Parade being used in the British |
Southend has appeared in films over the years, with the New York New York arcade on Marine Parade being used in the British gangster flick ''[[Essex Boys]]'', the premiere of which took place at the Southend Odeon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Essex Boys premiere saw A-listers head to Southend's Odeon |url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/18782862.essex-boys-blockbuster-premiere-saw-a-listers-head-southends-odeon-cinema-2000/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Echo |date=11 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Southend Airport was used for the filming of the [[James Bond]] film [[Goldfinger (film)|''Goldfinger'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Look back on the day Sir Sean Connery flew into Southend for Bond filming |url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/18846629.day-sean-connery-flew-southend/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Echo |date=4 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Part of the 1989 [[black comedy]] film [[Killing Dad]] was set and filmed in Southend.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Killing Dad |url=https://www.timeout.com/movies/killing-dad |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Time Out Worldwide |date=10 September 2012 |language=en-GB}}</ref> |
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Southend and the surrounding areas were heavily used and featured in the Viral Marketing<ref>{{cite web |title=Jurassic World Dominion Dinotracker |url=https://www.dinotracker.com/ |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=www.dinotracker.com }}</ref> for the Universal Pictures 2022 American [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[action film]] sequel ''[[Jurassic World Dominion]]'', with a number of the featured videos on the DinoTracker website filmed in the Southend area<ref>{{cite web |last=England |first=Sophie |date=25 June 2022 |title=Jurassic World marketing campaigns filmed in Southend |url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/20233533.jurassic-world-marketing-campaigns-filmed-southend/ |access-date=25 June 2022 |website=Echo News}}</ref> doubling for locations around the world. This is due to the fact that local resident and Jurassic World Franchise marketer Samuel Phillips utilised the area for both videos and imagery.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 June 2022 |title=Jurassic World marketing campaigns filmed in Southend |page=1 |work=Echo Essex |url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/20233533.jurassic-world-marketing-campaigns-filmed-southend/ |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> |
Southend and the surrounding areas were heavily used and featured in the Viral Marketing<ref>{{cite web |title=Jurassic World Dominion Dinotracker |url=https://www.dinotracker.com/ |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=www.dinotracker.com }}</ref> for the Universal Pictures 2022 American [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[action film]] sequel ''[[Jurassic World Dominion]]'', with a number of the featured videos on the DinoTracker website filmed in the Southend area<ref>{{cite web |last=England |first=Sophie |date=25 June 2022 |title=Jurassic World marketing campaigns filmed in Southend |url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/20233533.jurassic-world-marketing-campaigns-filmed-southend/ |access-date=25 June 2022 |website=Echo News}}</ref> doubling for locations around the world. This is due to the fact that local resident and Jurassic World Franchise marketer Samuel Phillips utilised the area for both videos and imagery.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 June 2022 |title=Jurassic World marketing campaigns filmed in Southend |page=1 |work=Echo Essex |url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/20233533.jurassic-world-marketing-campaigns-filmed-southend/ |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> |
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====Venues==== |
====Venues==== |
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[[File:Southend Christian Fellowship, 600 Southchurch Road, Southend-on-Sea (May 2024) (4).jpg|thumb|The Plaza Centre]] |
[[File:Southend Christian Fellowship, 600 Southchurch Road, Southend-on-Sea (May 2024) (4).jpg|thumb|The Plaza Centre]] |
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Southend's primary music venues are Chinnerys, formerly Ivy House, and the [[Cliffs Pavilion]]. Chinnerys is a 400 |
Southend's primary music venues are Chinnerys, formerly Ivy House, and the [[Cliffs Pavilion]]. Chinnerys is a 400-person capacity club which has hosted the likes of the [[Arctic Monkeys]], [[The Charlatans (English band)|The Charlatans]] and [[The Libertines]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23795683.southend-chinnerys-see-new-indie-music-night-launch/|title=Southend Chinnerys to see new indie music night launch|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=19 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/11579138.keep-southend-uniteds-history-alive/|title=Keep Southend United's history alive|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=5 November 2014}}</ref> The Plaza, a Christian community centre and concert hall based on Southchurch Road that had previously been a cinema,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southend.gov.uk/info/200308/culture_in_southend/94/concert_series|title=Concert Series – Southend Borough Council|access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> regularly hosts concert performances.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southendchristianfellowship.org.uk/about-us/the-plaza-centre/ |title=The Plaza Centre – Southend Christian Fellowship|access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> |
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====Former venues==== |
====Former venues==== |
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The city has previously had some well-known venues: |
The city has previously had some well-known venues: |
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*The Kursaal Ballroom during the 1970s became a renowned music venue, hosting acts such as [[Black Sabbath]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Thin Lizzy]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]] and [[AC/DC]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/11884694.From_the_Echo_archive__12_pictures_of_Southend_s_Kursaal_in_it_s_heyday/|title=From the Echo archive: 12 pictures of Southend's Kursaal in {{sic|it|'s|nolink=y|expected=its}} heyday|website=Echo|date=30 March 2015 |language=en|access-date=2017-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southendpunk.com/html/kursaalb.html|title=Southend Punk Rock History - Places - The Kursaal|website=www.southendpunk.com|access-date=2017-05-12}}</ref> |
*The Kursaal Ballroom during the 1970s became a renowned music venue, hosting acts such as [[Black Sabbath]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Thin Lizzy]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]] and [[AC/DC]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/11884694.From_the_Echo_archive__12_pictures_of_Southend_s_Kursaal_in_it_s_heyday/|title=From the Echo archive: 12 pictures of Southend's Kursaal in {{sic|it|'s|nolink=y|expected=its}} heyday|website=Echo|date=30 March 2015 |language=en|access-date=2017-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southendpunk.com/html/kursaalb.html|title=Southend Punk Rock History - Places - The Kursaal|website=www.southendpunk.com|access-date=2017-05-12}}</ref> |
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⚫ | *Talk of the Town South in Lucy Road, opened in 1972 as a cabaret club and discotheque,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkUEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22talk+of+the+south%22+southend&pg=PT73|title=Seeker Fever|magazine=Billboard|date=27 January 1973|page=74|via=Google Books}}</ref> with [[The Stage]] reporting at the time |
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⚫ | {{blockquote|''It was felt for a long time that Southend had paid too much attention to the younger generation and not nearly enough to the over-thirties and so it was, with this fact in mind, that the designers worked their overtime in an attempt to create decor suitable to marry different generations of people together quite compatibly. In the four months that Talk of the South has been operational, its results have proved so tremendously successful that managing director Manzi now feels sure that the cabaret that has been previously missing from the area has not only been required, but indeed needed, for some considerable time.''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/19761535.wasnt-lonely-flocking-tots-southend/|title=When it wasn't only the lonely flocking to TOTS in Southend|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=5 December 2021}}</ref>}} |
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⚫ | *Talk of the Town South in Lucy Road, opened in 1972 as a cabaret club and discotheque,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google. |
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⚫ | {{blockquote|''It was felt for a long time that Southend had paid too much attention to the younger generation and not nearly enough to the over-thirties and so it was, with this fact in mind, that the designers worked their overtime in an attempt to create decor suitable to marry different generations of people together quite compatibly. In the four months that Talk of the South has been operational, its results have proved so tremendously successful that managing director Manzi now feels sure that the cabaret that has been previously missing from the area has not only been required, but indeed needed, for some considerable time.''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/19761535.wasnt-lonely-flocking-tots-southend/|title=When it |
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The club hosted big names including [[The New Seekers]], [[Frankie Howerd]], [[Buddy Greco]], [[Des O'Connor]] and [[Roy Orbison]]. The club morphed first into TOTS, then into TOTS 2000 in 1993 before becoming Talk nightclub in 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/5478348.southend-major-facelift-for-name-change-tots/|title=Southend: Major facelift for name-change TOTS|newspaper=Daily Gazette|date=20 November 2001}}</ref> The club closed for the last time on New Year's Eve 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/18001270.talk-nightclub-southend-close-40-years-new-years-eve/|title=Talk Nightclub, Southend, to close after 40 years on New Years Eve|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=30 October 2019}}</ref> |
The club hosted big names including [[The New Seekers]], [[Frankie Howerd]], [[Buddy Greco]], [[Des O'Connor]] and [[Roy Orbison]]. The club morphed first into TOTS, then into TOTS 2000 in 1993 before becoming Talk nightclub in 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/5478348.southend-major-facelift-for-name-change-tots/|title=Southend: Major facelift for name-change TOTS|newspaper=Daily Gazette|date=20 November 2001}}</ref> The club closed for the last time on New Year's Eve 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/18001270.talk-nightclub-southend-close-40-years-new-years-eve/|title=Talk Nightclub, Southend, to close after 40 years on New Years Eve|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=30 October 2019}}</ref> |
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[[File:The Esplanade - geograph.org.uk - 2957405.jpg|thumb|The former Esplanade pub, now demolished]] |
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*The Esplanade pub was once a regular music venue. Situated on Western Esplanade, the building was opened in 1900. In the 70s it ran as a Pub Rock venue, called the Grand Canyon Club with the likes of [[Dr. Feelgood (band)|Dr. Feelgood]] performing there, while in 90s it hosted bands such as [[Pearl Jam]], [[Sneaker Pimps]], [[Reef (band)|Reef]] and [[Catatonia (band)|Catatonia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/11488868.the-esplanade-pub-in-southend-to-be-knocked-down-and-replaced-with-a-restaurant/|title=The Esplanade pub in Southend to be knocked down and replaced with a restaurant|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=23 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/14934337.history-when-pearl-jam-sneaker-pimps-and-catatonia-graced-the-esp/|title=HISTORY: When Pearl Jam, Sneaker Pimps and Catatonia graced the 'Esp'|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=29 November 2016}}</ref> |
*The Esplanade pub was once a regular music venue. Situated on Western Esplanade, the building was opened in 1900. In the 70s it ran as a Pub Rock venue, called the Grand Canyon Club with the likes of [[Dr. Feelgood (band)|Dr. Feelgood]] performing there, while in 90s it hosted bands such as [[Pearl Jam]], [[Sneaker Pimps]], [[Reef (band)|Reef]] and [[Catatonia (band)|Catatonia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/11488868.the-esplanade-pub-in-southend-to-be-knocked-down-and-replaced-with-a-restaurant/|title=The Esplanade pub in Southend to be knocked down and replaced with a restaurant|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=23 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/14934337.history-when-pearl-jam-sneaker-pimps-and-catatonia-graced-the-esp/|title=HISTORY: When Pearl Jam, Sneaker Pimps and Catatonia graced the 'Esp'|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=29 November 2016}}</ref> |
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*For twenty years, the Sunrooms in Market Place, Southend hosted a variety of big name DJs including [[Scroobius Pip]] and [[Nina Kraviz]] before closing in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/10656879.sunrooms-in-southend-to-close-down-after-20-years/|title=Sunrooms in Southend to close down after 20 years|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=6 September 2013}}</ref> |
*For twenty years, the Sunrooms in Market Place, Southend hosted a variety of big name DJs including [[Scroobius Pip]] and [[Nina Kraviz]] before closing in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/10656879.sunrooms-in-southend-to-close-down-after-20-years/|title=Sunrooms in Southend to close down after 20 years|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=6 September 2013}}</ref> |
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====Southend scene==== |
====Southend scene==== |
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Southend has had a nationally renowned rock music scene since the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3tPAAAAMAAJ&q=southend+music+scene|title=Towns for People. Transforming Urban Life|author=Ken Worpole|date=1992|isbn=9780335099658|page=85|publisher=Open University Press }}</ref> [[The Paramounts]] had chart success in the early 1960s, before morphing into [[Procol Harum]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Procol Harum Beyond the Pale|author=Claes Johansen|date=2000|isbn=9780946719280}}</ref> During the 70s, Southend was a big part for the [[Pub rock (United Kingdom)|Pub rock]] scene,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXyFAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22pub+rock%22+southend&pg=PT1752|title=The Music Sound|author=Nicolae Sfetcu|date=2014}}</ref> with Paul Shuttleworth and [[Will Birch]] running a pub rock venue at The Esplanade, other venues like The Top Alex,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/raising-the-bar-the-chaotic-story-of-pub-rock|title=Raising the bar: the chaotic story of pub rock|magazine=Classic Rock|date=1 June 2020}}</ref> and influential |
Southend has had a nationally renowned rock music scene since the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3tPAAAAMAAJ&q=southend+music+scene|title=Towns for People. Transforming Urban Life|author=Ken Worpole|date=1992|isbn=9780335099658|page=85|publisher=Open University Press }}</ref> [[The Paramounts]] had chart success in the early 1960s, before morphing into [[Procol Harum]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Procol Harum Beyond the Pale|author=Claes Johansen|date=2000|isbn=9780946719280}}</ref> During the 70s, Southend was a big part for the [[Pub rock (United Kingdom)|Pub rock]] scene,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXyFAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22pub+rock%22+southend&pg=PT1752|title=The Music Sound|author=Nicolae Sfetcu|date=2014}}</ref> with Paul Shuttleworth and [[Will Birch]] running a pub rock venue at The Esplanade, other venues like The Top Alex,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/raising-the-bar-the-chaotic-story-of-pub-rock|title=Raising the bar: the chaotic story of pub rock|magazine=Classic Rock|date=1 June 2020}}</ref> and influential |
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acts like [[The Kursaal Flyers]] and [[Mickey Jupp]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https:// |
acts like [[The Kursaal Flyers]] and [[Mickey Jupp]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D54EswEACAAJ|title=Hole in My Pocket: The True Legend of Mickey Jupp: the Rock'n'roll Genius Who Declined to Be a Star|last=Wade|first=Mike|date=2015|isbn=9781506088037}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/jul/29/i-dont-want-my-career-resurrected-the-last-orders-of-pub-rock-pioneer-mickey-jupp|title='I don't want my career resurrected!' The last orders of pub rock pioneer Mickey Jupp|newspaper=The Guardian|date=29 July 2022}}</ref> In 1989, an album ''The Southend Connection'' was released to celebrate the roots of the genre in the town.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKY4AQAAIAAJ&q=%22the+southend+connection%22|title=The Southend Connection|magazine=Option|issue=30–35|date=1990|page=117}}</ref> Later in the decade, Southend had a big punk rock scene producing notable bands The Machines, The Sinyx and [[Kronstadt Uprising (band)|Kronstadt Uprising]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://museumcrush.org/mods-rockers-skinheads-punks-snapshots-of-southends-subcultural-history/|title=Mods, Rockers, Skinheads, Punks: Snapshots of Southend's Subcultural History|website=Museum Crush|date=15 November 2018}}</ref> Media theorist [[Dick Hebdige]] stated that punk originated from ''"a whole range of heterogeneous youth styles: glitter rock, American proto-punk, London pub-rock, Southend R & B bands, Northern soul and reggae"''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkWLCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22punk%22+southend+Dick+Hebdige&pg=PA70|title=The Fornes Frame. Contemporary Latina Playwrights and the Legacy of Maria Irene Fornes|author=Anne García-Romero|date=2016|isbn=9780816531448|page=70|publisher=University of Arizona Press }}</ref> |
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In the early 1990s, rock bands such as Understand and Above All had [[Kerrang!]] compare the Southend music scene to punk rock meccas New York, LA, Seattle and Washington DC.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/apr/05/understand-on-the-90s-punk-scene-that-shunned-them|title='In Southend, not being glassed was an achievement': the might and misfortune of UK rockers Understand|newspaper=The Guardian|date=5 April 2023}}</ref> Between 2001 |
In the early 1990s, rock bands such as Understand and Above All had [[Kerrang!]] compare the Southend music scene to punk rock meccas New York, LA, Seattle and Washington DC.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/apr/05/understand-on-the-90s-punk-scene-that-shunned-them|title='In Southend, not being glassed was an achievement': the might and misfortune of UK rockers Understand|newspaper=The Guardian|date=5 April 2023}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2006, the ''Southend scene'' was centered on the Junk Club, which was held in the basement of the Royal Hotel. It was run by Oliver "Blitz" Abbott & Rhys Webb of The Horrors, and the underground club night played an eclectic mix from Post Punk to Acid House, 1960s Psychedelia to Electro. The club was influential and featured nationally in the [[NME]]; [[Dazed|Dazed & Confused]]; [[i-D]]; [[Rolling Stone]]; [[The Guardian]] and [[British Vogue|Vogue]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/sep/01/popandrock2|title=The beach boys|date=1 September 2006|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Osgerby>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxlQBwAAQBAJ&dq=junk+club+Southend&pg=PA74|title=Subcultures, Popular Music and Social Change|author=William Osgerby|date=2014|isbn=9781443867375|pages=73–75|publisher=Cambridge Scholars }}</ref> Acts associated with the scene included: |
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*[[The Horrors]]<ref name=Osgerby/> |
*[[The Horrors]]<ref name=Osgerby/> |
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*[[These New Puritans]]<ref name=Osgerby/> |
*[[These New Puritans]]<ref name=Osgerby/> |
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====Videos and songs==== |
====Videos and songs==== |
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Southend has been used as the location for several music videos, by artists such as [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], [[Morrissey]] and [[George Michael]].<ref>[http://www.lovesouthend.co.uk/landmarks-attractions/top-10-music-videos-shot-southend.html "Music Videos Shot in Southend"], ''Love Southend''</ref> The city is mentioned in a number of songs including [[Elton John]]'s track ''Bitter Fingers'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Elton-john-bitter-fingers-lyrics|title=Elton John Lyrics - Bitter Fingers|website=Genius|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> ''Picture Book'' by [[The Kinks]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/The-kinks-picture-book-lyrics|title=Picture Book. The Kinks|website=Genius|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> and in [[Billy Bragg|Billy Bragg's]] hymn to Essex, ''A13, Trunk Road to the sea'', a British version of ''[[(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66|Route 66]]'', where the final line of the chorus is "Southend's the end".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Billy Bragg - A13 Trunk Road to the Sea Lyrics |url=https://songmeanings.com/songs/view/3530822107859516425/ |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=SongMeanings |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google. |
Southend has been used as the location for several music videos, by artists such as [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], [[Morrissey]] and [[George Michael]].<ref>[http://www.lovesouthend.co.uk/landmarks-attractions/top-10-music-videos-shot-southend.html "Music Videos Shot in Southend"], ''Love Southend''</ref> The city is mentioned in a number of songs including [[Elton John]]'s track ''Bitter Fingers'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Elton-john-bitter-fingers-lyrics|title=Elton John Lyrics - Bitter Fingers|website=Genius|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> ''Picture Book'' by [[The Kinks]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/The-kinks-picture-book-lyrics|title=Picture Book. The Kinks|website=Genius|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> and in [[Billy Bragg|Billy Bragg's]] hymn to Essex, ''A13, Trunk Road to the sea'', a British version of ''[[(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66|Route 66]]'', where the final line of the chorus is "Southend's the end".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Billy Bragg - A13 Trunk Road to the Sea Lyrics |url=https://songmeanings.com/songs/view/3530822107859516425/ |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=SongMeanings |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qdsfrYAu-x8C&dq=a13+essex+is+the+route+66+music+john+peel&pg=PA121|title=The Peel Sessions. A Story of Teenage Dreams and One Man's Love of New Music|author=Ken Garner|date=2010|isbn=9781409074830|page=121}}</ref> |
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====Artists and bands==== |
====Artists and bands==== |
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*[[The Horrors]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/4533792.the-horrors-are-just-the-latest-in-a-long-line-of-south-essex-hitmakers/|title=The Horrors are just the latest in a long line of south Essex hitmakers|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=8 June 2019}}</ref> |
*[[The Horrors]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/4533792.the-horrors-are-just-the-latest-in-a-long-line-of-south-essex-hitmakers/|title=The Horrors are just the latest in a long line of south Essex hitmakers|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=8 June 2019}}</ref> |
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*[[The Kursaal Flyers]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xiVAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22the+kursaal+flyers%22+southend&pg=PA161|title=101 Songs To Discover From The Seventies|author=James McCarraher|date=2012|isbn=9781447862666|page=161|publisher=Lulu.com }}</ref> |
*[[The Kursaal Flyers]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xiVAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22the+kursaal+flyers%22+southend&pg=PA161|title=101 Songs To Discover From The Seventies|author=James McCarraher|date=2012|isbn=9781447862666|page=161|publisher=Lulu.com }}</ref> |
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*[[Mickey Jupp]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google. |
*[[Mickey Jupp]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOQkBQAAQBAJ&dq=mickey+jupp+southend&pg=PA164|title=Be Stiff. The Stiff Records Story|author=Richard Balls|date=2014|isbn=9780957570061|page=164}}</ref> |
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*[[Nothing But Thieves]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.echonews.co.uk/news/11342998.We___ve_just_been_signed_to_the_same_record_label_as_Pharrell_Williams_and_David_Bowie/ |title=We've just been signed to the same record label as Pharrell Williams and David Bowie |website=echo-news.co.uk |access-date=11 May 2015 |first=Kelly |last=Buckley |date=17 July 2014 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116075622/https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/11342998.weve-just-been-signed-to-the-same-record-label-as-pharrell-williams-and-david-bowie/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |
*[[Nothing But Thieves]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.echonews.co.uk/news/11342998.We___ve_just_been_signed_to_the_same_record_label_as_Pharrell_Williams_and_David_Bowie/ |title=We've just been signed to the same record label as Pharrell Williams and David Bowie |website=echo-news.co.uk |access-date=11 May 2015 |first=Kelly |last=Buckley |date=17 July 2014 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116075622/https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/11342998.weve-just-been-signed-to-the-same-record-label-as-pharrell-williams-and-david-bowie/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*[[The Paramounts]] |
*[[The Paramounts]] |
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*[[These New Puritans]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.papermag.com/these-new-puritans-rip-it-up-and-start-again-1427219025.html|title=These New Puritans Rip It Up and Start Again|last=Kinney|first=Bunny|date=19 February 2014|website=Paper Magazine|access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref> |
*[[These New Puritans]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.papermag.com/these-new-puritans-rip-it-up-and-start-again-1427219025.html|title=These New Puritans Rip It Up and Start Again|last=Kinney|first=Bunny|date=19 February 2014|website=Paper Magazine|access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref> |
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*[[Tonight (band)|Tonight]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/8729954.tonight-finally-release-album-after-32-years/|title=Tonight finally release album after 32 years|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=11 December 2010}}</ref> |
*[[Tonight (band)|Tonight]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/8729954.tonight-finally-release-album-after-32-years/|title=Tonight finally release album after 32 years|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=11 December 2010}}</ref> |
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*[[Wilko Johnson]]<ref name = Times>{{cite news|url = https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/wilko-johnson-raucous-guitarist-with-dr-feelgood-dies-aged-75-3lct3z62j|title = Wilko Johnson obituary|newspaper = [[The Times]]|date = 23 November 2022| |
*[[Wilko Johnson]]<ref name = Times>{{cite news|url = https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/wilko-johnson-raucous-guitarist-with-dr-feelgood-dies-aged-75-3lct3z62j|title = Wilko Johnson obituary|newspaper = [[The Times]]|date = 23 November 2022|access-date = 26 November 2022|url-access = subscription}}</ref> |
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=== Radio === |
=== Radio === |
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There are churches in the borough catering to different Christian denominations, such as [[Our Lady Help of Christians and St Helen's Church, Westcliff-on-Sea|Our Lady Help of Christians and St Helen's Church]] for the Roman Catholic community. There are two synagogues; one for orthodox Jews, in Westcliff, and a reform synagogue in Chalkwell. Three mosques provide for the Muslim population; one run by the Bangladeshi community,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosques.muslimsinbritain.org/maps.php#/mosque/815|title=Google Mosque Map – UK Mosques Directory|website=mosques.muslimsinbritain.org|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> and the others run by the Pakistani community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosques.muslimsinbritain.org/maps.php#/mosque/2255|title=Google Mosque Map – UK Mosques Directory|website=mosques.muslimsinbritain.org|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosques.muslimsinbritain.org/maps.php#/mosque/2256|title=Google Mosque Map – UK Mosques Directory|website=mosques.muslimsinbritain.org|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> |
There are churches in the borough catering to different Christian denominations, such as [[Our Lady Help of Christians and St Helen's Church, Westcliff-on-Sea|Our Lady Help of Christians and St Helen's Church]] for the Roman Catholic community. There are two synagogues; one for orthodox Jews, in Westcliff, and a reform synagogue in Chalkwell. Three mosques provide for the Muslim population; one run by the Bangladeshi community,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosques.muslimsinbritain.org/maps.php#/mosque/815|title=Google Mosque Map – UK Mosques Directory|website=mosques.muslimsinbritain.org|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> and the others run by the Pakistani community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosques.muslimsinbritain.org/maps.php#/mosque/2255|title=Google Mosque Map – UK Mosques Directory|website=mosques.muslimsinbritain.org|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosques.muslimsinbritain.org/maps.php#/mosque/2256|title=Google Mosque Map – UK Mosques Directory|website=mosques.muslimsinbritain.org|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> |
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There are two Hindu Temples, BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baps.org/Global-Network/UK-and-Europe/Southend-on-Sea.aspx|title=BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir|website=BAPS Charities|access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref> and Southend Meenatshe Suntharasar Temple,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/southendmeenatshsuntharasartemple.suntharasar|title=Southend Meenatshe Suntharasar Temple|website=Facebook|access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref> while there is one Buddhist temple, Amita Buddha Centre.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/12877994.mayor-to-open-towns-first-buddhist-temple/|title=Mayor to open town's first Buddhist temple|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=8 April 2015}}</ref> |
There are two Hindu Temples, BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baps.org/Global-Network/UK-and-Europe/Southend-on-Sea.aspx|title=BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir|website=BAPS Charities|access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref> and Southend Meenatshe Suntharasar Temple,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/southendmeenatshsuntharasartemple.suntharasar|title=Southend Meenatshe Suntharasar Temple|website=Facebook|access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref> while there is one Buddhist temple, Amita Buddha Centre.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/12877994.mayor-to-open-towns-first-buddhist-temple/|title=Mayor to open town's first Buddhist temple|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=8 April 2015}}</ref> |
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The [[Salvation Army]] has been based in Southend since 1887.<ref>{{cite periodical|url=https://archive.org/details/christian0000unse_l5t1/page/n117/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22|title=Salvation Army|periodical=The Christian|date=27 January 1888|page=21}}</ref> |
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== Twin town == |
== Twin town == |
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* [[Shenda Amery]], sculpturer<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinartbiog0000unse/page/11/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22|title=Who's who in art : biographies of leading men and women in the world of art in Britain today|date=2016|page=11}}</ref> |
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* [[David Amess]] (1952–2021), British politician and local MP [[Murder of David Amess|who was murdered]] in 2021; Southend was [[City status in the United Kingdom|named a city]] in his honour.<ref>{{cite news |last=Webber |first=Esther |title=UK MP David Amess dies after stabbing attack |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-mp-david-amess-dies-in-stabbing-attack/ |access-date=19 October 2021 |work=Politico |date=15 October 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016183551/https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-mp-david-amess-dies-in-stabbing-attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* [[David Amess]] (1952–2021), British politician and local MP [[Murder of David Amess|who was murdered]] in 2021; Southend was [[City status in the United Kingdom|named a city]] in his honour.<ref>{{cite news |last=Webber |first=Esther |title=UK MP David Amess dies after stabbing attack |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-mp-david-amess-dies-in-stabbing-attack/ |access-date=19 October 2021 |work=Politico |date=15 October 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016183551/https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-mp-david-amess-dies-in-stabbing-attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* [[Jasmine Armfield]], actress<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metro.co.uk/2019/05/28/jasmine-armfield-age-and-career-including-eastenders-role-as-bex-fowler-9713830|title=Jasmine Armfield Age and Career including Eastenders role as Bex Fowler – Metro.co.uk|date=28 May 2019|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
* [[Jasmine Armfield]], actress<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metro.co.uk/2019/05/28/jasmine-armfield-age-and-career-including-eastenders-role-as-bex-fowler-9713830|title=Jasmine Armfield Age and Career including Eastenders role as Bex Fowler – Metro.co.uk|date=28 May 2019|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
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* [[Edwin Arnold|Sir Edwin Arnold]] (1832–1904), poet and journalist, writer of [[The Light of Asia]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=p10-AQAAIAAJ ''The Feast of Belshazzar: A Prize Poem Recited in the Theatre, Oxford, June 23 1852], Francis Macpherson, Oxford</ref><ref name=Burrows9>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/southendonseadis00burriala/page/8/mode/1up?q=London+road|title=Southend-on-Sea and district: historical notes|author=Burrows, John William|date=1909|page=9}}</ref> |
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* [[David Atkinson (politician)|David Atkinson]], politician<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9mC7pEr0R6QC&pg=PA93&dq=%22southend+college+of+technology%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijjtK8lYSHAxVLSkEAHc8pBrEQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=%22southend%20college%20of%20technology%22&f=false|title=The Almanac of British Politics|author=Robert Waller, Byron Criddle|date=1999|isbn=9780415185417|page=93|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> |
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* [[Trevor Bailey]] (1923–2011), cricketer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-13975823|title=Former England cricketer Trevor Bailey's death in fire 'accidental' – bbc.co.uk|work=BBC News|date=30 June 2011|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
* [[Trevor Bailey]] (1923–2011), cricketer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-13975823|title=Former England cricketer Trevor Bailey's death in fire 'accidental' – bbc.co.uk|work=BBC News|date=30 June 2011|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
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* [[John Barber (businessman)|John Barber]] (1919–2004), former Finance Director of Ford of Europe & Managing Director of [[British Leyland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aronline.co.uk/news/obituary-john-barber-2/|title=Obituary – John Barber|publisher=aronline.co.uk|date=13 November 2004|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref> |
* [[John Barber (businessman)|John Barber]] (1919–2004), former Finance Director of Ford of Europe & Managing Director of [[British Leyland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aronline.co.uk/news/obituary-john-barber-2/|title=Obituary – John Barber|publisher=aronline.co.uk|date=13 November 2004|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref> |
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* [[Fred Barnes (performer)|Fred Barnes]] (1885–1938), singer <ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/davidbowiemademe0000bull/page/74/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22|title=David Bowie made me gay : 100 years of LGBT music|author=Bullock, Darryl W.|date=2017|page=74|publisher=Overlook Duckworth}}</ref> |
* [[Fred Barnes (performer)|Fred Barnes]] (1885–1938), singer <ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/davidbowiemademe0000bull/page/74/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22|title=David Bowie made me gay : 100 years of LGBT music|author=Bullock, Darryl W.|date=2017|page=74|publisher=Overlook Duckworth}}</ref> |
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* [[Mathew Baynton]], musician, writer, actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theprotagonistmagazine.com/performances/mathew-baynton|title=MATHEW BAYNTON On Good and Bad Comedy – The Protagonist Magazine|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
* [[Mathew Baynton]], musician, writer, actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theprotagonistmagazine.com/performances/mathew-baynton|title=MATHEW BAYNTON On Good and Bad Comedy – The Protagonist Magazine|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
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* [[James Bellord|Bishop James Bellord]] (1846–1905), Vicar Apostolic of Gibraltar and Titular Bishop of Milevum<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_BZJAQAAMAAJ&dq=bishop+James+Bellord&pg=PA181 "Bishop Bellord", ''The American Ecclesiastical Review'', Vol. 33, (Herman Joseph Heuser, ed.), Catholic University of America Press, 1905, p. 181]{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=Burrows9/> |
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* [[David Bellos]], professor/translator<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2012/02/09/language-expert-bellos-explores-art-and-science-translation|title=Language expert Bellos explores the art and science of translation|website=Princeton University}}</ref> |
* [[David Bellos]], professor/translator<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2012/02/09/language-expert-bellos-explores-art-and-science-translation|title=Language expert Bellos explores the art and science of translation|website=Princeton University}}</ref> |
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*[[Angie Best]], model and ex-wife of [[George Best]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/woman/celeb-news/the-next-best-thing-26452391.html|title=The next Best thing|website=Independent.ie|date=7 June 2008 |access-date=16 December 2018}}</ref> |
*[[Angie Best]], model and ex-wife of [[George Best]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/woman/celeb-news/the-next-best-thing-26452391.html|title=The next Best thing|website=Independent.ie|date=7 June 2008 |access-date=16 December 2018}}</ref> |
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* [[Tim Bowler]], children's author<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achuka.co.uk/archive/interviews/tbsg.php|title=ACHUKA – Children's Books UK – Tim Bowler|website=www.achuka.co.uk}}</ref> |
* [[Tim Bowler]], children's author<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achuka.co.uk/archive/interviews/tbsg.php|title=ACHUKA – Children's Books UK – Tim Bowler|website=www.achuka.co.uk}}</ref> |
||
* [[Kevin Bowyer]], concert [[organist]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sound-scotland.co.uk/profile/kevin-bowyer|title=Kevin Bowyer profile – sound Scotland.co.uk|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
* [[Kevin Bowyer]], concert [[organist]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sound-scotland.co.uk/profile/kevin-bowyer|title=Kevin Bowyer profile – sound Scotland.co.uk|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
||
* [[Rosina Brandram]] (1845–1907), opera singer and actress<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS167965766/TTDA |title=Court News |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publication-place=London |issue=38249 |page=10 |date=6 February 1907 |access-date=2023-12-19 |via=The Times Digital Archive}}</ref><ref name=Burrows9/> |
|||
* [[Gary Brooker]] (1945–2022), lead singer of [[The Paramounts]] and [[Procol Harum]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Johansen|first=Claes|title=Procol Harum: Beyond the Pale|publisher=SAF Publishing|year=2000|isbn=978-0-946-71928-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/procolharumbeyon00joha |page=14}}</ref> |
* [[Gary Brooker]] (1945–2022), lead singer of [[The Paramounts]] and [[Procol Harum]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Johansen|first=Claes|title=Procol Harum: Beyond the Pale|publisher=SAF Publishing|year=2000|isbn=978-0-946-71928-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/procolharumbeyon00joha |page=14}}</ref> |
||
* [[Dave Brown (comedian)|Dave Brown]], comedian and actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wsimag.com/art/5608-behind-the-boosh-photographs-by-dave-brown|title=Behind the boosh photographs by Dave Brown - wsimag.com|date=13 October 2013|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
* [[Dave Brown (comedian)|Dave Brown]], comedian and actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wsimag.com/art/5608-behind-the-boosh-photographs-by-dave-brown|title=Behind the boosh photographs by Dave Brown - wsimag.com|date=13 October 2013|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
||
* [[Robert Williams Buchanan]](1841–1901), Scottish poet, buried in St John's Church, Southend.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati0001lste/page/n261/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22|title=Dictionary of National Biography; Vol. I|date=1885|page=247}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/8902584.new-bust-to-remember-a-son-of-southend/|title=New bust to remember a son of Southend|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=11 March 2011}}</ref> |
|||
* [[Cameron Carter-Vickers]], American international football player<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/23144518.usa-defender-cameron-carter-vickers-first-spotted-leigh/|title=USA defender Cameron Carter-Vickers first spotted in Leigh|date=23 November 2022}}</ref> |
* [[Cameron Carter-Vickers]], American international football player<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/23144518.usa-defender-cameron-carter-vickers-first-spotted-leigh/|title=USA defender Cameron Carter-Vickers first spotted in Leigh|date=23 November 2022}}</ref> |
||
* [[Dean Chalkley]], photographer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetrawler.net/blog/detail/dean-chalkley.html|title=Dean Chalkley – The Trawler|date=28 November 2016|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
* [[Dean Chalkley]], photographer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetrawler.net/blog/detail/dean-chalkley.html|title=Dean Chalkley – The Trawler|date=28 November 2016|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
||
* [[Aidan Chambers]], |
* [[Aidan Chambers]], author<ref name=chambers/> |
||
* [[Jeannie Clark]], former [[professional wrestling]] [[manager (professional wrestling)|manager]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/sports/fighting/article119090563.html|title=P1: Jeanie Clarke/Lady Blossom pens 'Through the Shattered Glass'- Miami Herald|website=[[Miami Herald]] |date=5 December 2016|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
* [[Jeannie Clark]], former [[professional wrestling]] [[manager (professional wrestling)|manager]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/sports/fighting/article119090563.html|title=P1: Jeanie Clarke/Lady Blossom pens 'Through the Shattered Glass'- Miami Herald|website=[[Miami Herald]] |date=5 December 2016|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
||
* [[Brian Cleeve]] (1921–2003), author and broadcaster<ref>Burke, Sir Bernard, ''Burke's Irish family records'', Burke's Peerage, 1976</ref> |
* [[Brian Cleeve]] (1921–2003), author and broadcaster<ref>Burke, Sir Bernard, ''Burke's Irish family records'', Burke's Peerage, 1976</ref> |
||
* [[Dick Clement]], screenwriter<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/homage-to-clement-and-la-frenais-the-writing-duo-who-transformed-british-comedy|title=Homage to Clement and La Frenais the writing duo who transformed British comedy – The Spectator|date=26 September 2019|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
* [[Dick Clement]], screenwriter<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/homage-to-clement-and-la-frenais-the-writing-duo-who-transformed-british-comedy|title=Homage to Clement and La Frenais the writing duo who transformed British comedy – The Spectator|date=26 September 2019|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
||
* [[Dorothy Coke]] (1897–1979), artist<ref name="PDunford">{{cite book|author=Penny Dunford |publisher=Harvester Wheatsheaf|year=1990|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Women Artists in Europe and America since 1850|isbn=0-7108-1144-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000dunf}}</ref> |
* [[Dorothy Coke]] (1897–1979), artist<ref name="PDunford">{{cite book|author=Penny Dunford |publisher=Harvester Wheatsheaf|year=1990|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Women Artists in Europe and America since 1850|isbn=0-7108-1144-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000dunf}}</ref> |
||
* [[EKCO|Eric Kirkham Cole]] ( |
* [[EKCO|Eric Kirkham Cole]] (1901–1966), founder of EKCO<ref name="Cole Eric Kirkham"/> |
||
* [[Peter Cook (architect)|Peter Cook]], architect<ref>{{cite web|title=The Knighthood of Professor Peter Cook |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0706/07062201 |publisher=[[University College London]] |date=22 June 2007 |access-date=2 November 2014 }}</ref> |
* [[Peter Cook (architect)|Peter Cook]], architect<ref>{{cite web|title=The Knighthood of Professor Peter Cook |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0706/07062201 |publisher=[[University College London]] |date=22 June 2007 |access-date=2 November 2014 }}</ref> |
||
* [[Phil Cornwell]], actor and impressionist<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/2731660/Portrait-of-a-driver-Phil-Cornwell.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/2731660/Portrait-of-a-driver-Phil-Cornwell.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Portrait of a Driver Phil Cornwell – The Telegraph|date=20 November 2004|access-date=30 May 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
* [[Phil Cornwell]], actor and impressionist<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/2731660/Portrait-of-a-driver-Phil-Cornwell.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/2731660/Portrait-of-a-driver-Phil-Cornwell.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Portrait of a Driver Phil Cornwell – The Telegraph|date=20 November 2004|access-date=30 May 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
||
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* [[Digby Fairweather]], jazz musician, author, founder of the National Jazz Archive.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/13652955.digby-fairweather-marks-the-20th-anniversary-of-his-band-the-half-dozen/|title=Digby Fairweather marks the 20th anniversary of his band the Half Dozen|newspaper=Daily Gazette|date=27 September 2015}}</ref> |
* [[Digby Fairweather]], jazz musician, author, founder of the National Jazz Archive.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/13652955.digby-fairweather-marks-the-20th-anniversary-of-his-band-the-half-dozen/|title=Digby Fairweather marks the 20th anniversary of his band the Half Dozen|newspaper=Daily Gazette|date=27 September 2015}}</ref> |
||
* [[Mark Foster (swimmer)|Mark Foster]], swimmer<ref>{{cite news|author=Lamont, Tom|title=Local heroes: Mark Foster|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/feb/01/swimming|work=[[The Observer]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]|date=1 February 2009|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> |
* [[Mark Foster (swimmer)|Mark Foster]], swimmer<ref>{{cite news|author=Lamont, Tom|title=Local heroes: Mark Foster|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/feb/01/swimming|work=[[The Observer]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]|date=1 February 2009|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> |
||
* [[John Fowles]] (1926–2005) |
* [[John Fowles]] (1926–2005), author<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fowlesbooks.com/bbc-interview-with-john-fowles-from-october-1977/|title=BBC interview with John Fowles from October 1977|date=4 October 2007|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
||
* [[Becky Frater]], first female helicopter commander in the [[Royal Navy]] and female member of the [[Black Cats (Royal Navy)|Black Cats]] display team<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airshows.co.uk/reports/uk/2010/southend-air-festival/|title=''Southend Air Festival May 2010''|publisher=UK Airshow Review|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> |
* [[Becky Frater]], first female helicopter commander in the [[Royal Navy]] and female member of the [[Black Cats (Royal Navy)|Black Cats]] display team<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airshows.co.uk/reports/uk/2010/southend-air-festival/|title=''Southend Air Festival May 2010''|publisher=UK Airshow Review|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> |
||
* [[John Georgiadis]](1939–2021), violinist and |
* [[John Georgiadis]](1939–2021), violinist, conductor for Bangkok Symphony Orchestra and the [[Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.classical-music.uk/news/article/john-georgiadis-former-lso-leader-dies-aged-81|title=John Georgiadis, former LSO leader, dies aged 81|website=Classical Music}}</ref> |
||
* [[Edward Greenfield]] (1928–2015) chief music writer in ''[[The Guardian]]'' from 1977 to 1993 and biographer of [[Andre Previn]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11716680/Edward-Greenfield-writer-obituary.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11716680/Edward-Greenfield-writer-obituary.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Edward Greenfield Writer Obituary|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=3 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
* [[Edward Greenfield]] (1928–2015) chief music writer in ''[[The Guardian]]'' from 1977 to 1993 and biographer of [[Andre Previn]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11716680/Edward-Greenfield-writer-obituary.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11716680/Edward-Greenfield-writer-obituary.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Edward Greenfield Writer Obituary|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=3 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
||
* [[Benjamin Grosvenor]], pianist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metalculture.com/projects/anthem-2012/|title=Anthem 2012 – Metal culture.co.uk|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
* [[Benjamin Grosvenor]], pianist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metalculture.com/projects/anthem-2012/|title=Anthem 2012 – Metal culture.co.uk|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
||
* [[Daniel Hardcastle]], author<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/08142696/filing-history?page=2|title=NERD CUBED Limited – Companies House|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
* [[Daniel Hardcastle]], author<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/08142696/filing-history?page=2|title=NERD CUBED Limited – Companies House|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
||
* [[Roy Hay (musician)|Roy Hay]], musician<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culture-club.co.uk/content/biog_roy_text.htm|title=Roy Hay – culture club.co.uk|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
* [[Roy Hay (musician)|Roy Hay]], musician with [[Culture Club]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culture-club.co.uk/content/biog_roy_text.htm|title=Roy Hay – culture club.co.uk|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> |
||
* [[Joshua Hayward]], guitarist for The Horrors<ref name=horrors>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theskinny.co.uk/music/interviews/the-horrors-joshua-hayward-interviewed|title=The Horrors' Joshua Hayward on new album V|magazine=The Skinny|date=22 September 2017}}</ref> |
* [[Joshua Hayward]], guitarist for The Horrors<ref name=horrors>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theskinny.co.uk/music/interviews/the-horrors-joshua-hayward-interviewed|title=The Horrors' Joshua Hayward on new album V|magazine=The Skinny|date=22 September 2017}}</ref> |
||
* [[John Hodge (engineer)|John Hodge]] (1929–2021), aerospace engineer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/19340655.heading/|title=NASA pays tribute to Leigh's John Hodge|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=1 June 2021}}</ref> |
* [[John Hodge (engineer)|John Hodge]] (1929–2021), aerospace engineer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/19340655.heading/|title=NASA pays tribute to Leigh's John Hodge|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=1 June 2021}}</ref> |
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* [[John Hutton (Labour MP)|John Hutton]], politician<ref name="Northedge">Richard Northedge [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/migrationtemp/2812614/Hutton-dressed-as-lamb.html "Hutton dressed as lamb?"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 22 July 2007</ref> |
* [[John Hutton (Labour MP)|John Hutton]], politician<ref name="Northedge">Richard Northedge [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/migrationtemp/2812614/Hutton-dressed-as-lamb.html "Hutton dressed as lamb?"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 22 July 2007</ref> |
||
* [[Dominic Iorfa (footballer, born 1995)|Dominic Iorfa]] , football player<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/13643851.southend-born-dominic-iorfa-trains-with-full-england-squad//|title=Southend born Dominic Iorfa trains with full England squad|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=3 September 2015}}</ref> |
* [[Dominic Iorfa (footballer, born 1995)|Dominic Iorfa]] , football player<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/13643851.southend-born-dominic-iorfa-trains-with-full-england-squad//|title=Southend born Dominic Iorfa trains with full England squad|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=3 September 2015}}</ref> |
||
* [[Colin Ireland]] (1954–2012), serial killer<ref name=McKenna>{{cite news |last=McKenna |first=Neil |title=Fleet Street's perverse cocktail of kinky sex and a serial killer|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/fleet-streets-perverse-cocktail-of-kinky-sex-and-a-serial-killer-neil-mckenna-berates-the-reporting-of-a-series-of-homosexual-murders-1492873.html |work=The Independent |date=20 June 1993 | |
* [[Colin Ireland]] (1954–2012), serial killer<ref name=McKenna>{{cite news |last=McKenna |first=Neil |title=Fleet Street's perverse cocktail of kinky sex and a serial killer|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/fleet-streets-perverse-cocktail-of-kinky-sex-and-a-serial-killer-neil-mckenna-berates-the-reporting-of-a-series-of-homosexual-murders-1492873.html |work=The Independent |date=20 June 1993 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> |
||
* [[Wilko Johnson]] ( |
* [[Wilko Johnson]] (1947–2022), singer, guitarist and songwriter; Game of Thrones actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-47230292|title=Wilko Johnson backs campaign to save Southend music venue|website=bbc.co.uk|date=19 February 2019|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> |
||
* [[Daniel Jones (musician)|Daniel Jones]], musician, producer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/pg/danieljonesfans/about/|title=Daniel Jones Fanclub|website=facebook|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> |
* [[Daniel Jones (musician)|Daniel Jones]], musician, producer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/pg/danieljonesfans/about/|title=Daniel Jones Fanclub|website=facebook|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> |
||
* [[R. A. Jones]] (1849–1925), jeweller and town benefactor<ref>{{cite news|title=Bring Southend's R A Jones clock back to life|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/9596248.Bring_Southend_s_RA_Jones_clock_back_to_life/|access-date=14 March 2013|newspaper=Echo|date=17 March 2012}}</ref> |
* [[R. A. Jones]] (1849–1925), jeweller and town benefactor<ref>{{cite news|title=Bring Southend's R A Jones clock back to life|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/9596248.Bring_Southend_s_RA_Jones_clock_back_to_life/|access-date=14 March 2013|newspaper=Echo|date=17 March 2012}}</ref> |
||
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* [[Mickey Jupp]], musician<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/13877055.i-needed-to-chronicle-the-truth-about-a-southend-rock-legend-mickey-jupp/|title=I needed to chronicle the truth about a Southend rock legend Mickey Jupp|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=18 October 2015}}</ref> |
* [[Mickey Jupp]], musician<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/13877055.i-needed-to-chronicle-the-truth-about-a-southend-rock-legend-mickey-jupp/|title=I needed to chronicle the truth about a Southend rock legend Mickey Jupp|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=18 October 2015}}</ref> |
||
* [[Russell Kane]], comedian<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/4834042.comedian-to-tie-the-knot-in-southchurch-hall-ceremony/|title=Comedian to tie the knot in Southchurch Hall ceremony|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=6 January 2010}}</ref> |
* [[Russell Kane]], comedian<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/4834042.comedian-to-tie-the-knot-in-southchurch-hall-ceremony/|title=Comedian to tie the knot in Southchurch Hall ceremony|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=6 January 2010}}</ref> |
||
* [[Laura Keeble]], artist<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/1552116.laura-uses-her-head-to-recreate-hirst-work/|title=Laura uses her head to recreate Hirst work|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=18 July 2007}}</ref> |
|||
* [[Murray David Maitland Keddie]] (1929–2018), owner of Keddies, founder of Essex Radio and former [[High Sheriff of Essex]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chelmsfordweeklynews.co.uk/news/16034463.keddies-founder-david-dies-leaving-iconic-legacy|title=Proud Essex man and Keddies founder dies|website=Chelmsford Weekly News|language=en|access-date=2018-02-28}}</ref> |
* [[Murray David Maitland Keddie]] (1929–2018), owner of Keddies, founder of Essex Radio and former [[High Sheriff of Essex]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chelmsfordweeklynews.co.uk/news/16034463.keddies-founder-david-dies-leaving-iconic-legacy|title=Proud Essex man and Keddies founder dies|website=Chelmsford Weekly News|language=en|access-date=2018-02-28}}</ref> |
||
* [[Dominic Littlewood]], TV presenter<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/3581945.dom-littlewood-im-still-a-southend-boy/|title=Dom Littlewood: I'm still a Southend boy|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=8 August 2008}}</ref> |
* [[Dominic Littlewood]], TV presenter<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/3581945.dom-littlewood-im-still-a-southend-boy/|title=Dom Littlewood: I'm still a Southend boy|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=8 August 2008}}</ref> |
||
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* [[Rachel Riley]], ''[[Countdown (game show)|Countdown]]'' co-presenter<ref>{{cite web |title=More Success for Rachel Riley |url=http://thorpehall.site-street.co.uk/page.php?main=16&news=33 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118152018/http://thorpehall.site-street.co.uk/page.php?main=16&news=33 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=[[Thorpe Hall School]]}}</ref> |
* [[Rachel Riley]], ''[[Countdown (game show)|Countdown]]'' co-presenter<ref>{{cite web |title=More Success for Rachel Riley |url=http://thorpehall.site-street.co.uk/page.php?main=16&news=33 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118152018/http://thorpehall.site-street.co.uk/page.php?main=16&news=33 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=[[Thorpe Hall School]]}}</ref> |
||
* [[Simon Schama]], historian / TV presenter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejc.com/112351/simon-schama-interview|title=Simon Schama Interview | The Jewish Chronicle|publisher=Thejc.com|date=12 October 2013|access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> |
* [[Simon Schama]], historian / TV presenter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejc.com/112351/simon-schama-interview|title=Simon Schama Interview | The Jewish Chronicle|publisher=Thejc.com|date=12 October 2013|access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> |
||
* [[Clement Scott]] (1841–1904), theatre critic<ref name=Burrows9/> |
|||
* [[Anne Stallybrass]] (1938–2021), actress<ref name="TimesObit">{{cite web |title=Anne Stallybrass obituary |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/anne-stallybrass-obituary-jbbrwcpd0 |url-status=live |website=[[The Times]] |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210804085441/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/anne-stallybrass-obituary-jbbrwcpd0 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |date=4 August 2021}}</ref> |
* [[Anne Stallybrass]] (1938–2021), actress<ref name="TimesObit">{{cite web |title=Anne Stallybrass obituary |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/anne-stallybrass-obituary-jbbrwcpd0 |url-status=live |website=[[The Times]] |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210804085441/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/anne-stallybrass-obituary-jbbrwcpd0 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |date=4 August 2021}}</ref> |
||
* [[Vivian Stanshall]] (1943–1995), musician<ref name="BBC Radio 4 1994">''Vivian Stanshall: Essex Teenager to Renaissance Man'' (1994), BBC Radio 4</ref> |
* [[Vivian Stanshall]] (1943–1995), musician<ref name="BBC Radio 4 1994">''Vivian Stanshall: Essex Teenager to Renaissance Man'' (1994), BBC Radio 4</ref> |
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* [[Peter John Taylor|Peter Taylor]], footballer and football manager<ref>{{cite book|title=Crystal Palace: A Complete Record 1905–1989|author=Mike Purkiss & Nigel Sands|year=1990|page=89|publisher=Breedon Books |isbn=0-907969-54-2}}</ref> |
* [[Peter John Taylor|Peter Taylor]], footballer and football manager<ref>{{cite book|title=Crystal Palace: A Complete Record 1905–1989|author=Mike Purkiss & Nigel Sands|year=1990|page=89|publisher=Breedon Books |isbn=0-907969-54-2}}</ref> |
||
* [[Theoretical Girl]], singer-songwriter<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/4516243.good-music-not-fame-drives-me/|title=Good music, not fame, drives me|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=29 July 2009}}</ref> |
* [[Theoretical Girl]], singer-songwriter<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/4516243.good-music-not-fame-drives-me/|title=Good music, not fame, drives me|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=29 July 2009}}</ref> |
||
* [[Steve Tilson]], footballer |
* [[Steve Tilson]], footballer and football manager, voted [[Southend United]]'s greatest ever player<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southendunited.co.uk/news/article/170414-tilson-a-southend-great-1493571.aspx|title=#FL125: Tilson a Southend great – southendunited.co.uk|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> |
||
* [[Kara Tointon]], actress<ref name=toin>{{cite web|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/echofeatures/echowoman/8444756.Dad_s_pride_in_his_two_TV_star_daughters |title=Dad's pride in his two TV star daughters |publisher=Echo-news.co.uk |date=11 October 2010}}</ref> |
* [[Kara Tointon]], actress<ref name=toin>{{cite web|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/echofeatures/echowoman/8444756.Dad_s_pride_in_his_two_TV_star_daughters |title=Dad's pride in his two TV star daughters |publisher=Echo-news.co.uk |date=11 October 2010}}</ref> |
||
* [[Hannah Tointon]], actress<ref name=toin/> |
* [[Hannah Tointon]], actress<ref name=toin/> |
||
* [[Robin Trower]], rock-blues guitarist<ref>{{Cite book |title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] |date=1997 |publisher=[[Virgin Books]] |isbn=1-85227-745-9 |editor-first=Colin |editor-last=Larkin |editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer) |edition=Concise |pages=1192/3}}</ref> |
* [[Robin Trower]], rock-blues guitarist<ref>{{Cite book |title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] |date=1997 |publisher=[[Virgin Books]] |isbn=1-85227-745-9 |editor-first=Colin |editor-last=Larkin |editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer) |edition=Concise |pages=1192/3}}</ref> |
||
* [[L. C. Tyler]], author<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/herringinsmoke0000tyle/page/11/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22|title=HERRING IN THE SMOKE|author=L C Tyler|date=2017|publisher=Allison & Busby, Limited |isbn=9780749021863}}</ref> |
* [[L. C. Tyler]], author<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/herringinsmoke0000tyle/page/11/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22|title=HERRING IN THE SMOKE|author=L C Tyler|date=2017|publisher=Allison & Busby, Limited |isbn=9780749021863}}</ref> |
||
* [[Clive Uptton]] (1911–2006), illustrator attended Southend Art College<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsgreatestwa0000brya/page/6/mode/1up?q=%22southend+art+school%22|title=The world's greatest war cartoonists and caricaturists, 1792-1945|author=Bryant, Mark|date=2011|page=172|publisher=Grub Street}}</ref> |
|||
* [[Gary Vandermolen]], footballer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Sports/Interview-The-Englishman-who-won-over-Jerusalem|title=Interview: The Englishman who won over Jerusalem |author=Jeremy Last |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=21 March 2008|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> |
* [[Gary Vandermolen]], footballer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Sports/Interview-The-Englishman-who-won-over-Jerusalem|title=Interview: The Englishman who won over Jerusalem |author=Jeremy Last |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=21 March 2008|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> |
||
* [[Benjamin Waugh]] (1839–1908), campaigner and founder of [[NSPCC]], buried at Sutton Road cemetery<ref name=Burrows9/> |
|||
* [[David Webb (footballer)|David Webb]], football manager<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/19585827.catching-former-southend-united-torquay-manager-david-webb/|title=Catching up with former Southend United and Torquay Manager David Webb|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=16 September 2019}}</ref> |
* [[David Webb (footballer)|David Webb]], football manager<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/19585827.catching-former-southend-united-torquay-manager-david-webb/|title=Catching up with former Southend United and Torquay Manager David Webb|newspaper=Evening Echo|date=16 September 2019}}</ref> |
||
* [[Paul Webb]], musician, bassist for [[Talk Talk]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.classicpopmag.com/2021/02/classic-album-talk-talk-the-colour-of-spring/|title=Classic Album: Talk Talk The Colour of Spring|magazine=Classic Pop|date=25 February 2021}}</ref> |
* [[Paul Webb]], musician, bassist for [[Talk Talk]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.classicpopmag.com/2021/02/classic-album-talk-talk-the-colour-of-spring/|title=Classic Album: Talk Talk The Colour of Spring|magazine=Classic Pop|date=25 February 2021}}</ref> |
Revision as of 16:24, 10 July 2024
Southend-on-Sea | |
---|---|
Motto(s): Per Mare Per Ecclesiam (By Sea, By Church) | |
Shown within Essex | |
Coordinates: 51°33′N 0°43′E / 51.55°N 0.71°E | |
Country | United Kingdom |
Constituent country | England |
Region | East of England |
Ceremonial county | Essex |
Admin HQ | Southend-on-Sea |
Areas of the city | |
Government | |
• Type | Unitary authority |
• Leadership | Leader & Cabinet (Labour) |
• Governing Body | Southend-on-Sea City Council |
• Executive | No overall control |
• MPs | Bayo Alaba (L) David Burton-Sampson (L) |
Area | |
• Total | 16.12 sq mi (41.76 km2) |
Population | |
• Total | Ranked by District 116th 180,915 |
• Density | 11,240/sq mi (4,341/km2) |
Ethnicity (2021) | |
• Ethnic groups | |
Religion (2021) | |
• Religion | List
|
Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (British Summer Time) |
Postcode | |
Post town | southend-on-sea |
Dialling code | 01702 |
Grid reference | TQ883856 |
ONS code | 00KF (ONS) E06000033 (GSS) |
Website | southend |
Southend-on-Sea (/ˌsaʊθɛndɒnˈsiː/ ), commonly referred to as Southend (/saʊˈθɛnd/), is a coastal city and unitary authority area with borough status in south-eastern Essex, England. It lies on the north side of the Thames Estuary, 40 miles (64 km) east of central London. It is bordered to the north by Rochford and to the west by Castle Point. The city is one of the most densely populated places in the country outside of London. It is home to the longest pleasure pier in the world, Southend Pier,[2] while London Southend Airport is located to the north of the city centre.
Southend-on-Sea originally consisted of a few poor fishermen's huts and farm at the southern end of the village of Prittlewell. In the 1790s, the first buildings around what was to become the High Street of Southend were completed. In the 19th century, Southend's status as a seaside resort grew after a visit from the Princess of Wales, Caroline of Brunswick, and the construction of both the pier and railway, allowing easier access from London. From the 1960s onwards, the city declined as a holiday destination. After the 1960s, much of the city centre was developed for commerce and retail, and many original structures were lost to redevelopment. As part of its reinvention, Southend became the home of the Access credit card, due to its having one of the UK's first electronic telephone exchanges. An annual seafront airshow, which started in 1986 and featured a flypast by Concorde, used to take place each May until 2012.
On 18 October 2021, it was announced that Southend would be granted city status, in memorial to the Conservative Member of Parliament for Southend West, Sir David Amess, a long-time supporter of city status for the borough, who was murdered on 15 October 2021.[3][4] Southend was granted city status by letters patent dated 26 January 2022. On 1 March 2022, the letters patent were presented to Southend Borough Council by Charles, Prince of Wales.[5][6]
History
Early history
Southend was first recorded in 1309 as Stratende, a small piece of land in the Manor of Milton (now known as Westcliff-on-Sea), within the Parish of Prittlewell.[7][8] Its next recorded mention was in a will from 1408, where the area south of Prittlewell was called Sowthende.[9] In March 1665, the British naval ship, The London, blew up while moored just of South-end on its was to fight in the Second Anglo-Dutch War.[10] The hamlet of South-end, a few fishermen's huts and Thames Farm farmhouse stayed this way until the mid 18th century, when in 1758 a large house was built, which by 1764 had become the Ship Inn.[8] The area was further developed by the building of oystermen cottages called Pleasant Row in 1767, and a year later the settlement was recorded in the parishes records for taxation purposes for the first time. The records also recorded a salt works and a lime kiln.[8] A visitor to the settlement in 1780 said "not anything in the worth place notice", but a year later the first bathing machine was brought to the hamlet.[8] By 1785, the Chelmsford Chronicle were reporting that plans were being contemplated to build a hotel with the plan to make South-end,
equal, if not rival any of the watering places to which the genteelest company usually resort; there being nothing wanted but a place of accommodation, where the agreeable distance from the metropolis, and the excellence of the roads, added to the incomparable fineness of the water, have induced so much polite company down these last two summers[8]
Nothing came of the subscription but the Chronicle reported in 1787, "Southend is likely to become a place of fashionable resort, and that there are a greater number of genteel families there this season than was ever known before".[8] By the end of the decade, the number of bathing machines had increased, the hamlet was recorded as containing the Ship Inn and 25 houses and cottages, and reported visitors such as Lord Cholmondley.[11]
The start and fail of New South-End
In 1790, the local lord of the Manor of both Prittlewell and Milton (now Westcliff-on-Sea) and landowner Daniel Scratton set aside 35-acres of land at the top of the cliffs to the west of South-end called Grove Field and the Grove.[12] The site was split into three leasehold sites with 99 year leases, with the development called New South-End, and the original settlement being renamed Old South-end. A new road was created that cut through the development, which would later become the High Street.[12] The Chelmsford Chronicle wrote at the time,
There seems but little doubt of its becoming a place of fashionable resort, and answering the expectations of the proprietors, being only 42 miles from London and two coaches, and the post passes through it three times a week; water carriage is also convenient, being only eight hours sail, with a fair wind, from London[12]
Scratton leased the parcels of land to building firm Pratt, Watt & Louden and John Sanderson, an architect, both of Lambeth. Another site was leased from Scratton by Pratt, Watt & Louden for a brick works for the development.[12] The first house in Grove Terrace was completed by January 1792 and it was reported that the hotel had been roofed and 60 dwellings had been started on. By the summer two public houses, the Duke of York and the Duke of Clarence had opened.[12] However, by September that year The Times was reporting that the resort was likely to attract the lower and middle classes, not the wealthy clientele that was being aimed at.[12] At this time, Pratt, Watt & Louden transferred the lease to Thomas Holland, a builder and solicitor from Grays Inn, however his finances were not sound and he was soon selling off building materials.[12] By December 1792, the operators of the Duke of York, brewers Sea and Woollet closed the public house, but by September 1793 it was still in their ownership.[12] The Grand Hotel, now known as The Royal Hotel opened on the 1st July 1793, and most of Grove Terrace was available to let.[13] Later that year New South-End was listed for the first time by the parish for the annual rate, and by the summer of 1794 the Terrace, Grove Terrace, the Mews and Library had finally been completed.[12] However, by February 1795, Thomas Holland had been declared bankrupt, and the property he owned was not sold by auction until 1797, with the Heygate family purchasing the buildings. John Sanderson, the other developer was also declared bankrupt, with only Grove House built, and his estate was not sold until 1802, with much of the site still open land.[12][14] In contrast, Old South-end doubled in size during the same period including two public houses, the Ship Inn and the Anchor and Hope Inn, five shops and the Caroline baths.[15] A large house was built by Abraham Vandervord in 1792 in Old South-end which would later become the Minerva public house.[16]
Growth of the town
Due to the bad transportation links between Southend and London, there was not rapid development during the Georgian Era as there was in Brighton. Margate, although further away from London than Southend, offered cheaper boat and stagecoach fares and had more to offer the visitor.[17] Development was piecemeal in the early 19th century, with a Theatre being built in Old South-end by Thomas Trotter in 1804.[16] Southend was however mentioned in Jane Austen's novel Emma of 1815. The resort first received Royal patronage in 1801 when Princess Charlotte of Wales visited to sea bathe on the order of her physician.[18][19] Her mother, Princess Caroline of Brunswick stayed at 7-9 The Terrace during 1803, and in 1805 Lady Hamilton held a ball in the hotel assembly room in honour of Lord Nelson.[13] The visit of Princess Caroline boosted Southend's popularity with tourists.[9][20] Travellers would often arrive by sailing boat or later by Thames steamer, which presented problems as boats could only dock during high tide.[21] The Southend coast consists of mudflats that extend far from the shore, with a high tide depth that seldom exceeds 5.5 metres (18 ft). Large boats were unable to port near to the beach and no boats could approach at low tide.[22] Many potential visitors would travel beyond Southend on to Margate or other resorts with better docking facilities.[23] Due to this, local dignitaries lead by the former Lord Mayor of the City of London Sir William Heygate, campaigned in the early 1820s to gain permission from parliament to build a pier.[23] On the 7 May 1829, the House of Lords passed the Bill and it received Royal Assent on the 14 May.[24][25] By July, Lord Mayor of London, Sir William Thompson laid the foundation stone, and the first section of the pier opened a year later.[24] However, Southend was still a quiet health resort, as the pier did not extend far enough out and visitors had issues disembarking.[26]
In June 1852, after several attempts at building a railway to Southend, Royal Assent was given to build the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway[27] with the line finally opening at Southend in 1856. The line had been planned to terminate opposite the pier, however residents in The Royal Terrace opposed this, and the station was built further back.[27] In 1859, the Grove Field area was leased to Sir Morton Peto, and with a consortium which included Thomas Brassey, the contractors for the railway construction, hired architects Banks & Barry to design Clifftown.[9] The first houses were made available for sale in 1871, with even the smaller properties offering a glimpse of the sea, and eventually the development would include the Clifftown Congregational Church, the Nelson Road shopping parade and Prittlewell Square, Southend's first park.[9] The arrival of the railway did not at first greatly increase visitor numbers, with Southend still being seen as quiet resort and not a noisy fashionable seaside town, with Benjamin Disraeli visiting regularly between 1833 and 1884,[28] Prince Arthur visiting in 1868, while the Empress of France, Eugénie and her son, Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial also came to the town.[26][19] However the growth of Southend saw a Local Board of Health be created in 1866,[29] and the large steam powered Middleton brewery was opened by Henry Luker & Co in 1869 to serve a growing population.[30][31] Southend's development as a resort however seem to stall, until the Bank Holidays Act of 1871 with holidays becoming available to more of the population.[26] The growth in visitor numbers due to the new bill saw the Local Board purchase the pier in 1873, construct Marine Parade in 1878, while the cliffs west of the pier were purchased and transformed into tree lined walkways during 1886.[32] In 1889, the Great Eastern Railway opened its station at Southend Victoria, and a new iron built replacement for the pier opened.[9][33] The town was officially incorporated in 1892, with the Local Board of Health being replaced by a municipal corporation,[29] and a year later added the on-sea to the town's name.[9] During 1892, the famous Southend department store Keddies opened its doors for the first time.[34] Between 1871 and 1901 the towns population grew 100 fold from 2,800 to 29,000.[9] Marine Park & Gardens opened during 1894, which in 1901 was redeveloped into The Kursaal amusement park.[35][36][37] In the same year, the Metropole Hotel opened on Pier Hill, which would later be renamed the Palace Hotel,[38] while the town first received both electric street lighting and trams,[39] and had fitted an electric staircase fitted by Jesse W. Reno on the site of where the current Cliff lift is.[40][41] A foundation stone was laid by Lord Avebury in 1901 for the new Day Technical School, School of Art and Evening Class Institute with the completed building being opened by the Countess of Warwick a year later.[42][43][44][45] The site had previously been planned to be home to a new joint town hall, library and school but spiraling costs had seen the town hall and library being dropped.[46] In 1903, it was reported that around 1 million people had paid admission to use the pier, while 250,000 passengers had alighted from pleasure steamboats.[33] Further facilities were built for the growing visitor numbers, including extending the esplanade to Chalkwell in 1903,[32] and in 1909 adding the "wedding cake" bandstand at the top of the cliffs, opposite Prittlewell Square, which was one of six bandstands that stood in Southend.[47]
In 1909, an indoor roller-skating rink was opened in Warrior Square.[42] The new facilities were not only serving the growing visitor numbers, but also the residents, with the inhabitants having grown by 1911 to 62,723, the fastest growing population in England,[48] and was being regarded an Eastern suburb of London.[49] During 1913, the Day Technical School split, with the girls moving to the new Southend High School for Girls at Boston Avenue, while the day technical school was renamed Southend High School for Boys.[50][51] In 1914, the town gained county borough status, and the corporation formed the first police force.[52]
Southend during World War I
Shortly after the declaration of war, the British government began the internment of German citizens and several thousand were held on three ships, the Royal Edward, Saxonia and the Ivernia which were moored off the pier until May 1915.[53][54] The War Office selected a piece of land north of the town in 1914 for a new aerodrome, with Squadron no. 37 of the Royal Flying Corps moving in a year later.[55] Many soldiers passed through Southend en route to the Western Front. The pier was frequently used to reach troop ships, with the Admiralty stationing a war signal station at the pierhead, and Southchurch Park was taken over as an army training ground.[56][57] During the war, the public could still walk the length of the pier.[57] As the war drew on, Southend also became an evacuation point for casualties and several hotels were converted to hospitals, including the Metropole into the Queen Mary Naval Hospital.[58] Arthur Maitland Keddie, from the Keddies department store organised day trips for wounded soldiers from the Queen Mary Naval Hospital to Thundersley and Runwell.[59] The town was first bombed by German Zeppelins on 10 May 1915 with the death of one women, while a second attack happened on the 26 May again with one death.[60][61] Another bombing raid by Gothas took place in 1917 with a further 33 deaths.[62] When peace was confirmed in 1919, official celebrations were organised by the town. A large Naval review off the Southend shore took place, with a twenty-one gun salute being fired on Peace Day on the 23 July. The town organised a carnival, fetes and a firework display.[63]
Between the wars
After the war Southend continued to grow in both residents and visitors, with many moving out of London to live in better conditions.[64] Its population in 1921 was recorded as 106,050, but as the census was postponed to the summer months due to a planned general strike, it was greatly inflated by holidaymakers.[65][66] The Corporation purchased three former German U-boat engines to generate power for the tram network, siting them at Leigh, London Road and Thorpe Bay.[67] The pier head was enlarged in 1929 with the Prince George extension, at a cost of £58,000, to manage the increasing number of visitors arriving by paddle steamer.[68] EKCO opened their large factory at Priory Crescent on the site of a former cabbage patch in 1930.[69] To cope with the increase demand for housing, estates like Earls Hall was built during 1930, with the Manners Way estate joining it just north along with a new road towards in Rochford in 1937.[70] The London Taxi Drivers Charity for Children completed their first taxi drive to Southend in 1931, with 40 Hackney Carriages bringing children to the town, who were given 6d to spend on the seafront.[71] At the 1931 Census the population of Southend was recorded at 110,790,[72] however the town would grow further by absorbing South Shoebury district and parts of Rochford district in 1933. Southend tried their first autumn illuminations during 1935, following on from thr example set in 1913 by Blackpool.[42]
The town's reinvention
Good rail connections and proximity to London mean that much of the economy has been based on tourism and that Southend has been a dormitory town for city workers ever since.[73] Southend Pier is the world's longest pleasure pier at 1.34 mi (2.16 km).[2] It has suffered fires and ship collisions, most recently in October 2005,[74] but the basic pier structure has been repaired each time. As a holiday destination, Southend declined from the 1960s onwards, as holidaying abroad became more affordable.[9] Southend became the home of the Access credit card, as it had one of the UK's first electronic telephone exchanges (it is still home to RBS Card Services – one of the former members of Access), with offices based in the former EKCO factory, Maitland House (Keddies), Victoria Circus and Southchurch Road.[75] Since then, much of the city centre has been developed for commerce and retail, and during the 1960s many original structures were lost to redevelopment – such as the Talza Arcade and Victoria Market (replaced by what is now known as The Victoria Shopping Centre) and Southend Technical College (on the site of the ODEON Cinema).[76] However, about 6.4 million tourists still visit Southend per year, generating estimated revenues of £200 million a year. H.M. Revenue & Customs (HMRC), (formerly H.M. Customs and Excise), were major employers in the city, and the central offices for the collection of VAT were located at Alexander House on Victoria Avenue. Staff were finally relocated to Stratford in December 2022.[77]
An annual seafront airshow, started in 1986 when it featured a flypast by Concorde whilst on a passenger charter flight, used to take place each May and became one of Europe's largest free airshows. The aircraft flew parallel to the seafront, offset over the sea. The RAF Falcons parachute display team and RAF Red Arrows aerobatics team were regular visitors to the show. The last show was held in 2012; an attempt to revive the show for September 2015, as the Southend Airshow and Military Festival, failed.[78] In 2003, during excavations for a road widening scheme at Priory Crescent, an Anglo-Saxon royal burial was found dating from the 6th century, with a display of the finds displayed at Southend Central Museum since 2019.[79][80]
The formation of the city
On 15 October 2021, the Member of Parliament for Southend West, Sir David Amess, was fatally stabbed during a constituency meeting in Leigh-on-Sea. On 18 October 2021, the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, announced that the Queen had agreed to grant Southend-on-Sea with city status as a memorial to Amess, who had long campaigned for this status to be granted.[3] Preparations, led by Amess, for Southend to enter a competition for city status in 2022 as part of the Queen's Platinum Jubilee were underway at the time of his death.[81][82] A "City Week" was held throughout the town between 13 and 20 February 2022,[83] beginning with the inaugural "He Built This City" concert named in honour of Amess.[84][85] The concert was held at the Cliffs Pavilion and included performers such as Digby Fairweather, Lee Mead, and Leanne Jarvis.[86] Other events such as a city ceremony and the Southend LuminoCity Festival of Light were held during the week. Sam Duckworth, who knew Amess personally, performed at some of the events.[85] On 1 March, Southend Borough Council was presented letters patent from the Queen, by Charles, Prince of Wales, officially granting the borough city status.[5] Southend became the second city in the ceremonial county of Essex, after Chelmsford, which was granted city status in 2012.[87]
Geology
The seven kilometres of cliffs from Hadleigh Castle to Southend Pier consist of London Clay overlaid in the Ice age by sand, gravel and river alluvium.[88] The cliffs have been affected by slip planes affected by groundwater, with major slips having occurred in 1956, 1962, 1964 and 1969.[89] In 2001, a small slippage occurred, which was followed by a major slippage in November 2002, which irreparably damaged the cliffs bandstand and restaurant. At a later date, a report came to light from a month before the slip which showed there was already signs of a slippage.[89] A £2.8 million cliffs stabilisation programme was completed in 2013.[90] In May 2023, work started to investigate further slippage at Belton Hills in Leigh-on-Sea, with remedy work said to cost £500,000.[91][92]
Governance
Current administration
Southend is governed by Southend-on-Sea City Council, which is a unitary authority, performing the functions of both a county and district council. There is one civil parish within the city at Leigh-on-Sea, which has a Town Council that was established in 1996.[93] The rest of the city is an unparished area.[94][95] The city is split into seventeen wards, with each ward returning three councillors. The 51 councillors serve four years and one third of the council is elected each year, followed by one year without election.[96] As of the 2024 local elections a coalition lead by Labour run the council.[97]
Administrative history
Southend's first elected council was a local board, which held its first meeting on 29 August 1866.[98] Prior to that the town was administered by the vestry for the wider parish of Prittlewell. The local board district was enlarged in 1877 to cover the whole parish of Prittlewell.[99]
The town was made a municipal borough in 1892. In 1897 the borough was enlarged to also include the neighbouring parish of Southchurch,[100] with further enlargement in 1913 by taking over the area formerly controlled by Leigh-on-Sea Urban District Council. In 1914 the enlarged Southend became a county borough making it independent from Essex County Council and a single-tier of local government.[52] The county borough was enlarged in 1933 by the former area of Shoeburyness Urban District and part of Rochford Rural District.[101]
Southend Civic Centre was designed by borough architect, Patrick Burridge, and officially opened by the Queen Mother on 31 October 1967.[102]
On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, Southend became a district of Essex, with the county council once more providing county-level services to the town. In 1990, Southend was the first local authority to outsource its municipal waste collection to a commercial provider.[103] However, in 1998 it again became the single tier of local government when it became a unitary authority.[104]
Upon receiving city status on 1 March 2022, the council voted to rename itself 'Southend-on-Sea City Council'.[5]
Coat of Arms and Twinning
The Latin motto, 'Per Mare Per Ecclesiam', emblazoned on the municipal coat of arms, translates as 'By [the] Sea, By [the] Church', reflecting Southend's position between the church at Prittlewell and the sea as in the Thames estuary. The city has been twinned with the resort of Sopot in Poland since 1999[105] and has been developing three-way associations with Lake Worth Beach, Florida.
Members of Parliament
Current MPs
Due to boundary changes, the seats in Southend changed at the 2024 election to Southend East and Rochford[106] and Southend West and Leigh.[107]
In the 2024 United Kingdom general election, Bayo Alaba of Labour won 38.8% of the vote to win the seat of Southend East and Rochford, with a 57% turnout.[108] The new MP for Southend West and Leigh is David Burton-Sampson of Labour, who won 35.6% of the vote on a turnover of 63%.[109] This was the first time since the initial seat in parliament was created in 1918, that Labour have been elected, as the city had previously been held by the Conservatives.[110]
Former MPs
From the creation of the first Member of Parliament seat for Southend in 1918, there has been a history of long serving MPs. Rupert Guinness of the Guinness family was Southend's first MP, and only stepped down when he was given a peerage. His wife, Gwendolen Guinness replaced him in 1927, until she retired and her son-in-law Henry Channon replaced her in 1935, serving until his death in 1958.[111] Because of the Guinness connection, the seat became known in the media as "Guinness-on-Sea".[112]
In 1950, the one seat was split into two, Southend East and Southend West due to the growth in the town.
Sir Stephen McAdden served as the MP for Southend East from 1950 until his death in 1979.[113] His replacement Sir Teddy Taylor served Southend East, then its replacement seat Rochford and Southend East from 1980 until he retired in 2005.[114] James Duddridge served as Sir Teddy's replacement from 2005 until stepping down at the 2024 election.[115]
Paul Channon, son of Henry replaced his father as the MP for Southend West from 1959 until he stepped down in 1997.[116] He was replaced by Sir David Amess, who served from 1997 until his murder in 2021. Anna Firth of the Conservatives had replaced Amess at the by-election in January 2022 with 86% of the vote but lost her seat at the 2024 election.[117][118][119][120]
Demography
Population density
Southend is the seventh most densely populated area in the United Kingdom outside of the London Boroughs, with 38.8 people per hectare compared to a national average of 3.77.[121]
Greater Urban Area
The greater urban area of Southend spills outside of the borough boundaries into the neighbouring Castle Point and Rochford districts, including the towns of Hadleigh, Benfleet, Rayleigh and Rochford, as well as the villages of Hockley and Hullbridge. According to the 2011 census, it had a population of 295,310.[122]
Deprivation
Save the Children's research data shows that for 2008–09, Southend had 4,000 children living in poverty, a rate of 12%, the same as Thurrock, but above the 11% child poverty rate of Essex as a whole.[123]
The Department for Communities and Local Government's 2010 Indices of Multiple Deprivation Deprivation Indices data showed that Southend is one of Essex's most deprived areas. Out of 32,482 Lower Super Output Areas in England, area 014D in the Kursaal ward is 99th, area 015B in Milton ward is 108th, area 010A in Victoria ward is 542nd, and area 009D in Southchurch ward is 995th, as well as an additional 5 areas all within the top 10% most deprived areas in England (with the most deprived area having a rank of 1 and the least deprived a rank of 32,482).[124] Victoria and Milton wards have the highest proportion of ethnic minority residents – at the 2011 Census these figures were 24.2% and 26.5% respectively. Southend has the highest percentage of residents receiving housing benefits (19%) and the third highest percentage of residents receiving council tax benefits in Essex.
Employment and unemployment
As of May 2024, The Office of National Statistics have recorded the following employment, unemployment and economic inactivity in Southend-on-Sea.[125]
Area Recorded | Southend - Current (%) | East of England Rate - Current (%) | Southend - Previous Year (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Employment rate (16-64 year olds) | 75.6 (December 2023) | 78.3 | 75.7 |
Unemployment rate (16 years +) | 5.2 (December 2023) | 3.6 | 2.9 |
Claimant Count (16-64 year olds) | 4.5 (March 2024) | Not provided | 4.3 |
Economic inactivity (16-64 year olds) | 21 (December 2023) | 19.4 | 23 |
In the 2021 census, it was reported that 69.1% of the working population work in full-time employment, with 10.9% working more than 48 hours a week.[1]
Population statistics
As of the 2021 census, the population was recorded as 180,686, with 51.3% of the population being female, and 48.7% recorded as male.[1]
The following table shows the breakdown of the population by age:[1]
Age Group | No. | % of the population. |
---|---|---|
Aged 4 years and under | 10,242 | 5.7 |
Aged 5 to 9 years | 10,899 | 6.0 |
Aged 10 to 15 years | 13,135 | 7.3 |
Aged 16 to 19 years | 7,201 | 4.0 |
Aged 20 to 24 years | 9,356 | 5.2 |
Aged 25 to 34 years | 23,158 | 12.8 |
Aged 35 to 49 years | 36,681 | 20.3 |
Aged 50 to 64 years | 35,453 | 19.6 |
Aged 65 to 74 years | 18,023 | 10.0 |
Aged 75 to 84 years | 11,560 | 6.4 |
Aged 85 years and over | 11,560 | 2.8 |
In the census it was reported that 87.5% of the population were born in the UK, while for those who were born outside of the country, most were born in Europe, and most had lived in the UK for more than 10 years. The census reported that nearly 33,000 of the population were retired.[1]
A fifth of the working population commutes to London daily. Wages for jobs based in Southend were the second lowest among UK cities in 2015. It also has the fourth-highest proportion of people aged over 65. This creates considerable pressure on the housing market. It is the 11th most expensive place to live in Britain.[126]
Economy
Current industry
Tourism is still a key industry in Southend, with over 7,500 employed people in the sector, which counts as 15.9% of jobs in the city.[127] In 2019, it was reported that 253,900 people had stayed, generating £53.4 million while over 7.3 million day visitors had contributed over £308 million to the economy.[127] Rossi's Ice-cream is a famous Southend institution, having existed since 1932.[128]
Aerospace is another key industry.[129] Southend is one of EasyJet's 10 bases in the UK.[130] In addition to flights, Southend has several aircraft maintenance firms including Inflite MRO Services,[131] and in Ipeco, have a former London Stock Exchange listed international aircraft seat and airframe manufacturer headquartered in the city since 1960.[132][133][134]
Other manufacturing companies based in Southend include MK Electric, who relocated there in 1961 and in 2014 had seen the 100 millionth socket made at the factory,[135] and Olympus UK & Ireland (formerly Keymed), who specialise in medical equipment and have been in Southend since 1969.[136][137][138]
Another major employment area in Southend is Financial Services, with NatWest's credit card operations located in Thanet Grange.[129][139][140] In 2006, travel insurance company InsureandGo relocated its offices from Braintree to Maitland House in Southend-on-Sea. The company brought 120 existing jobs from Braintree and announced the intention to create more in the future.[141] However the business announced the plan to relocate to Bristol in 2016.[142] The company however as of 2021 is still located in Southend.[143] The building is now also home to Ventrica, a customer service outsourcing company.[144][145]
Southend has industrial parks located at Progress Road, Comet and Aviation Way in Eastwood and Stock Road in Sutton. Firms located in Southend include Hi-Tec Sports.[146]
As of 2023, large employers (those employing more than 250 people) made up only 0.4% of companies within the city, while micro employers (9 or less employees) make up 90.8%, which is 1.2% greater than the East of England average.[147]
Former notable industry
-
Former EcoMold factory
-
Former HMRC office at Alexandra House
-
British Air Ferries Carvair at Southend Airport
EKCO was an electronics manufacturer formed by local, Eric Kirkham Cole in 1926.[148] The business started at factory in Leigh-on-Sea, before opening a larger site at Priory Crescent in 1930.[69] The company expanded from radio production into televisions, radar and plastics, and employed over 8,000 people in Southend at its height.[69] In 1960, EKCO merged with Pye to form British Electronic Industries Ltd, but due to several financial issues, the television and radio manufacturing on the site was closed in 1966 with the loss of 800 jobs.[149] British Electronic Industries was purchased by Philips in 1967. The offices and radio factory was sold to the Joint Credit Card Company in 1972, however EKCO Plastics continued to operate from the site.[149] EKCO Plastics had been a separate subsidiary, and had won awards from the Design Council and the Duke of Edinburgh for their products.[150] EKCO Plastics was sold by Philips to Linpac during the 1980s, before becoming Ecomold.[149][151] After the Ecomold factory closed, the whole site was converted into Ekco Park, a 231 home estate.[152] A statue of Eric Cole was placed in his honour on the estate during 2020.[153]
The Joint Credit Card Company was created by Lloyds Bank, Midland Bank and National Westminster Bank, and operated as the Access credit card.[154] It was the second credit card company launched in the UK, becoming available during 1972. The company purchased the former EKCO television and radio factory on Priory Crescent from owners Philips to operate from.[149] The company would expand by opening further offices across the city. In 1989, the company was renamed as Signet Ltd in 1989, along with a change to allow member banks to process their own customers as part of a Competition and Monopolies Commission review into credit cards.[155] In the same year, processing was transferred to a new site in Basildon,[156][157] while offices across Southend were transferred to the member banks. This included Esplanade House to NatWest,[158] Chartwell House to Midland Bank/HSBC[159] and Essex House to Lloyds Bank.[160] In 1991, the business was sold to First Data Resources,[161] and the Priory Crescent site was sold to Royal Bank of Scotland. The credit card industry in Southend declined with HSBC closing their operations in 2011,[162] while Lloyds Bank joined them by closing Essex House in 2013.[163] Royal Bank of Scotland/NatWest however stayed, and moved to a new purpose built building at Thanet Grange in 2003.[164]
C. E. Heath moved to Southend during 1966 into the purpose built Heath House on Victoria Avenue. C. E. Heath was one of the largest insurance brokers in the world. The company also operated offices in Sutton Road and had a social club in Wellstead Gardens. In 1996, redundancies saw the number of staff drop from 600 to 300. However six years later, C. E. Heath merged with Lambert Fenchurch Group and announced closure of the Southend office.[165][166] The property remained empty until 2016 when it was converted into flats.[167]
HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) previously employed over 4,000 people in Southend in Alexandra House and Portcullis House, which sat side by side on Victoria Avenue, and Tylers House/Dencora Court, Tylers Avenue.[168] A training centre was located in Carby House, also in Victoria Avenue.[169] In 2008, it was announced that both Tylers House and Portcullis House would be surplus to requirements.[170] Tylers House would close, with the space rented out by HMRC to other government departments.[171] HMRC announced in 2015 that they would be closing its Southend office and transferring the operations to Stratford.[172] Portcullis House closed first in 2008, and in 2019 the site was purchased by Weston Homes to develop into 217 flats.[173][174] Alexandra House has since closed and in late 2023 planning permission was being sought to convert the building into 557 flats by Comer Group.[175]
Flightline was an airline, maintenance and aircraft sales company that operated out of London Southend Airport, which went into administration in 2008.[176][177]
ATC Lasham was an aircraft maintenance company based out of both Southend and Southampton airports. It collapsed in 2015 with the loss of 144 jobs.[178]
British Air Ferries was an airline that from 1967 was headquartered at Southend Airport.[179] The company went into administration, and after several changes of ownership became British World Airlines in 1993, however the business entered administration for a final time in 2001.[180]
Jota Aviation was a specialist air haulage company working in the motorsport industry and based at London Southend Airport since 2009. The company ceased operations in 2022.[181][182][183]
Energy
Southend-on-Sea County Borough Corporation provided the borough with electricity from the early twentieth century up to 1966 from the Southend power station in London Road. Upon nationalisation of the electricity industry in 1948, ownership passed to the British Electricity Authority and later to the Central Electricity Generating Board. Electricity connections to the national grid rendered the 5.75 megawatt (MW) power station redundant. Electricity was generated by diesel engines and by steam obtained from the exhaust gases. The power station closed in 1966 and in its final year of operation it delivered 2,720 MWh of electricity to the borough.[184]
In 1853, a new company, Southend Gas Company, was set up to build a coal gas works to supply Southend.[185] The works opened on Eastern Esplanade in 1855, and helped with the development of the then fledgling town.[186][187] The company was purchased by Southend Corporation after the First World War,[188] with its own landing pier locally known as Southend Pier Junior.[187] The company was nationalised in 1949 and was transferred to the North Thames Gas Board,[189] who in 1960 added the brutalist Esplanade House to the site as offices. The site stopped producing coal gas in 1968, and the works was demolished.[186] Esplanade House, was taken over by Access credit card operations in the 1980s, but by the 1990s they had moved out and the gas works site remained empty until it was demolished to make way for a Premier Inn in 2014.[190][191]
Shopping
Southend High Street runs from the top of Pier Hill in the South, to Victoria Circus in the north. It currently has two shopping centres. The Victoria (built during the 1960s and a replacement for the old Talza Arcade, Victoria Arcade and Broadway Market) is located at the north end of the High Street.[192] The Royals Shopping Centre is located at the south end of the High Street, was designed by the Building Design Partnership, with construction starting in 1985.[193][194] The centre was officially opened in March 1988 by singer-actor Jason Donovan. The centre replaced the south end of High Street and Grove Road, and saw the demolition of the Ritz Cinema and Grand Pier Hotel.[195] Prior to the opening, Morrissey filmed the video for his top ten charting track Everyday Is Like Sunday in the centre.[196] Southend High Street mainly consists of chain stores, with Boots located in the Royals, while Next anchor the Victoria.[197] However, since the covid pandemic the amount of empty shops in the city centre has increased greatly, with the High Street being called a ghost town.[198][199][200]
A business that started in Southend during 1937 and is still active in 2024 is Dixons Retail, now renamed Currys plc.[201]
The city of Southend has shopping in other areas. The Broadway in Leigh-on-Sea is known for its independent boutiques and coffee shops.[202] Leigh Road in Leigh-on-Sea, Southchurch Road and London Road are where many of Southend's independent businesses now reside.[203] Hamlet Court Road, Westcliff-on-Sea was once known as the Bond Street of Essex,[204] and is full of historical buildings, having being made into a conservation area in 2021.[205] The road hosts the In Harmony festival each year.[206]
There are regular vintage fairs and markets in Southend, held at a variety of locations including the Leigh Community Centre and Garon Park.[207] A record fair is frequently held at West Leigh Schools in Leigh on Sea.[208]
York Road Market
Demolition of the historic Victorian covered York Road market began on 23 April 2010,[209] with the site becoming a car park. A temporary market had been held there every Friday until 2012 after the closure of the former Southend market at the rear of the Odeon.[210] As of 2013, a market started to be held in the High Street every Thursday with over 30 stalls, with a further Saturday market being started in 2023.[211][212]
Former retail businesses
Southend was not always full of chain stores, with many historical independent stores closing during the 70s, 80s and 90s.
- Keddies was a nationally recognised department store opened in 1892. The store, located in the High Street, went into administration in 1996.
- J F Dixons opened as a drapers in 1913 on the corner of London Road and what is now the High Street. Expansion before World War II saw it become a department store. The business closed in 1973.
- Brightwells was a department store that opened in 19th century. The store closed in the 1970s.
- Havens was a department store that opened in 1901, in Hamlet Court Road, Westcliff-on-Sea.[204][213] In May 2017, Havens announced that they would be closing their store to concentrate as an online retailer.[214]
- Garons opened as a grocers at 64 High Street in 1885.[215] The grocers in 1910 opened a cinema and cafe, which had a ballroom added in 1920.[216] The company further expanded the grocery side of the business, opening a large bakery in Sutton Road, and by 1946 branches were operating as grocers, butchers and greengrocers across the town.[217][218] The company also grew their catering facilities with the construction of Center House at 66-68 High Street.[219] In 1962, the 45 grocery stores across Essex and the bakery was sold to Moores Stores.[220] The cinema was closed a year later, and the remaining business, including the new Garons 1 Banqueting suite at Victoria Circus was sold to G and W Walker in 1972.[221][222] Garon Park was built on land donated by the family.
- R. A. Jones was a jewellers that was opened by Robert Arthur Jones in 1890. Jones would go on and become a benefactor for the town. The store closed in 1979.[223]
- Owen Wallis purchased an existing ironmongers store located in the High Street in around 1882.[224] The store expanded into selling toys, before closing in the 1980s.[225][226][227]
- Bermans was a sports and toy retailer who operated from Southchurch Road. The store closed in the 1980s.[228][226]
- J Patience was a photographic retailers located in Queens Road.[229][230]
- Schofield and Martin was a grocery firm with stores across Southend, that was purchased by Waitrose in 1944 with the name being used until the 1960s. The Alexandra Street branch was the first Waitrose store in 1951 to be made self-service.[231][232]
- Ravens was the longest surviving independent retail business in Southend. The outfitters operated from 1897 to 2017.[233][234][235][236]
Gross value added
As of 2014, the Office for National Statistics reported that Southend's gross value added to the economy was as follows:[237]
Period | Value £m |
---|---|
1997 | 58 |
1998 | 62 |
1999 | 73 |
2000 | 100 |
2001 | 89 |
2002 | 100 |
2003 | 100 |
2004 | 103 |
2005 | 95 |
2006 | 94 |
2007 | 94 |
2008 | 83 |
2009 | 68 |
2010 | 48 |
2011 | 72 |
2012 | 86 |
Transport
Airport
London Southend Airport was developed from the military airfield at Rochford; it was opened as a civil airport in 1935. The airport was the UK's third-busiest airport during the 1960s, behind Heathrow and Manchester, before passenger numbers dropped off in the 1970s.[238] In 2008, Stobart Group for £21 million, becoming part of the Stobart Air division of the Stobart Group,[239] who completed a rebuilding of the airport during 2010.[240] It now offers scheduled flights to destinations across Europe, corporate and recreational flights, aircraft maintenance and training for pilots and engineers. It is served by Southend Airport railway station, on the Shenfield–Southend line, part of the Great Eastern Main Line.
Buses
Local bus services are provided by two main companies. Arriva Southend was formerly the council-owned Southend Corporation Transport and First Essex Buses was formerly Eastern National/Thamesway. Smaller providers include Stephensons of Essex.
Southend has a bus station on Chichester Road, which was developed from a temporary facility added in the 1970s; the previous bus station was located on London Road and was run by Eastern National, but it was demolished in the 1980s to make way for a Sainsbury's supermarket.[241] Arriva Southend is the only bus company based in Southend, with their depot located in Short Street; it was previously sited on the corner of London Road and Queensway and also a small facility in Tickfield Road.[242] First Essex's buses in the Southend area are based out of the depot in Hadleigh but, prior to the 1980s, Eastern National had depots on London Road (at the bus station) and Fairfax Drive.[243]
Railway
-
A c2c train at Southend Central station
-
Southend Victoria station
-
Southend Cliff Railway
Southend is served by two lines on the National Rail network:
- Running from Southend Victoria north out of the city is the Shenfield–Southend line, a branch of the Great Eastern Main Line, operated by Abellio Greater Anglia. Services operate to London Liverpool Street, via Shenfield.
- Running from Shoeburyness, in the east of the borough, is the London, Tilbury and Southend line operated by c2c. It runs west through Thorpe Bay, Southend East, Southend Central to London Fenchurch Street, either via Benfleet and Basildon or Tilbury Town and Barking. Additionally, one service from Southend Central each weekday evening terminates at Liverpool Street.
From 1910 to 1939, the London Underground's District line's eastbound service ran as far as Southend and Shoeburyness.[244]
Besides its main line railway connections, Southend is also the home of two smaller railways. The Southend Pier Railway provides transport along the length of Southend Pier, whilst the nearby Southend Cliff Railway provides a connection from the promenade to the cliff top above.[245]
Roads
Two A-roads connect Southend with London and the rest of the country: the A127 (Southend Arterial Road), via Basildon and Romford, and the A13, via Thurrock and London Docklands. Both are major routes; however, within the borough, the A13 is now a single carriageway local single-carriageway route, whereas the A127 is an entirely dual-carriageway. Both connect to the M25 and eventually London.
Climate
Southend-on-Sea is one of the driest places in the UK. It has a marine climate with summer highs of around 22 °C (72 °F) and winters highs being around 7.8 °C (46.0 °F).[246] Summer temperatures are generally slightly cooler than those in London. Frosts are occasional. During the 1991–2020 period there was an average of 29.6 days of air frost. Rainfall averaged 527 millimetres (20.7 in). Weather station data is available from Shoeburyness,[246] which is adjacent to Southend in the eastern part of the urban area.
Climate data for Shoeburyness, in eastern part of Southend Urban Area, 2m asl, 1991–2020 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.8 (46.0) |
8.3 (46.9) |
10.6 (51.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.8 (67.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
15.3 (59.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
8.4 (47.1) |
14.6 (58.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) |
2.4 (36.3) |
3.7 (38.7) |
5.4 (41.7) |
8.3 (46.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
13.6 (56.5) |
13.8 (56.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
8.9 (48.0) |
5.5 (41.9) |
3.2 (37.8) |
7.5 (45.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 43.0 (1.69) |
36.1 (1.42) |
32.7 (1.29) |
36.1 (1.42) |
41.6 (1.64) |
44.1 (1.74) |
41.1 (1.62) |
48.6 (1.91) |
43.0 (1.69) |
57.8 (2.28) |
54.0 (2.13) |
48.8 (1.92) |
526.9 (20.75) |
Average rainy days | 9.5 | 8.3 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 101.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 70.5 | 88.9 | 136.8 | 200.4 | 241.2 | 243.3 | 257.0 | 212.2 | 162.4 | 130.0 | 84.7 | 56.9 | 1,884.3 |
Source: Met Office[247] |
Education
-
University of Essex accommodation in Southend
-
Cecil Jones Academy
-
South Essex College Southend Campus
-
Southend Adult Community College
Secondary schools
Southend has a mixture of secondary school offerings. The mainstream secondary schools are mixed-sex comprehensives, including Belfairs Academy; Cecil Jones Academy; Chase High School; Southchurch High School; Shoeburyness High School and The Eastwood Academy.
In 2004, Southend retained the grammar school system and has four such schools: Southend High School for Boys; Southend High School for Girls; Westcliff High School for Boys and Westcliff High School for Girls.
Additionally, there are two single-sex schools assisted by the Roman Catholic Church: St Bernard's High School (girls) and St Thomas More High School (boys). Both, while not grammar schools, contain a grammar stream; entrance is by the same exam as grammar schools.
Further and higher education
The main higher education provider in Southend is the University of Essex which has a campus in Elmer Approach on the site of the former Odeon cinema. It also operates the East 15 Acting School Southend campus at the Clifftown Theatre.[248]
In addition to a number of secondary schools that offer further education, the largest provider is South Essex College in a purpose-built building in the centre of town. Formerly known as South East Essex College, (and previously Southend Municipal College) the college changed name in January 2010 following a merger with Thurrock and Basildon College.[249]
Additionally there is PROCAT, (an arm of South Essex College) that is based at Progress Road, while learners can travel to USP College (formerly SEEVIC College) in Thundersley. The East 15 Acting School, a drama school has its second campus in Southend, while the Southend Adult Community College is in Ambleside Drive. Southend United Futsal & Football Education Scholarship, located at Southend United's stadium Roots Hall, provides education for sports scholarships.
Formation of education in the city
Primary education
The first school in the city opened in Prittlewell in 1727, after the Reverend Case campaigned for one to be setup. Land was provided by the Lord of the Manor Daniel Scratton in North Street for establishment of a school, and by 1739, Scratton had donated a further 21 acres of land. The school was by subscription of 1d a week, with 16 free places provided, and the remainder of the funding provided by a partial subscription of the parish and collections at St Mary's.[250] The Parliamentary commission into charities of 1819-37 described the school as "The premises consists of a house of lath and plaster, situate in the village near the bridge; it comprises a schoolroom of about 30ft. in length and 20ft. in breadth, and several other rooms which are appropriated to the use of the schoolmaster".[250]
After Southend became a separate ecclesiastical district in 1842, the church of St. John's the Baptist founded the subscription National School in 1855 in Lower Southend.[250] By 1876, the Board of Education called for a local board of education be setup and extra places be created. At the time of their report Southend had the following schools providing education for under 12s:
- Prittlewell Church of England - 175 pupils
- British School - 233 pupils
- Miss Felton's Infant School - 7 pupils
- Grovesnor School - 54 pupils
It was reported that the National School had closed and that Southend required a further 220 places. Many parishioners were against a local school board being setup, but Daniel Scratton was for the development, and by 1877 the Prittlewell School Board was formed.[250]
By 1879, a new school was created called the London Road Schools which had places for over 500 pupils, and Prittlewell Church of England school had moved to East Street.[250] However, by 1892, with further expansion of Southend, the Brewery Road School (now called Porters Grange) opened, followed by Leigh Road in 1897, Southchurch Hall in 1904, Bournemouth Park in 1907 and Chalkwell Park in 1909.[250][251] The local board was dissolved by the Education Act of 1902 and replaced by the education committee of the council.[250]
Secondary and further education
The Science and Art Department formation in 1853 had seen the government push for education in art, science, technology, and design in Britain and Ireland.[252] The movement did not arrive in Southend until 1882 when two evening classes were set up at the London Road Schools for Art and Physiology.[250] By 1883 the classes were moved to Clarence Street in a building shared with the council.[250]
The Technical Instruction Act of 1889 and 1891 allowed councils to provide evening classes for technical subjects. The local board set up the Technical Instruction Committee, and soon classes were started at the council offices in Clarence Road. They were extremely popular, and the following year the newly created Southend Corporation purchased further land in Clarence Road to build a Technical Institute.[253] In 1895 the foundation stone was laid, but prior to it opening it was decided to also open a day technical school for about 20 pupils, influenced by the Bryce commission of 1894. The first headmaster was J Hitchcock from Woolwich and was supported by one assistant teacher.[254] A one-day a week Art school was opened, which by 1899 was a fully organised art college.[255]
The Day Technical School soon outgrew the Clarence Road site, and in 1902 a new building opened at Victoria Circus to host them, the Evening Technical Institute and the School of Art.[43][44][45]
Sport
Southend has two football teams. Southend United is a professional outfit which was formed in 1906. They currently compete in the Vanarama National League,[256][257] after dropping out of the Football League at the end of the 2020–21 season, after 101 years of participation.[258] The other, Southend Manor, plays in the Essex Senior League, the 9th tier in the English football pyramid.[259]
There are two rugby union clubs Southend RFC which play in London 1 North and Westcliff R.F.C. who play in London & South East Premier. Southend was formerly home to the Essex Eels rugby league team. Southend was home to the Essex Pirates basketball team that played in the British Basketball League between 2009 and 2011.
Essex County Cricket Club previously played in Southend one week a season until the club withdrew in 2011 after 105 years.[260] The Southend Cricket Festival was held at Chalkwell Park and Southchurch Park, before moving to Garons Park next to the Southend Leisure & Tennis Centre.[261] The only other cricket is local.
The Old Southendians Hockey Club is based at Warner's Bridge in Southend.
The eight-lane, floodlit, synthetic athletics track at Southend Leisure and Tennis Centre is home to Southend-on-Sea Athletic Club. The facilities cover all track and field events.[262] The centre has a 25m swimming pool and a world championship level diving pool with 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10m boards, plus springboards with the only 1.3m in the UK.[263]
Southend has hosted a half marathon since 1996.[264]
Entertainment and culture
Southend Pleasure Pier
Southend-on-Sea is home to the world's longest pleasure pier, originally built in 1830 from wood before being replaced in iron. The pier stretches some 1.34 miles (2.16 km) from shore into the Thames Estuary and is a Grade II listed building.[265][266] Sir John Betjeman, English poet and broadcaster, once said that "the Pier is Southend, Southend is the Pier".[23]
Kursaal
The Kursaal was one of the earliest theme parks, built at the start of the 20th century. It closed in the 1970s and much of the land was developed as housing. The entrance hall, a listed building, was redeveloped to house a bowling alley operated by Megabowl and casino in 1998. However the bowling alley closed in 2019 and the casino closed in 2020. The building currently stands unused, and in May 2024, The Victorian Society listed the Kursaal amongst their 10 at risk sites that need rescuing.[267]
Southend Carnival
Southend Carnival has been an annual event since 1906,[268] where it was part of the annual regatta, and was set up to raise funds for the Southend Victoria Cottage Hospital. In 1926, a carnival association was formed, and by 1930, they were raising funds for the building of the new General Hospital with a range of events, including a fete in Chalkwell Park.[269][270] The parades, which included a daylight and torchlight parades were cut down to just a torchlight parade during the 1990s. The carnival has not run since 2020, although attempts have been made to restart the parade,[271] however the accompanying fair returned in 2023.[272]
Cliff Lift
A short funicular railway, constructed in 1912, links the seafront to the High Street level of the town. The lift re-opened to the public in 2010, following a period of refurbishment.[273]
Other seafront attractions
An amusement park Adventure Island, formerly known as Peter Pan's Playground, straddles the pier entrance.[274] The seafront houses the "Sea-Life Adventure" aquarium.[275]
The cliff gardens, which included Never Never Land[276] and a Victorian bandstand were an attraction until slippage in 2003 made parts of the cliffs unstable.[277][278] The bandstand has been removed and re-erected in Priory Park.[47] As of May 2024, Southend has four Keep Britain Tidy Blue Flag awarded beaches at East Beach, Shoebury Common, Three Shells and Westcliff Bay.[279]
A modern vertical lift links the base of the High Street with the seafront and the new pier entrance.[280] The older Southend Cliff Railway, a short funicular, is a few hundred metres away.[281]
Festival events
The Southend-on-Sea Film Festival is an annual event that began in 2009 and is run by the White Bus film and theatrical company based at The Old Waterworks Arts Center located inside a Victorian era Old Water Works plant. Ray Winstone attended the opening night gala in both 2010 and 2011, and has become the Festival Patron.[282] Southend is also home to Horror-on-Sea festival, again run by the White Bus Company, which was founded in 2013. The festival for independent horror films takes place over two weekends in January.[283]
Since 2021, the city has hosted a Halloween parade in October, while the Leigh Art Trail runs during July. Two events that started in 2022 was Southend City Jam, a street art festival, and LuminoCity, a light festival,[284] however LuminoCity was announced to be cancelled for 2024 due to budget cuts at Southend City Council.[285] The Old Leigh Regatta takes place every September,[286] while Leigh Folk Festival has run since 1992, though will be taking a break in 2024.[287] The Southend Jazz Festival has been run since 2020.[288]
Between 2008 and 2019, Chalkwell Park became home to the Village Green Art & Music Festival for a weekend every July,[289] but has not run since 2019 due to covid.
The London to Southend Classic Car Run takes place each summer. It is run by the South Eastern Vintage and Classic Vehicle Club.[290]
The Southend Shakedown, organised by Ace Cafe, is an annual event featuring motorbikes and scooters. There are other scooter runs throughout the year, including the Great London Rideout, which arrives at Southend seafront each year.[291]
Parks
Southend is home to many recreation grounds. Its first formal park to open was Prittlewell Square in the 19th century.[292] Since then Priory Park,[293] Victory Sports Grounds[294] and Jones Corner Recreation Ground were donated by the town benefactor R A Jones.[295] Other formal parks that have opened since are Chalkwell Park[296] and Southchurch Hall[297] along with Southchurch Park, Garon Park and Gunners Park.
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Southend Cliff Gardens
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Priory Park
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Prittlewell Square
Conservation areas and architecture
Southend has various Conservation areas across the city, with the first being designated in 1968.[298] Nationally Historic England have 124 recorded listed buildings within the city.[299]
The Royal Terrace (originally called the Terrace), built between 1791 and 1793, is one of the few examples of 18th century urban housing in Essex, and was called "Exceptional" in the 2007 architectural guide The Buildings of England.[300] The Terrace has been Grade II listed since 1951.[301]
St Mary's Church, Prittlewell is a Grade I listed church that has existed since Saxon times and is the oldest building in the city. Professor Stephen Rippon of the University of Exeter noted in a study "stone buildings in this period were extremely rare, suggesting Prittlewell was a "minister" church of some importance", and the church was mentioned in the Domesday book.[302][303]
Southend-on-Sea War Memorial is a Grade II* listed obelisk situated in Clifftown, Southend. The structure was completed in 1921 to designs by Sir Edwin Lutyens.[304] Architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner praised the "remarkably subtly proportioned" base and pedestal of the memorial.[305]
The White Hall is a Grade II listed former tennis club house in Clatterfield Gardens in the suburb of Westcliff-on-Sea. The building, along with its neighbouring house were designed by the Head of the School of Architecture at Southend Municipal College, Douglas Niel Martin-Kaye for the Thurston family. The building from 1934, is designed in the International Style and was to be part of a modernist development that failed to materialise beyond the two buildings. The building is now home to the Sunshine Nursery.[306][307][308][309][310]
Art, galleries, museums and libraries
Focal Point Gallery, based in The Forum, is South Essex's gallery for contemporary visual art, promoting and commissioning major solo exhibitions, group and thematic shows, a programme of events including performances, film screenings and talks, as well as offsite projects and temporary public artworks. The organisation is funded by Southend-on-Sea City Council and Arts Council England.[284]
Southend Museums Service, part of Southend on Sea City Council, operates two historic houses, an art gallery and a museum in the city. These include: Beecroft Art Gallery, Southchurch Hall, Prittlewell Priory and Southend Central Museum and Planetarium.[311] The museums service looks after around 50,000 objects including collections of archaeology, natural history, social history, fashion and textile, fine art and photography. Southend Central Museum is the home of the world-renowned Prittlewell Princely Burial artefacts.[312][313][314][315]
Independent museums and archives include the Jazz Centre UK, a jazz cultural centre, that has operated out of the Beecroft Art Gallery since 2016[316][317] and Southend Pier Museum, located on Southend Pier.
The Old Waterworks Arts Center operates on North Road, Westcliff in the former Victorian water works building. It holds art exhibitions, talks and workshops.[318]
Metal, the art organisation set up by Jude Kelly OBE has been based in Chalkwell Hall since 2006.[319] The organisation offers residency space for artists and also organises the Village Green Art & Music Festival.[320] The park is also home to NetPark, which claims to be the world's first digital art park.[284]
Southend has several small libraries located in Leigh, Westcliff, Kent Elms and Southchurch. The central library has moved from its traditional location on Victoria Avenue to The Forum in Elmer Approach, a new facility paid for by Southend Council, South Essex College and The University of Essex. It replaced the former Farringdon Multistorey Car Park. The old Central Library building (built 1974) has become home to the Beecroft Gallery and the Jazz Centre UK.[284] This building had replaced the former Carnegie funded free library, that opened in 1906, and is now home to the Southend Central Museum.[42]
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Southend Central Museum, Victoria Avenue
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Beecroft Art Gallery, Victoria Avenue
Theatres
There are a number of theatres in the city proving a variety of entertainment.
The Edwardian Palace Theatre is a Grade II listed building that opened in 1912. It shows plays by professional troupes and repertory groups, as well as comedy acts. The theatre has two circles and the steepest rake in Britain. The theatre was given to the town by its then owner Gertrude Mouillot in 1942 on condition that local amateur groups could continue to use the theatre.[321] A smaller venue called The Dixon Studio was added in the early 1980s after a fundraising campaign by the Palace Theatre Trust led by John F Dixon.[322]
The Cliffs Pavilion is the largest purpose built arts venue in Essex.[323] Plans for a theatre on the site started in 1935 when the borough council purchased the site to build a 500-seat theatre and concert venue, with work starting four years later on construction but was suspended by the outbreak of World War II.[324][325] After the war, the site was known as Southend's white elephant until 1963, when work was started on building that could host shows, concerts and private functions. The building was opened by the actor, writer and director Sir Bernard Miles in July 1964, with the first show opening the next day starring Norman Vaughan and his troupe of dancers, the Swinging Lovelies.[324] In 1991–92, the council extended the site, with a new Foyer Bar added and a balcony added to the auditorium, increasing the capacity to 1,600.[326][325] The venue hosts a variety of concerts, shows and performances on ice, as well as pantomimes at Christmas. Artists that have performed at the Cliffs include Paul McCartney[327] and Oasis, whose live DVD Live by the Sea was recorded at the Cliffs.[328]
The Clifftown Theatre is located in the former Clifftown United Reformed Church and as well as regular performances is part of the East 15 Acting School campus.[329]
Southend once hosted many more theatres. The New Empire Theatre closed in 2009. Unlike the Cliffs Pavilion or the Palace Theatre, the theatre was privately run, and hosted more amateur groups. The theatre was converted from the old ABC Cinema, which had previously been the Empire Theatre built in 1896.[330] The theatre closed after a dispute between the trust that ran the theatre and its owners. The building was badly damaged by fire on Saturday 1 August 2015[331] and was demolished in 2017.[332] Other former venues included the Floral Hall on Western Esplanade, which hosted G. H. Chirgwin, that burnt down in 1937,[333] while the Sundeck Theatre was at the pier head and hosted acts like Arthur English, until it closed and was converted to the Diamond Horseshoe Showbar before it was destroyed in the fire in 1976.[334][335] The largest lost theatre was the Hippodrome in Southchurch Road, designed by Bertie Crewe, which opened in 1909. The theatre could hold 1,750 on three tiers, but was purchased by Gaumont Theatres and was converted to a cinema in 1933.[336][42]
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The Cliffs Pavilion
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Palace Theatre, Westcliff-on-Sea
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Clifftown Theatre - part of East 15's Southend campus
Cinema
Southend has one cinema – the Odeon Multiplex at Victoria Circus which has eight screens. The borough of Southend had at one time a total of 18 cinema theatres,[337] with the most famous being the Odeon (formerly the Astoria Theatre), which as well as showing films hosted live entertainers including the Beatles and Laurel and Hardy.[338] This building no longer stands having been replaced by the Southend Campus of the University of Essex. There are plans to build a new 10-screen cinema and entertainment facility on the site of the Seaway Car Park.[339][340]
Southend has appeared in films over the years, with the New York New York arcade on Marine Parade being used in the British gangster flick Essex Boys, the premiere of which took place at the Southend Odeon.[341] Southend Airport was used for the filming of the James Bond film Goldfinger.[342] Part of the 1989 black comedy film Killing Dad was set and filmed in Southend.[343]
Southend and the surrounding areas were heavily used and featured in the Viral Marketing[344] for the Universal Pictures 2022 American science fiction action film sequel Jurassic World Dominion, with a number of the featured videos on the DinoTracker website filmed in the Southend area[345] doubling for locations around the world. This is due to the fact that local resident and Jurassic World Franchise marketer Samuel Phillips utilised the area for both videos and imagery.[346]
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The former ABC Cinema
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Former Astoria/Odeon cinema - High Street, Southend
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The current Odeon
Music
Venues
Southend's primary music venues are Chinnerys, formerly Ivy House, and the Cliffs Pavilion. Chinnerys is a 400-person capacity club which has hosted the likes of the Arctic Monkeys, The Charlatans and The Libertines.[347][348] The Plaza, a Christian community centre and concert hall based on Southchurch Road that had previously been a cinema,[349] regularly hosts concert performances.[350]
Former venues
The city has previously had some well-known venues:
- The Kursaal Ballroom during the 1970s became a renowned music venue, hosting acts such as Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Thin Lizzy, Queen and AC/DC.[351][352]
- Talk of the Town South in Lucy Road, opened in 1972 as a cabaret club and discotheque,[353] with The Stage reporting at the time
It was felt for a long time that Southend had paid too much attention to the younger generation and not nearly enough to the over-thirties and so it was, with this fact in mind, that the designers worked their overtime in an attempt to create decor suitable to marry different generations of people together quite compatibly. In the four months that Talk of the South has been operational, its results have proved so tremendously successful that managing director Manzi now feels sure that the cabaret that has been previously missing from the area has not only been required, but indeed needed, for some considerable time.[354]
The club hosted big names including The New Seekers, Frankie Howerd, Buddy Greco, Des O'Connor and Roy Orbison. The club morphed first into TOTS, then into TOTS 2000 in 1993 before becoming Talk nightclub in 2001.[355] The club closed for the last time on New Year's Eve 2019.[356]
- The Esplanade pub was once a regular music venue. Situated on Western Esplanade, the building was opened in 1900. In the 70s it ran as a Pub Rock venue, called the Grand Canyon Club with the likes of Dr. Feelgood performing there, while in 90s it hosted bands such as Pearl Jam, Sneaker Pimps, Reef and Catatonia.[357][358]
- For twenty years, the Sunrooms in Market Place, Southend hosted a variety of big name DJs including Scroobius Pip and Nina Kraviz before closing in 2013.[359]
Southend scene
Southend has had a nationally renowned rock music scene since the 1960s.[360] The Paramounts had chart success in the early 1960s, before morphing into Procol Harum.[361] During the 70s, Southend was a big part for the Pub rock scene,[362] with Paul Shuttleworth and Will Birch running a pub rock venue at The Esplanade, other venues like The Top Alex,[363] and influential acts like The Kursaal Flyers and Mickey Jupp.[364][365] In 1989, an album The Southend Connection was released to celebrate the roots of the genre in the town.[366] Later in the decade, Southend had a big punk rock scene producing notable bands The Machines, The Sinyx and Kronstadt Uprising.[367] Media theorist Dick Hebdige stated that punk originated from "a whole range of heterogeneous youth styles: glitter rock, American proto-punk, London pub-rock, Southend R & B bands, Northern soul and reggae".[368]
In the early 1990s, rock bands such as Understand and Above All had Kerrang! compare the Southend music scene to punk rock meccas New York, LA, Seattle and Washington DC.[369] Between 2001 and 2006, the Southend scene was centered on the Junk Club, which was held in the basement of the Royal Hotel. It was run by Oliver "Blitz" Abbott & Rhys Webb of The Horrors, and the underground club night played an eclectic mix from Post Punk to Acid House, 1960s Psychedelia to Electro. The club was influential and featured nationally in the NME; Dazed & Confused; i-D; Rolling Stone; The Guardian and Vogue.[370][371] Acts associated with the scene included:
- The Horrors[371]
- These New Puritans[371]
- The Violets[372]
- Ipso Facto[373]
- Neils Children[372]
- No Bra[374]
- Ulterior[374]
Videos and songs
Southend has been used as the location for several music videos, by artists such as Oasis, Morrissey and George Michael.[375] The city is mentioned in a number of songs including Elton John's track Bitter Fingers,[376] Picture Book by The Kinks,[377] and in Billy Bragg's hymn to Essex, A13, Trunk Road to the sea, a British version of Route 66, where the final line of the chorus is "Southend's the end".[378][379]
Artists and bands
Southend has had numerous bands and musicians that have originated from the town, including:
- Busted[380]
- Get Cape. Wear Cape. Fly[381]
- Danielle Dax[382]
- Eddie and the Hot Rods[383]
- Eight Rounds Rapid[384]
- The Horrors[385]
- The Kursaal Flyers[386]
- Mickey Jupp[387]
- Nothing But Thieves[388]
- The Paramounts
- Procol Harum[389]
- These New Puritans[390]
- Tonight.[391]
- Wilko Johnson[392]
Radio
In 1981, Southend became the home of Essex Radio, which broadcast from studios below Clifftown Road. The station was formed by several local companies, including Keddies, Garons & TOTS nightclub, with David Keddie, owner of the Keddies department store in Southend, becoming its chairman.[393] In 2004, the renamed Essex FM, then Heart Essex moved to studios in Chelmsford. It is now part of Heart East.
The BBC Local Radio station that broadcast to Southend is BBC Essex on 95.3 FM from the South Benfleet transmitter.[394]
On 28 March 2008, Southend got its own radio station for the first time which is also shared with Chelmsford Radio (formerly known as Dream 107.7 FM and Chelmer FM before that), Southend Radio started broadcasting on 105.1FM from purpose-built studios adjacent to the Adventure Island theme park.[395] The station merged with Chelmsford Radio in 2015 and became Radio Essex.
Television
Southend is served by London and East Anglia regional variations of the BBC and ITV. Television signals are received from either Crystal Palace or Sudbury TV transmitters.[396][397] The area can also pick up BBC South East and ITV Meridian from the Bluebell Hill TV transmitter.[398]
Southend has appeared in several television shows and advertisements.[399] It has been used on numerous occasions by the soap EastEnders with its most recent visit in 2022.[400][401] Southend Pier was used by ITV show Minder for its end credits in season 8, 9 and 10,[402] and since 2014 has been home to Jamie & Jimmy's Friday Night Feast. Advertisements have included Abbey National, CGU Pensions, National Lottery, the 2015 Vauxhall Corsa adverts featuring Electric Avenue, a seafront arcade[403] the 2018 Guide Dogs for the Blind campaign[404] and for the promo for David Hasselhoff's Dave programme Hoff the Record.[405]
In fiction
Southend is the seaside vacation place chosen by the John Knightley family in Emma by Jane Austen, published 1816.[406] The family arrived by stage coach, and strongly preferred it to the choice of the Perry family, Cromer, which was 100 miles from London, compared to the easier distance of 40 miles from the London home of the John and Isabella Knightley, as discussed at length with Mr. Woodhouse in the novel in Chapter XII of volume one.
In The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, after being saved from death in the vacuum of space, Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect find themselves in a distorted version of Southend (a consequence of the starship Heart of Gold's Infinite Improbability Drive). Dent briefly feared that both he and Prefect did in fact die, based on a childhood nightmare where his friends went to either Heaven or Hell but he went to Southend.[407]
Dance on My Grave, a book by Aidan Chambers, is set in Southend.[408] Chambers had worked as a teacher in the city's Westcliff High School for Boys for three years.[409]
In the novel Starter for Ten by David Nicholls, the main character Brian Jackson comes from Southend-on-Sea.[410] The book was adapted into a 2006 film directed by Tom Vaughan.
Places of worship
There are churches in the borough catering to different Christian denominations, such as Our Lady Help of Christians and St Helen's Church for the Roman Catholic community. There are two synagogues; one for orthodox Jews, in Westcliff, and a reform synagogue in Chalkwell. Three mosques provide for the Muslim population; one run by the Bangladeshi community,[411] and the others run by the Pakistani community.[412][413] There are two Hindu Temples, BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir[414] and Southend Meenatshe Suntharasar Temple,[415] while there is one Buddhist temple, Amita Buddha Centre.[416]
The Salvation Army has been based in Southend since 1887.[417]
Twin town
Southend-on-Sea is twinned with:
Notable people
- Shenda Amery, sculpturer[419]
- David Amess (1952–2021), British politician and local MP who was murdered in 2021; Southend was named a city in his honour.[420]
- Jasmine Armfield, actress[421]
- Sir Edwin Arnold (1832–1904), poet and journalist, writer of The Light of Asia[422][423]
- David Atkinson, politician[424]
- Trevor Bailey (1923–2011), cricketer[425]
- John Barber (1919–2004), former Finance Director of Ford of Europe & Managing Director of British Leyland.[426]
- Fred Barnes (1885–1938), singer [427]
- Mathew Baynton, musician, writer, actor[428]
- Bishop James Bellord (1846–1905), Vicar Apostolic of Gibraltar and Titular Bishop of Milevum[429][423]
- David Bellos, professor/translator[430]
- Angie Best, model and ex-wife of George Best[431]
- Brinn Bevan, artistic gymnast[432]
- James Booth (1927–2005), actor[433]
- James Bourne, musician, singer Busted[434]
- Tim Bowler, children's author[435]
- Kevin Bowyer, concert organist[436]
- Rosina Brandram (1845–1907), opera singer and actress[437][423]
- Gary Brooker (1945–2022), lead singer of The Paramounts and Procol Harum[438]
- Dave Brown, comedian and actor[439]
- Robert Williams Buchanan(1841–1901), Scottish poet, buried in St John's Church, Southend.[440][441]
- Cameron Carter-Vickers, American international football player[442]
- Dean Chalkley, photographer[443]
- Aidan Chambers, author[409]
- Jeannie Clark, former professional wrestling manager[444]
- Brian Cleeve (1921–2003), author and broadcaster[445]
- Dick Clement, screenwriter[446]
- Dorothy Coke (1897–1979), artist[447]
- Eric Kirkham Cole (1901–1966), founder of EKCO[148]
- Peter Cook, architect[448]
- Phil Cornwell, actor and impressionist[449]
- Tina Cousins, singer[450]
- Gemma Craven, actress[451]
- Rosalie Cunningham, singer-songwriter-multi-instrumentalist[452]
- Matthew Cutler, ballroom dancer[453]
- Danielle Dax, musician, actress and performance artist[454]
- Warwick Deeping (1877–1950), author[455]
- Richard de Southchurch, knight and landowner.[456]
- Andy Ducat (1886–1942), cricketer, footballer.[457]
- Sam Duckworth, musician[458]
- Mike Edmonds, actor[459]
- Warren Ellis, novelist and comic writer[460]
- Nathalie Emmanuel, actress[461]
- Digby Fairweather, jazz musician, author, founder of the National Jazz Archive.[462]
- Mark Foster, swimmer[463]
- John Fowles (1926–2005), author[464]
- Becky Frater, first female helicopter commander in the Royal Navy and female member of the Black Cats display team[465]
- John Georgiadis(1939–2021), violinist, conductor for Bangkok Symphony Orchestra and the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra[466]
- Edward Greenfield (1928–2015) chief music writer in The Guardian from 1977 to 1993 and biographer of Andre Previn[467]
- Benjamin Grosvenor, pianist[468]
- Daniel Hardcastle, author[469]
- Roy Hay, musician with Culture Club[470]
- Joshua Hayward, guitarist for The Horrors[471]
- John Hodge (1929–2021), aerospace engineer[472]
- John Horsley (1920–2014), actor[473]
- John Hutton, politician[474]
- Dominic Iorfa , football player[475]
- Colin Ireland (1954–2012), serial killer[476]
- Wilko Johnson (1947–2022), singer, guitarist and songwriter; Game of Thrones actor[477]
- Daniel Jones, musician, producer[478]
- R. A. Jones (1849–1925), jeweller and town benefactor[479]
- Phill Jupitus, comedian[480]
- Mickey Jupp, musician[481]
- Russell Kane, comedian[482]
- Laura Keeble, artist[483]
- Murray David Maitland Keddie (1929–2018), owner of Keddies, founder of Essex Radio and former High Sheriff of Essex.[484]
- Dominic Littlewood, TV presenter[485]
- David Lloyd, tennis player[486]
- John Lloyd, tennis player[486]
- Robert Lloyd, opera singer[487]
- Ron Martin, Southend United chairman, 1998–present[488]
- Frank Matcham (1854–1920), English theatre designer, retired and died in Southend[489][490]
- Lee Mead, musical theatre actor[491]
- Jon Miller (1921–2008), TV presenter[492]
- Helen Mirren, actress[493]
- Jack Monroe, blogger, campaigner[494]
- Peggy Mount (1915–2001), actress[495]
- Tris Vonna Michell, artist[496]
- Maajid Nawaz, former Islamist activist who now campaigns against extremism[497]
- Julian Okai, English footballer[498]
- Michael Osborne, first-class cricketer[499]
- Annabel Port, broadcaster[500]
- Stephen Port, serial killer[501]
- Spencer Prior, footballer[502]
- Lara Pulver, actress[503]
- Rachel Riley, Countdown co-presenter[504]
- Simon Schama, historian / TV presenter[505]
- Clement Scott (1841–1904), theatre critic[423]
- Anne Stallybrass (1938–2021), actress[506]
- Vivian Stanshall (1943–1995), musician[507]
- Sam Strike, actor[508]
- Ruby Tandoh, baker[509][510]
- Keith Taylor (1953–2022), politician[511]
- Peter Taylor, footballer and football manager[512]
- Theoretical Girl, singer-songwriter[513]
- Steve Tilson, footballer and football manager, voted Southend United's greatest ever player[514]
- Kara Tointon, actress[515]
- Hannah Tointon, actress[515]
- Robin Trower, rock-blues guitarist[516]
- L. C. Tyler, author[517]
- Clive Uptton (1911–2006), illustrator attended Southend Art College[518]
- Gary Vandermolen, footballer[519]
- Benjamin Waugh (1839–1908), campaigner and founder of NSPCC, buried at Sutton Road cemetery[423]
- David Webb, football manager[520]
- Paul Webb, musician, bassist for Talk Talk[521]
- Rhys "Spider" Webb, bassist of The Horrors[471]
- Michael Wilding (1912–1979), actor[522]
- David Witts, actor[523]
- C. R. Alder Wright (1844–1894), scientist - founder of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and inventor of Heroin[524]
- Ian Yearsley, local historian and author[525]
- Nothing But Thieves, musicians[526]
Freedom of the City
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Southend-on-Sea.
Individuals
- David Stanley BEM: 24 July 2023.[527]
- Kevin Maher: March 2024.[528]
Military Units
- 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment: 17 June 2010.[529]
References
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