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refer to caption — ACU in Utrecht, squatted 1976 and bought 1994

Squatting in the Netherlands (Dutch: kraken) is the occupation of unused or derelict buildings or land without the permission of the owner. The modern squatters movement (Dutch: kraakbeweging) began in the 1960s in the Netherlands. By the 1980s, it had become a powerful anarchist social movement which regularly came into conflict with the state, particularly in Amsterdam with the Vondelstraat and coronation riots.

Some squats in cities have successfully legalised into still extant social centres and housing cooperatives such as ACU in Utrecht, the Grote Broek in Nijmegen, the Landbouwbelang in Maastricht, ORKZ in Groningen, the Poortgebouw in Rotterdam and Vrankrijk in Amsterdam. There have also been squats in the countryside such as Fort Pannerden and the Ruigoord village.

Squatting was criminalised in October 2010. Between then and November 2014, 529 people were arrested. Some recent high-profile evictions have included ADM, the Tabakspanden and De Vloek. The social movement continues in diminished form, with squatting still being used by certain groups, for example the migrant collective We Are Here.

Beginnings[edit]

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, many workers lost their jobs and were unable to pay rent. This resulted in people occupying houses in order to force a rental agreement, although they did not see themselves as a housing movement. Their legal justification was based on a 1914 decision by the Supreme Court which ruled that in order to show residential use in a property, all that was needed was a chair, a table and a bed.^[1]

Squatting in the Netherlands in its modern form has its origins in the 1960s, when the country was suffering a housing shortage whilst at the same time many properties stood derelict. Property owners kept buildings empty in order to speculate and drive the market price upwards.^[2] As youth protest movements burgeoned, in particular Provo movement, squatting became seen as a political, anti-speculation protest.^[2]^[1] Marking the emergence of a squatters movement (Dutch: kraakbeweging) which focused upon collective action rather than individual initiatives, the term for squatting changed from "secret occupation" (Dutch: clandestien bezetten) to "cracking" (Dutch: kraken) and squatters became known as krakers.^[1]^[3]

As well as mobilising the 1914 decision, squatters employed a 1971 Supreme Court ruling that the concept of domestic peace (Dutch: huisvrede) required permission from the current occupant for anybody else to enter a property. This meant that property owners were required to evict squatters by taking them to court, instead of forcing entry.^[4] This came about after squatters in Nijmegen were evicted from a property and prosecuted by the owner, who claimed that since the house was for sale it was in use. The squatters were convicted of an offence but appealed the decision and ultimately the Supreme Court ruled that a "on the basis of normal language use, 'a house in use' can only mean 'a house in use as a house'".^[5]

Consolidation[edit]

The squatting movement took on an increasingly anarchist tone during the 1980s. In the Vondelstraat Riots, police moved to evict residents from a squatted building on the corner of Vondelstraat in Amsterdam, but it was immediately reoccupied and barricades erected. Street fights ensued between riot police and the squatters, with the building only being cleared when a military tank demolished the street barricades.^[2] Queen Beatrix's coronation later that year saw more riots when squatters chanted "No home, no coronation" (Dutch: Geen woning, geen kroning).^[2]^[4] In Groningen the eviction of the WNC (Wolters-Noordhoff Complex) squat in 1990 led to 137 arrests and the mayor called it war.^[6]

Some squats have gone through a process of legalisation, in which the building becomes owned or rented by the former squatters. In Amsterdam, the city council bought 200 buildings in the early 1980s, handing them over to housing associations which then made contracts with individual tenants.^[3] The Poortgebouw in Rotterdam was squatted in 1980 and two years later the inhabitants agreed to pay rent to the city council, forming a housing cooperative of 30 people with a bar and alternative venue on the ground floor.^[7] In Amsterdam, OCCII, OT301 and Vrankrijk are all examples of legalised social centres. In the 2010s, Vrankrijk hosts mainly punk and queer parties.^[8]^[9] The NDSM former shipyard zone was recognised as a cultural hotspot and breeding place, successfully institutionalising in the early 2000s.^[10] The Grote Broek in Nijmegen was squatted in 1984 and legalised in the 2000s. The ACU in Utrecht was squatted in 1976 and bought by the squatters in 1994. It provides a venue space for benefit concerts, an anarchist library, a bar and a vegan restaurant.^[11] ORKZ, or the Old Roman Catholic Hospital (Dutch: Oude Rooms-Katholieke Ziekenhuis), is located in Groningen on the Verlengde Hereweg. The hospital was squatted in August 1979 and legalised in 1986. As of 2004, 250 people lived there in 235 apartments. Another 150 people made use of the ateliers.^[12] A derelict parking lot was taken over and made into a guerilla garden. Herbs and vegetables were grown in raised beds, fruit bushes were planted and an apiary was set up. The garden was legalised by the city council in 2012.^[13]

There are also squats which refused or were unable to legalise such as De Blauwe Aanslag in The Hague, Het Slaakhuis in Rotterdam, ADM in Amsterdam and the Landbouwbelang in Maastricht. The Landbouwbelang is a former grain silo beside the Meuse (Dutch: Maas) river which houses 15 people and provides space for art exhibitions, music events and various festivals.^[14] Vrijplaats Koppenhinksteeg in Leiden was occupied in 1968 and eventually evicted in 2010. The complex, which included a bar, a freeshop, a library meeting rooms and offices for a group supporting illegal migrants, had been negotiating with the city council in order to legalise its activities until the talks stalled in 2008.^[15]

There are also some squats in the countryside such as a squatted village called Ruigoord near Amsterdam. Fort Pannerden (a military fort built in 1869 near to Nijmegen) was occupied in 2000 by people concerned about the state of the building. It was evicted on November 8, 2006, by a massive police operation which used military machinery and cost one million euros.^[16] The fort was then re-squatted and the occupiers discussed a settlement with the local council and Staatsbosbeheer, the owner.^[17]

Developments[edit]

In 1987, the law was changed so that an owner could take anonymous squatters to court, rather than being required to know their names.^[18] A law was passed in 1994 which made it illegal to squat a building which had been empty for less than one year.^[19] After this, it became conventional for squatters to call the police after occupying a building and if the police were satisfied that the building had been empty for more than a year and that the squatters were living there (as evidenced by having a chair, a table and a bed) then the owner would need to make a court case to regain possession.^[18] Thus, squatting became a tactic to provide housing and also to fight speculation, conserve monumental buildings, provide groups with spaces and so on.^[19] An example of conservational squatting is Huize Ivicke in Wassenaar, a building which the owner refuses to repair. The villa was placed on a list of the most endangered monuments in Europe and it was squatted in 2018 by people wanting to prevent further dilapidation.^[20]

Squatting in the Netherlands, particularly in Amsterdam, became a rather institutionalised process, although the squatters movement continued to evolve with one development being the occupation of large office buildings by refugee collectives.^[21]^[22] One such group, We Are Here was established in 2012 and the collective had squatted over 30 buildings and parks by the end of 2017.^[23]^[24] In a different development, squatting was used as a tool to contest the construction of the Betuweroute, a freight railway route from Rotterdam to Germany. GroenFront! [nl] and other environmental protestors occupied several houses due to be demolished. This included a failed attempt to squat a building in Angeren.^[25]

Criminalisation[edit]

Squatting in the Netherlands became a criminal offence on 1 October 2010. In 2016, a report was published by the Dutch Government which stated that between October 2010 and November 2014, 529 people had been arrested for the new crime of squatting, in 213 separate incidents. Of these arrested, 210 received convictions and 42 were found not guilty.^[26]

Following criminalisation, in Amsterdam an estimated 330 squats were evicted in two years.^[27] Contested evictions included ADM, the Tabakspanden on Spuistraat, the Valreep and Villa Friekens.^[28]^[29] ADM was a former shipyard squatted for 21 years before its eventual eviction in 2019. Around 130 people lived there in buildings, boats and temporary structures.^[30] De Vloek social centre in The Hague was evicted in September 2015 after long political struggle. There were seven arrests.^[31]^[32] In Utrecht, the disused Amsterdamsestraatweg Water Tower was occupied repeatedly in protest at the criminalisation of squatting. In 2019, a resquat was unsuccessful.^[33]

Table of notable squats[edit]

Squatting in the Netherlands
Name	Location	History (green=ongoing, pink=closed)	Reference
ACU	Utrecht	squatted 1976, legalized 1994	^[34]
ADM	Amsterdam	squatted 1997, evicted 2019	^[30]^[35]
Amsterdamsestraatweg Water Tower	Utrecht	squatted 1980s, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018	^[36]^[37]
ASCII	Amsterdam	various squats 1999–2006	^[38]
Blauwe Aanslag	The Hague	squatted 1980, evicted 2003	^[39]
Effenaar	Eindhoven	squatted 1970, legalized 1971	^[40]
Fort Pannerden	Near Nijmegen	squatted 2000, evicted 2006, resquatted 2006, legalized 2006, renovated 2009	^[41]
Grote Broek	Nijmegen	squatted 1984, legalized 2000s	^[42]
Huize Ivicke	Wassenaar	squatted 2018	^[20]
Landbouwbelang	Maastricht	squatted 2002	^[14]^[43]
Moira	Utrecht	squatted 1983, later legalized	^[44]
NDSM	Amsterdam	squatted 1990s, legalized 2000s	^[45]
OCCII	Amsterdam	squatted 1984, legalized 1989	^[46]
OT301	Amsterdam	squatted 1999, legalized 2006	^[8]
Poortgebouw	Rotterdam	squatted 1980, legalized 1982	^[7]
Ruigoord	Near Amsterdam	squatted 1972	^[47]
Slaakhuis	Rotterdam	squatted 2003, evicted 2011	^[7]
Tabakspanden	Amsterdam	variously squatted 1983 onwards, all evicted 2015	^[48]
Tetterode	Amsterdam	squatted 1981, legalized 1986	^[49]
Ubica	Utrecht	squatted 1992, evicted 2013	^[50]
Vloek	The Hague	squatted 2002, evicted 2015	^[31]
Vossiustraat 16 (squat)	Amsterdam	squatted 2022	^[51]
Vrankrijk	Amsterdam	squatted 1982, legalized 1991	^[8]
Vrijplaats Koppenhinksteeg	Leiden	squatted 1968, evicted 2010	^[52]
WNC	Groningen	squatted 1985, evicted 1990	^[6]
Wyers	Amsterdam	squatted 1981, evicted 1984	^[53]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Owens, Lynn (2009). Cracking under pressure : narrating the decline of the Amsterdam squatters' movement. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 46–48. ISBN 9780271034638.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Squatting in Amsterdam". DutchAmsterdam.nl. 19 January 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
^ ^a ^b Pruijt, Hans (2011). "Logic of Urban Squatting". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research: 1–8. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2019-08-28.
^ ^a ^b "Violent protests after Dutch outlaw squatting – Once-respected tradition of living in unused buildings is now a crime". NBC News. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
^ Owens, Lynn (2009). Cracking under pressure : narrating the decline of the Amsterdam squatters' movement. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780271034638.
^ ^a ^b Vermeulen, Frank (30 June 1990). "Groningen en de nasleep van de krakersrellen; Het einde vaneen vrijstaat". NRC. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019. 'Het is oorlog', zei burgemeester Staatsen destijds.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dee, E.T.C. (2018). Squatting the Grey City. Rotterdam: Cobble Books. ISBN 9780244385804.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lohman, Kirsty (2015). PhD: Punk Lives: Contesting Boundaries in the Dutch Punk Scene (phd). Warwick University. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ Eleftheriadis, K (2015). "Organizational Practices and Prefigurative Spaces in European Queer Festivals". Social Movement Studies. 14 (6): 651–667. doi:10.1080/14742837.2015.1029045. S2CID 143589966.
^ Draaisma, Jaap (2015). "Cultural Incubators: The squats of the 21st century?". In Mamadouh, Virginie; van Wageningen, Anne (eds.). Urban Europe: Fifty Tales of the City. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789462984905.
^ Poldervaart, Saskia (2006), "The connection between the squatter, queer and alterglobalization movement. The many diversities of multiculturalism", in Chateauvert, M (ed.), New Social Movements and Sexuality, Sofia: Bilitis Resource Center
^ Riemersma, Greta (10 September 2004). "Lage huren en de droom kunnen blijven dromen". Volkskrant. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
^ Spijker, S. N.; Parra, C. (2017). "Knitting green spaces with the threads of social innovation in Groningen and London". Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 61 (5–6): 1011–1032. doi:10.1080/09640568.2017.1382338. S2CID 157515533.
^ ^a ^b Freriks, Cleo (13 January 2016). "We are a rainbow-like community". Observant. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
^ Reijn, Gerard; Sahadat, Ianthe. "Voor anarchisten en een enkele bal (Dutch)". Volkskrant. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2020.(subscription required)
^ "Politie hervat ontruiming Fort Pannerden". Nu.nl. 2006-11-08. Archived from the original on 2008-02-26. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
^ "Fort Pannerden voorlopig niet ontruimd". Nu.nl. 2006-11-27. Archived from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
^ ^a ^b Beale, Sam (1995). "WHAT'S THE KRAAK? As in the UK, squatting in Holland entails knowing the law and exploring the loopholes". SQUALL. No. 10. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ ^a ^b Pruijt, Hans (2003). "Is the institutionalization of urban movements inevitable? A comparison of the opportunities for sustained squatting in New York City and Amsterdam". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 27 (1): 133–57. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.00436. hdl:1765/19213. Archived from the original on 2019-08-28. Retrieved 2019-08-28.
^ ^a ^b Robroek, Roman (11 January 2020). "Photographing Huize Ivicke in Wassenaar". Urban Photography by Roman Robroek. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
^ Uitermark, Justus (September 2004). "The co-optation of squatters in Amsterdam and the emergence of a movement meritocracy: a critical reply to Pruijt". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 28 (3): 687–698. doi:10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00543.x.
^ Boer, René (7 August 2017). "Squatting: historical movement or contemporary tactic?". Archined. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
^ Mamadouh, Virginie; Wageningen, Anne van (2016-01-05). EU@Amsterdam: Een stedelijke raad. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789048531448.
^ Wolthuizen, Josien; Koops, Ruben (1 December 2017). "We Are Here: Vijf jaar later nog geen stap verder". Parool. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ Dinther, Mac van (5 April 2000). "Weer is Betuwelijn dag vertraagd". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
^ Dee, E.T.C. (2016-05-14). "The vacancy crunch: The current housing crisis in the Netherlands and the repression of squatting". CNS Journal. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
^ "Amsterdam ontruimt 330 panden sinds kraakwet". Reformatorisch Dagblad (in Dutch). ANP. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019. In totaal zijn in Amsterdam sinds de invoering van de nieuwe wet Kraken en Leegstand in oktober 2010, 330 kraakpanden ontruimd.
^ Beentjes, Jesse (14 August 2016). "Op het ADM-terrein kleur je buiten de lijntjes". Parool (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019. De afgelopen jaren is Amsterdam een aantal van zijn vrijplaatsen binnen de stad kwijtgeraakt: het Slangenpand aan de Spuistraat werd ontruimd, de Valreep in Oost moest plaatsmaken voor woningbouw en Villa Friekens in Noord werd verlaten voordat de ME eraan te pas kwam.
^ "Laatste Circus in Vrijhaven ADM". NRC (in Dutch). 13 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ ^a ^b Derks, Sanne (9 January 2019). "Squatters in Amsterdam lose free haven". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
^ ^a ^b Klaassen, Nils (7 September 2015). "Einde van een tijdperk: laatste uren De Vloek". AD. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020. "Het is een beloning voor slecht gedrag," vindt VVD-fractieleider Martin Wörsdörfer
^ Mulders, Angelique (9 September 2015). "Zeven arrestaties bij ontruiming kraakpand De Vloek". Algemeen Dagblad. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
^ "Kraakpoging bij watertoren Amsterdamsestraatweg mislukt". NU (in Dutch). DUIC. 19 August 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019. Een poging om de watertoren aan de Amsterdamsestraatweg te kraken is zondagmiddag mislukt.
^ Pelser, Caroline. "Voorstraat 71–73 ACU Utrecht". Huizen aan het Janskerkhof. Archived from the original on 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2019-03-21. Na enige jaren van leegstand werden Voorstraat 71 en Voorstraat 73 in 1976 gekraakt.
^ Kallenberg, Freek (1997-11-14). "Oude Tijden Herleven op De Adm / The old times relive, at the ADM". Ravage 246. Amsterdam. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved 2019-02-21. Alt URL Archived 2019-06-02 at the Wayback Machine
^ "De Watertoren Utrecht – Amsterdamsestraatweg". De Watertoren (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
^ Redactie (19 April 2018). "Krakers veroordeeld voor actie bij Utrechtse watertoren op de Amsterdamsestraatweg". De Utrechtse Internet Courant. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
^ "ASCII". Hack Story. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
^ van IJzendoorn, Patrick (1995-12-01). "15 Jaar Blauwe Aanslag (Dutch)". NN 198. The Hague. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019.
^ Hanssen, Léon (1 September 1981). "Welzijnsinstantie met hoogstaande normen". Trouw. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
^ "Krakers mogen Fort Pannerden beheren". Gelderlander (in Dutch). 14 December 2006. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
^ Beau (30 October 2014). "30 Jaar de Grote Broek". Nijmegen Cultuurstad. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
^ Janssen, Bert (29 September 2013). Cultural Freezone Landbouwbelang (in Dutch). Maastricht: Organic Press. ISBN 978-90-75924-12-1. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019.
^ "Bijeenkomst Moira met meer dan 80 aanwezigen geanimeerd". 17 December 2014. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
^ Labuhn, Beata (2018). "From Het Lieverdje to NDSM Historical Background of Amsterdam's Countercultural Places" (PDF). Global Built Environment Review: 9–47. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
^ Beale, Sam; Cobbing, Nick (1995). "KRAAKING THE SYSTEM Dutch squatters have their own brand of negotiation – and it works". SQUALL. No. 10. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ Carlisi, Tina (2018). "Free Cultural Spaces: Freedom of Expression in Autonomous Geographies". Seismopolite Journal of Art and Politics. 20.
^ "Eviction of Amsterdam squatters turns violent". Al Jazeera English. 26 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
^ Gelderen, Mikel van (2019). "WoonWerkPand Tetterode Amsterdam (NL): Johan W.F. Hartkamp, Jan Frederik van Erven Dorens, Merkelbach & Karsten, Merkelbach & Elling, K.P.C. de Bazel, residents and users". Delft Architectural Studies on Housing (15): 138–145. ISSN 1877-7007.
^ Redactie (25 May 2013). "ME haalt aantal krakers uit Ubica-panden Utrecht". AD. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
^ "Dutch court backs squatters in Russian tycoon's mansion". Euro News. AFP. 27 November 2022.
^ Poldervaart, Saskia (2001). "Utopian Aspects of Social Movements in Postmodern Times: Some Examples of DIY Politics in the Netherlands". Utopian Studies. 12 (2): 143–163. JSTOR 20718321.
^ Owens, Lynn (2009). Cracking under pressure : narrating the decline of the Amsterdam squatters' movement. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 159. ISBN 9780271034638.

External links[edit]

[Owens-pp46-48-1] Owens, Lynn (2009). Cracking under pressure : narrating the decline of the Amsterdam squatters' movement. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 46–48. ISBN 9780271034638.

[dutcham-2] "Squatting in Amsterdam". DutchAmsterdam.nl. 19 January 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-27.

[pruijt-3] Pruijt, Hans (2011). "Logic of Urban Squatting". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research: 1–8. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2019-08-28.

[msnbc-4] "Violent protests after Dutch outlaw squatting – Once-respected tradition of living in unused buildings is now a crime". NBC News. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 2014-04-27.

[Owens-p50-5] Owens, Lynn (2009). Cracking under pressure : narrating the decline of the Amsterdam squatters' movement. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780271034638.

[Nasleep-6] Vermeulen, Frank (30 June 1990). "Groningen en de nasleep van de krakersrellen; Het einde vaneen vrijstaat". NRC. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019. 'Het is oorlog', zei burgemeester Staatsen destijds.

[Grey-7] Dee, E.T.C. (2018). Squatting the Grey City. Rotterdam: Cobble Books. ISBN 9780244385804.

[Lohman-8] Lohman, Kirsty (2015). PhD: Punk Lives: Contesting Boundaries in the Dutch Punk Scene (phd). Warwick University. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.

[9] Eleftheriadis, K (2015). "Organizational Practices and Prefigurative Spaces in European Queer Festivals". Social Movement Studies. 14 (6): 651–667. doi:10.1080/14742837.2015.1029045. S2CID 143589966.

[Draaisma-10] Draaisma, Jaap (2015). "Cultural Incubators: The squats of the 21st century?". In Mamadouh, Virginie; van Wageningen, Anne (eds.). Urban Europe: Fifty Tales of the City. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789462984905.

[11] Poldervaart, Saskia (2006), "The connection between the squatter, queer and alterglobalization movement. The many diversities of multiculturalism", in Chateauvert, M (ed.), New Social Movements and Sexuality, Sofia: Bilitis Resource Center

[Droom-12] Riemersma, Greta (10 September 2004). "Lage huren en de droom kunnen blijven dromen". Volkskrant. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.

[Green-13] Spijker, S. N.; Parra, C. (2017). "Knitting green spaces with the threads of social innovation in Groningen and London". Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 61 (5–6): 1011–1032. doi:10.1080/09640568.2017.1382338. S2CID 157515533.

[RainbowLBB-14] Freriks, Cleo (13 January 2016). "We are a rainbow-like community". Observant. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.

[VK-15] Reijn, Gerard; Sahadat, Ianthe. "Voor anarchisten en een enkele bal (Dutch)". Volkskrant. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2020.(subscription required)

[16] "Politie hervat ontruiming Fort Pannerden". Nu.nl. 2006-11-08. Archived from the original on 2008-02-26. Retrieved 2012-02-20.

[17] "Fort Pannerden voorlopig niet ontruimd". Nu.nl. 2006-11-27. Archived from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2012-02-20.

[SQUALL2-18] Beale, Sam (1995). "WHAT'S THE KRAAK? As in the UK, squatting in Holland entails knowing the law and exploring the loopholes". SQUALL. No. 10. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.

[pruijt2-19] Pruijt, Hans (2003). "Is the institutionalization of urban movements inevitable? A comparison of the opportunities for sustained squatting in New York City and Amsterdam". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 27 (1): 133–57. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.00436. hdl:1765/19213. Archived from the original on 2019-08-28. Retrieved 2019-08-28.

[Robroek-20] Robroek, Roman (11 January 2020). "Photographing Huize Ivicke in Wassenaar". Urban Photography by Roman Robroek. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.

[Uitermark-21] Uitermark, Justus (September 2004). "The co-optation of squatters in Amsterdam and the emergence of a movement meritocracy: a critical reply to Pruijt". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 28 (3): 687–698. doi:10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00543.x.

[Boer-22] Boer, René (7 August 2017). "Squatting: historical movement or contemporary tactic?". Archined. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2019.

[23] Mamadouh, Virginie; Wageningen, Anne van (2016-01-05). EU@Amsterdam: Een stedelijke raad. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789048531448.

[Koops-24] Wolthuizen, Josien; Koops, Ruben (1 December 2017). "We Are Here: Vijf jaar later nog geen stap verder". Parool. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.

[Dinther-25] Dinther, Mac van (5 April 2000). "Weer is Betuwelijn dag vertraagd". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2019.

[CNS-26] Dee, E.T.C. (2016-05-14). "The vacancy crunch: The current housing crisis in the Netherlands and the repression of squatting". CNS Journal. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.

[330panden-27] "Amsterdam ontruimt 330 panden sinds kraakwet". Reformatorisch Dagblad (in Dutch). ANP. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019. In totaal zijn in Amsterdam sinds de invoering van de nieuwe wet Kraken en Leegstand in oktober 2010, 330 kraakpanden ontruimd.

[Beentjes-28] Beentjes, Jesse (14 August 2016). "Op het ADM-terrein kleur je buiten de lijntjes". Parool (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019. De afgelopen jaren is Amsterdam een aantal van zijn vrijplaatsen binnen de stad kwijtgeraakt: het Slangenpand aan de Spuistraat werd ontruimd, de Valreep in Oost moest plaatsmaken voor woningbouw en Villa Friekens in Noord werd verlaten voordat de ME eraan te pas kwam.

[Circus-29] "Laatste Circus in Vrijhaven ADM". NRC (in Dutch). 13 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2019.

[DW-Derks-30] Derks, Sanne (9 January 2019). "Squatters in Amsterdam lose free haven". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2020.

[Vloek-31] Klaassen, Nils (7 September 2015). "Einde van een tijdperk: laatste uren De Vloek". AD. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020. "Het is een beloning voor slecht gedrag," vindt VVD-fractieleider Martin Wörsdörfer

[Vloek2-32] Mulders, Angelique (9 September 2015). "Zeven arrestaties bij ontruiming kraakpand De Vloek". Algemeen Dagblad. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.

[Watertower19-33] "Kraakpoging bij watertoren Amsterdamsestraatweg mislukt". NU (in Dutch). DUIC. 19 August 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019. Een poging om de watertoren aan de Amsterdamsestraatweg te kraken is zondagmiddag mislukt.

[34] Pelser, Caroline. "Voorstraat 71–73 ACU Utrecht". Huizen aan het Janskerkhof. Archived from the original on 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2019-03-21. Na enige jaren van leegstand werden Voorstraat 71 en Voorstraat 73 in 1976 gekraakt.

[herleven-35] Kallenberg, Freek (1997-11-14). "Oude Tijden Herleven op De Adm / The old times relive, at the ADM". Ravage 246. Amsterdam. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved 2019-02-21. Alt URL Archived 2019-06-02 at the Wayback Machine

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[Tetterode-49] Gelderen, Mikel van (2019). "WoonWerkPand Tetterode Amsterdam (NL): Johan W.F. Hartkamp, Jan Frederik van Erven Dorens, Merkelbach & Karsten, Merkelbach & Elling, K.P.C. de Bazel, residents and users". Delft Architectural Studies on Housing (15): 138–145. ISSN 1877-7007.

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[Owens-p159-53] Owens, Lynn (2009). Cracking under pressure : narrating the decline of the Amsterdam squatters' movement. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 159. ISBN 9780271034638.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{inuse}}
 {{short description|Occupation of unused land or derelict buildings in the Netherlands}}
+{{good article}}
 [[File:ACU_outside.jpg|thumb|right|300px|alt=refer to caption|[[ACU (Utrecht)|ACU]] in Utrecht, squatted 1976 and bought 1994]]
-'''Squatting in the Netherlands''' is the occupation of unused or derelict buildings or land without the permission of the owner. The modern [[squatters]] movement ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: kraakbeweging) began in the 1960s in the Netherlands. By the 1980s, it had become a powerful [[anarchist]] social movement which regularly came into conflict with the state, particularly in [[Amsterdam]] with the [[Vondelstraat riots|Vondelstraat]] and [[Amsterdam coronation riots|coronation]] riots.
+'''Squatting in the Netherlands''' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: kraken) is the occupation of unused or derelict buildings or land without the permission of the owner. The modern [[squatters]] movement ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: kraakbeweging) began in the 1960s in the Netherlands. By the 1980s, it had become a powerful [[anarchist]] social movement which regularly came into conflict with the state, particularly in [[Amsterdam]] with the [[Vondelstraat riots|Vondelstraat]] and [[Amsterdam coronation riots|coronation]] riots.
 Some squats in cities have successfully legalised into still extant social centres and housing cooperatives such as [[ACU (Utrecht)|ACU]] in [[Utrecht]], the [[Grote Broek]] in [[Nijmegen]], the [[Landbouwbelang]] in [[Maastricht]], ORKZ in [[Groningen]], the [[Poortgebouw]] in [[Rotterdam]] and [[Vrankrijk]] in Amsterdam. There have also been squats in the countryside such as [[Fort Pannerden]] and the [[Ruigoord]] village.
-Squatting was [[Dutch squatting ban|criminalised]] in October 2010. Between then and November 2014, 529 people were arrested. Some recent high profile evictions have included [[ADM (Amsterdam)|ADM]], the [[Tabakspanden]] and [[De Vloek]]. The social movement continues in diminished form, with squatting still being used by certain groups, for example the migrant collective [[We Are Here (collective)|We Are Here]].
+Squatting was [[Dutch squatting ban|criminalised]] in October 2010. Between then and November 2014, 529 people were arrested. Some recent high-profile evictions have included [[ADM (Amsterdam)|ADM]], the [[Tabakspanden]] and [[De Vloek]]. The social movement continues in diminished form, with squatting still being used by certain groups, for example the migrant collective [[We Are Here (collective)|We Are Here]].
 ==Beginnings==
 [[File:Huizen gekraakt uit protest tegen verkoop goedkope huurhuizen gekraakt huis in , Bestanddeelnr 931-0090.jpg|thumb|right|300px|alt=refer to caption|Squatted house in Amsterdam, 1980]]
-During the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s, many workers lost their jobs and were unable to pay rent. This resulted in people occupying houses in order to force a rental agreement, although they did not see themselves as a housing movement. Their legal justification was based on a 1914 decision by the [[Supreme Court of the Netherlands|Supreme Court]] which ruled that in order to show residential use in a property, all that was needed was a chair, a table and a bed.<ref name="Owens-pp46-48">{{cite book |last1=Owens |first1=Lynn |title=Cracking under pressure : narrating the decline of the Amsterdam squatters' movement |date=2009 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park, PA |isbn=9780271034638 |pages=46-48}}</ref>
+During the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s, many workers lost their jobs and were unable to pay rent. This resulted in people occupying houses in order to force a rental agreement, although they did not see themselves as a housing movement. Their legal justification was based on a 1914 decision by the [[Supreme Court of the Netherlands|Supreme Court]] which ruled that in order to show residential use in a property, all that was needed was a chair, a table and a bed.<ref name="Owens-pp46-48">{{cite book |last1=Owens |first1=Lynn |title=Cracking under pressure : narrating the decline of the Amsterdam squatters' movement |date=2009 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park, PA |isbn=9780271034638 |pages=46–48}}</ref>
-Squatting in the Netherlands in its modern form has its origins in the 1960s, when the country was suffering a housing shortage whilst at the same time many properties stood derelict. Property owners kept buildings empty in order to [[Speculation|speculate]] and drive the market price upwards.<ref name="dutcham">{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchamsterdam.nl/555-squatting-in-amsterdam |title=Squatting in Amsterdam |publisher=DutchAmsterdam.nl |date=19 January 2009 |accessdate=2014-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427185043/http://www.dutchamsterdam.nl/555-squatting-in-amsterdam |archive-date=27 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Squatting was seen as a political, anti-speculation move, influenced by the [[Provo (movement)|Provo movement]] at a time when property owners often neglected to repair buildings in the hope of obtaining demolition permits.<ref name="dutcham" /> Marking the emergence of  a squatters movement ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: kraakbeweging) which focused upon collective action rather than individual initiatives, the term for squatting changed from "secret occupation" ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: clandestien bezetten) to "cracking" ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: kraken) and squatters became known as krakers.<ref name="Owens-pp46-48" /><ref name="pruijt">{{cite journal |url=http://repub.eur.nl/pub/25656 |last=Pruijt |first=Hans |title=Logic of Urban Squatting |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |pages=1–8 |date=2011 |access-date=2019-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025411/http://repub.eur.nl/pub/25656 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Squatting in the Netherlands in its modern form has its origins in the 1960s, when the country was suffering a housing shortage whilst at the same time many properties stood derelict. Property owners kept buildings empty in order to [[Speculation|speculate]] and drive the market price upwards.<ref name="dutcham">{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchamsterdam.nl/555-squatting-in-amsterdam |title=Squatting in Amsterdam |publisher=DutchAmsterdam.nl |date=19 January 2009 |access-date=2014-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427185043/http://www.dutchamsterdam.nl/555-squatting-in-amsterdam |archive-date=27 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> As youth protest movements burgeoned, in particular [[Provo (movement)|Provo movement]], squatting became seen as a political, anti-speculation protest.<ref name="dutcham" /><ref name="Owens-pp46-48" /> Marking the emergence of a squatters movement ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: kraakbeweging) which focused upon collective action rather than individual initiatives, the term for squatting changed from "secret occupation" ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: clandestien bezetten) to "cracking" ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: kraken) and squatters became known as krakers.<ref name="Owens-pp46-48" /><ref name="pruijt">{{cite journal |url=http://repub.eur.nl/pub/25656 |last=Pruijt |first=Hans |title=Logic of Urban Squatting |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |pages=1–8 |date=2011 |access-date=2019-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025411/http://repub.eur.nl/pub/25656 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-As well as mobilising the 1914 decision, squatters employed a 1971 Supreme Court ruling that the concept of domestic peace ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: huisvrede) required permission from the current occupant for anybody else to enter a property. This meant that property owners were required to evict squatters by taking them to court, instead of forcing entry.<ref name="msnbc">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39463891 |title=Violent protests after Dutch outlaw squatting – Once-respected tradition of living in unused buildings is now a crime |publisher=NBC News |date=1 October 2010 |accessdate=2014-04-27 }}</ref> This came about after squatters in Nijmegen were evicted from a property and prosecuted by the owner, who claimed that since the house was for sale it was in use. The squatters were convicted of an offence but appealed the decision and ultimately the Supreme Court ruled that a "on the basis of normal language use, 'a house in use' can only mean 'a house in use as a house'".<ref name="Owens-p50">{{cite book |last1=Owens |first1=Lynn |title=Cracking under pressure : narrating the decline of the Amsterdam squatters' movement |date=2009 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park, PA |isbn=9780271034638 |pages=50}}</ref>
+As well as mobilising the 1914 decision, squatters employed a 1971 Supreme Court ruling that the concept of domestic peace ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: huisvrede) required permission from the current occupant for anybody else to enter a property. This meant that property owners were required to evict squatters by taking them to court, instead of forcing entry.<ref name="msnbc">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39463891 |title=Violent protests after Dutch outlaw squatting – Once-respected tradition of living in unused buildings is now a crime |publisher=NBC News |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=2014-04-27 }}</ref> This came about after squatters in Nijmegen were evicted from a property and prosecuted by the owner, who claimed that since the house was for sale it was in use. The squatters were convicted of an offence but appealed the decision and ultimately the Supreme Court ruled that a "on the basis of normal language use, 'a house in use' can only mean 'a house in use as a house'".<ref name="Owens-p50">{{cite book |last1=Owens |first1=Lynn |title=Cracking under pressure : narrating the decline of the Amsterdam squatters' movement |date=2009 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park, PA |isbn=9780271034638 |pages=50}}</ref>
 ==Consolidation==
-[[File:Het Poortgebouw (west).jpg|thumb|left|alt=refer to caption|The [[Poortgebouw]] in Rotterdam.]]
+[[File:Poortgebouw - Rotterdam, Holland - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|alt=refer to caption|The [[Poortgebouw]] in Rotterdam.]]
-The squatting movement took on an increasingly [[anarchist]] tone during the 1980s. In the [[Vondelstraat Riots]], police moved to evict residents from a squatted building on the corner of [[Vondelpark|Vondelstraat]] in Amsterdam, but it was immediately reoccupied and barricades erected. Street fights ensued between riot police and the squatters, with the building only being cleared when a military tank demolished the street barricades.<ref name="dutcham" /> [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Queen Beatrix]]'s [[coronation]] later that year saw more [[Amsterdam coronation riots|riots]] when squatters chanted "No home, no coronation" ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: Geen woning, geen kroning).<ref name="dutcham" /><ref name="msnbc" /> In [[Groningen]] the eviction of the [[WNC (Squat)|WNC]] (Wolters-Noordhoff Complex) squat in 1990 led to 137 arrests and the mayor called it war.<ref name="Nasleep">{{cite news |last1=Vermeulen |first1=Frank |title=Groningen en de nasleep van de krakersrellen; Het einde vaneen vrijstaat |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1990/06/30/groningen-en-de-nasleep-van-de-krakersrellen-het-einde-6934231-a286135 |accessdate=21 April 2019 |quote='Het is oorlog', zei burgemeester Staatsen destijds. |work=NRC |date=30 June 1990 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421114252/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1990/06/30/groningen-en-de-nasleep-van-de-krakersrellen-het-einde-6934231-a286135 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The squatting movement took on an increasingly [[anarchist]] tone during the 1980s. In the [[Vondelstraat Riots]], police moved to evict residents from a squatted building on the corner of [[Vondelpark|Vondelstraat]] in Amsterdam, but it was immediately reoccupied and barricades erected. Street fights ensued between riot police and the squatters, with the building only being cleared when a military tank demolished the street barricades.<ref name="dutcham" /> [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Queen Beatrix]]'s [[coronation]] later that year saw more [[Amsterdam coronation riots|riots]] when squatters chanted "No home, no coronation" ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: Geen woning, geen kroning).<ref name="dutcham" /><ref name="msnbc" /> In [[Groningen]] the eviction of the [[WNC (Squat)|WNC]] (Wolters-Noordhoff Complex) squat in 1990 led to 137 arrests and the mayor called it war.<ref name="Nasleep">{{cite news |last1=Vermeulen |first1=Frank |title=Groningen en de nasleep van de krakersrellen; Het einde vaneen vrijstaat |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1990/06/30/groningen-en-de-nasleep-van-de-krakersrellen-het-einde-6934231-a286135 |access-date=21 April 2019 |quote='Het is oorlog', zei burgemeester Staatsen destijds. |work=NRC |date=30 June 1990 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421114252/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1990/06/30/groningen-en-de-nasleep-van-de-krakersrellen-het-einde-6934231-a286135 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Some squats have gone through a process of legalisation, in which the building becomes owned or rented by the former squatters. In Amsterdam, the city council bought 200 buildings in the early 1980s, handing them over to housing associations which then made contracts with individual tenants.<ref name="pruijt" /> The [[Poortgebouw]] in Rotterdam was squatted in 1980 and two years later the inhabitants agreed to pay rent to the city council, forming a housing cooperative of 30 people with a bar and alternative venue on the ground floor.<ref name="Grey">{{cite book |last=Dee |first=E.T.C. |date=2018 |title=Squatting the Grey City |location=Rotterdam |publisher=Cobble Books |isbn=9780244385804}}</ref> In Amsterdam, [[OCCII]], [[OT301]] and [[Vrankrijk]] are all examples of legalised social centres. In the 2010s, Vrankrijk hosts mainly [[Punk subculture|punk]] and [[queer]] parties.<ref name="Lohman" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eleftheriadis |first1=K |s2cid=143589966 |title=Organizational Practices and Prefigurative Spaces in European Queer Festivals |journal=Social Movement Studies |date=2015 |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=651–667 |doi=10.1080/14742837.2015.1029045}}</ref> The [[NDSM]] former shipyard zone was recognised as a cultural hotspot and breeding place, successfully institutionalising in the early 2000s.<ref name=Draaisma>{{cite book |last1=Draaisma |first1=Jaap|year= 2015|chapter=Cultural Incubators: The squats of the 21st century?|editor1-last=Mamadouh |editor1-first=Virginie |editor2-last= van Wageningen|editor2-first= Anne |title= Urban Europe: Fifty Tales of the City|language= English |publisher= Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789462984905}}</ref> The [[Grote Broek]] in Nijmegen was squatted in 1984 and legalised in the 2000s. The [[Vrijplaats Koppenhinksteeg]] in Leiden was occupied in 1968 and eventually evicted in 2010. [[ACU (Utrecht)|ACU]] in Utrecht was squatted in 1976 and bought by the squatters in 1994. It provides a venue space for [[benefit concerts]], an anarchist library, a bar and a vegan restaurant.<ref>{{Citation |last=Poldervaart |first=Saskia |chapter=The connection between the squatter, queer and alterglobalization movement. The many diversities of multiculturalism |pages= |title=New Social Movements and Sexuality |editor1-first=M |editor1-last=Chateauvert |location=Sofia|publisher=Bilitis Resource Center |isbn=|year=2006 }}</ref> There are also squats which refused or were unable to legalise such as [[De Blauwe Aanslag]] in [[The Hague]] (evicted 2003), [[Het Slaakhuis]] (evicted) in Rotterdam, [[ADM (Amsterdam)|ADM]] (evicted) in Amsterdam and the [[Landbouwbelang (squat)|Landbouwbelang]] in [[Maastricht]]. The Landbouwbelang is a former grain silo beside the [[Maas (river)|Maas]] river which houses 15 people and provides space for art exhibitions, music events and various festivals.<ref name="RainbowLBB">{{cite news |last1=Freriks |first1=Cleo |title=We are a rainbow-like community |url=https://www.observantonline.nl/English/Home/Articles/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/10290/We-are-a-rainbow-like-community |accessdate=7 June 2020 |work=Observant |date=13 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607151045/https://www.observantonline.nl/English/Home/Articles/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/10290/We-are-a-rainbow-like-community |archive-date=7 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Some squats have gone through a process of legalisation, in which the building becomes owned or rented by the former squatters. In Amsterdam, the city council bought 200 buildings in the early 1980s, handing them over to housing associations which then made contracts with individual tenants.<ref name="pruijt" /> The [[Poortgebouw]] in Rotterdam was squatted in 1980 and two years later the inhabitants agreed to pay rent to the city council, forming a housing cooperative of 30 people with a bar and alternative venue on the ground floor.<ref name="Grey">{{cite book |last=Dee |first=E.T.C. |date=2018 |title=Squatting the Grey City |location=Rotterdam |publisher=Cobble Books |isbn=9780244385804}}</ref> In Amsterdam, [[OCCII]], [[OT301]] and [[Vrankrijk]] are all examples of legalised social centres. In the 2010s, Vrankrijk hosts mainly [[Punk subculture|punk]] and [[queer]] parties.<ref name="Lohman" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eleftheriadis |first1=K |s2cid=143589966 |title=Organizational Practices and Prefigurative Spaces in European Queer Festivals |journal=Social Movement Studies |date=2015 |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=651–667 |doi=10.1080/14742837.2015.1029045}}</ref> The [[NDSM]] former shipyard zone was recognised as a cultural hotspot and breeding place, successfully institutionalising in the early 2000s.<ref name=Draaisma>{{cite book |last1=Draaisma |first1=Jaap|year= 2015|chapter=Cultural Incubators: The squats of the 21st century?|editor1-last=Mamadouh |editor1-first=Virginie |editor2-last= van Wageningen|editor2-first= Anne |title= Urban Europe: Fifty Tales of the City|language= en |publisher= Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789462984905}}</ref> The [[Grote Broek]] in Nijmegen was squatted in 1984 and legalised in the 2000s. The  [[ACU (Utrecht)|ACU]] in Utrecht was squatted in 1976 and bought by the squatters in 1994. It provides a venue space for [[benefit concerts]], an anarchist library, a bar and a vegan restaurant.<ref>{{Citation |last=Poldervaart |first=Saskia |chapter=The connection between the squatter, queer and alterglobalization movement. The many diversities of multiculturalism |title=New Social Movements and Sexuality |editor1-first=M |editor1-last=Chateauvert |location=Sofia|publisher=Bilitis Resource Center |year=2006 }}</ref> ORKZ, or the Old Roman Catholic Hospital ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: Oude Rooms-Katholieke Ziekenhuis), is located in [[Groningen]] on the Verlengde Hereweg. The hospital was squatted in August 1979 and legalised in 1986. As of 2004, 250 people lived there in 235 apartments. Another 150 people made use of the [[atelier]]s.<ref name="Droom">{{cite news |last1=Riemersma |first1=Greta |title=Lage huren en de droom kunnen blijven dromen |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/lage-huren-en-de-droom-kunnen-blijven-dromen~b7e0d9c2/ |access-date=21 April 2019 |work=Volkskrant |date=10 September 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421172503/https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/lage-huren-en-de-droom-kunnen-blijven-dromen~b7e0d9c2/ |archive-date=21 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> A derelict parking lot was taken over and made into a guerilla garden. Herbs and vegetables were grown in raised beds, fruit bushes were planted and an apiary was set up. The garden was legalised by the city council in 2012.<ref name="Green">{{cite journal |last1=Spijker |first1=S. N. |last2=Parra |first2=C. |s2cid=157515533 |title=Knitting green spaces with the threads of social innovation in Groningen and London |journal=Journal of Environmental Planning and Management |date=2017 |volume=61 |issue=5–6 |pages=1011–1032 |doi=10.1080/09640568.2017.1382338 }}</ref>
 [[File:20090624 Verlengde Hereweg 92 (ORKZ) Groningen NL.jpg|thumb|left|300px|alt=refer to caption|Oude Rooms-Katholieke Ziekenhuis (ORKZ) Groningen]]
-ORKZ, or the Old Roman Catholic Hospital ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: Oude Rooms-Katholieke Ziekenhuis), is located in [[Groningen]] on the Verlengde Hereweg. The hospital was squatted in August 1979 and legalised in 1986. As of 2004, 250 people lived there in 235 apartments. Another 150 people made use of the [[Atelier|ateliers]].<ref name="Droom">{{cite news |last1=Riemersma |first1=Greta |title=Lage huren en de droom kunnen blijven dromen |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/lage-huren-en-de-droom-kunnen-blijven-dromen~b7e0d9c2/ |accessdate=21 April 2019 |work=Volkskrant |date=10 September 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421172503/https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/lage-huren-en-de-droom-kunnen-blijven-dromen~b7e0d9c2/ |archive-date=21 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> A derelict parking lot was taken over and made into a guerilla garden. Herbs and vegetables were grown in raised beds, fruit bushes were planted and an apiary was set up. The garden was legalised by the city council in 2012.<ref name="Green">{{cite journal |last1=Spijker |first1=S. N. |last2=Parra |first2=C. |s2cid=157515533 |title=Knitting green spaces with the threads of social innovation in Groningen and London |journal=Journal of Environmental Planning and Management |date=2017 |volume=61 |issue=5–6 |pages=1011–1032 |doi=10.1080/09640568.2017.1382338 }}</ref>
+There are also squats which refused or were unable to legalise such as [[De Blauwe Aanslag]] in [[The Hague]], [[Het Slaakhuis]] in Rotterdam, [[ADM (Amsterdam)|ADM]] in Amsterdam and the [[Landbouwbelang (squat)|Landbouwbelang]] in [[Maastricht]]. The Landbouwbelang is a former grain silo beside the [[Meuse]] ({{lang-nl|Maas}}) river which houses 15 people and provides space for art exhibitions, music events and various festivals.<ref name="RainbowLBB">{{cite news |last1=Freriks |first1=Cleo |title=We are a rainbow-like community |url=https://www.observantonline.nl/English/Home/Articles/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/10290/We-are-a-rainbow-like-community |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=Observant |date=13 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607151045/https://www.observantonline.nl/English/Home/Articles/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/10290/We-are-a-rainbow-like-community |archive-date=7 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vrijplaats Koppenhinksteeg]] in Leiden was occupied in 1968 and eventually evicted in 2010. The complex, which included a bar, a [[freeshop]], a library meeting rooms and offices for a group supporting illegal migrants, had been negotiating with the city council in order to legalise its activities until the talks stalled in 2008.<ref name="VK">{{cite news |last1=Reijn |first1=Gerard |last2=Sahadat |first2=Ianthe |title=Voor anarchisten en een enkele bal (Dutch) |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/voor-anarchisten-en-een-enkele-bal~bba6d894/ |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=Volkskrant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415204739/https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/voor-anarchisten-en-een-enkele-bal~bba6d894/ |archive-date=15 April 2019 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
-There are also some squats in the countryside such as a squatted village called [[Ruigoord]] near Amsterdam. [[Fort Pannerden]] (a military fort built in 1869 near to [[Nijmegen]]) was occupied in 2000 by people concerned about the state of the building. It was evicted on November 8, 2006, by a massive police operation which used military machinery and cost one million euros.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nu.nl/news/878312/10/Politie_hervat_ontruiming_Fort_Pannerden.html |title=Politie hervat ontruiming Fort Pannerden |publisher=Nu.nl |date=2006-11-08 |accessdate=2012-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226181626/http://www.nu.nl/news/878312/10/Politie_hervat_ontruiming_Fort_Pannerden.html |archive-date=2008-02-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> The squatters then re-squatted the fort on November 26 and have since made a deal with the local council which owns the fort. The deal stated that the squatters would receive a large piece of land to start a community in the rural area in between the city of [[Nijmegen]] and [[Arnhem]]. In exchange, the fort was handed over to local authorities, who turned it into a museum, with help provided by the former squatters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nu.nl/news/900535/10/Fort_Pannerden_voorlopig_niet_ontruimd.html |title=Fort Pannerden voorlopig niet ontruimd |publisher=Nu.nl |date=2006-11-27 |accessdate=2012-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227070050/http://www.nu.nl/news/900535/10/Fort_Pannerden_voorlopig_niet_ontruimd.html |archive-date=2008-02-27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indymedia.nl/nl/2006/12/41302.shtml |title=Fort Pannerden blijft voorlopig |publisher=Indymedia.nl |date= |accessdate=2012-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206020107/https://www.indymedia.nl/nl/2006/12/41302.shtml |archive-date=2012-02-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+There are also some squats in the countryside such as a squatted village called [[Ruigoord]] near Amsterdam. [[Fort Pannerden]] (a military fort built in 1869 near to [[Nijmegen]]) was occupied in 2000 by people concerned about the state of the building. It was evicted on November 8, 2006, by a massive police operation which used military machinery and cost one million euros.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nu.nl/news/878312/10/Politie_hervat_ontruiming_Fort_Pannerden.html |title=Politie hervat ontruiming Fort Pannerden |publisher=Nu.nl |date=2006-11-08 |access-date=2012-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226181626/http://www.nu.nl/news/878312/10/Politie_hervat_ontruiming_Fort_Pannerden.html |archive-date=2008-02-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> The fort was then re-squatted and the occupiers discussed a settlement with the local council and [[Staatsbosbeheer]], the owner.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nu.nl/news/900535/10/Fort_Pannerden_voorlopig_niet_ontruimd.html |title=Fort Pannerden voorlopig niet ontruimd |publisher=Nu.nl |date=2006-11-27 |access-date=2012-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227070050/http://www.nu.nl/news/900535/10/Fort_Pannerden_voorlopig_niet_ontruimd.html |archive-date=2008-02-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Developments==
 [[File:Giveaway shop utrecht front.jpg|thumb|right|300px|alt=refer to caption|A squatted [[freeshop]] in Utrecht, 2004]]
-In 1987, the law was changed so that an owner could take anonymous squatters to court, rather than being required to know their names.<ref name="SQUALL2">{{cite news |last1=Beale |first1=Sam |title=WHAT'S THE KRAAK? As in the UK, squatting in Holland entails knowing the law and exploring the loopholes. |url=http://squallmagazine.com/f/f10-42-whats-the-kraak.html |accessdate=30 August 2019 |work=SQUALL |issue=10 |date=1995 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830103249/http://squallmagazine.com/f/f10-42-whats-the-kraak.html |archivedate=30 August 2019}}</ref> A law was passed in 1994 which made it illegal to squat a building which had been empty for less than one year.<ref name="pruijt2">{{Cite journal |url=http://repub.eur.nl/pub/466/ |last=Pruijt |first=Hans |year=2003 |title=Is the institutionalization of urban movements inevitable? A comparison of the opportunities for sustained squatting in New York City and Amsterdam |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=133–57 |doi=10.1111/1468-2427.00436 |hdl=1765/19213 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2019-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828235245/https://repub.eur.nl/pub/466/ |archive-date=2019-08-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> After this, it became conventional for squatters to call the [[Law enforcement in the Netherlands|police]] after occupying a building and if the police were satisfied that the building had been empty for more than a year and that the squatters were living there (as evidenced by having a chair, a table and a bed) then the owner would need to make a courtcase to regain possession.<ref name="SQUALL2" /> Thus, squatting became a tactic to provide housing and also to fight speculation, conserve monumental buildings, provide groups with spaces and so on.<ref name="pruijt2" /> An example of conservational squatting is [[Huize Ivicke]] in [[Wassenaar]], a building which the owner refuses to repair. The villa was placed on a list of the most endangered monuments in Europe and it was squatted in 2018 by people wanting to prevent further dilapidation.<ref name="Robroek">{{cite news |last1=Robroek |first1=Roman |title=Photographing Huize Ivicke in Wassenaar |url=https://romanrobroek.nl/photographing-huize-ivicke-in-wassenaar/ |accessdate=30 June 2020 |work=Urban Photography by Roman Robroek |date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610134210/https://romanrobroek.nl/photographing-huize-ivicke-in-wassenaar/ |archive-date=10 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In 1987, the law was changed so that an owner could take anonymous squatters to court, rather than being required to know their names.<ref name="SQUALL2">{{cite news |last1=Beale |first1=Sam |title=WHAT'S THE KRAAK? As in the UK, squatting in Holland entails knowing the law and exploring the loopholes. |url=http://squallmagazine.com/f/f10-42-whats-the-kraak.html |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=SQUALL |issue=10 |date=1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830103249/http://squallmagazine.com/f/f10-42-whats-the-kraak.html |archive-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> A law was passed in 1994 which made it illegal to squat a building which had been empty for less than one year.<ref name="pruijt2">{{cite journal |url=http://repub.eur.nl/pub/466/ |last=Pruijt |first=Hans |year=2003 |title=Is the institutionalization of urban movements inevitable? A comparison of the opportunities for sustained squatting in New York City and Amsterdam |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=133–57 |doi=10.1111/1468-2427.00436 |hdl=1765/19213 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2019-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828235245/https://repub.eur.nl/pub/466/ |archive-date=2019-08-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> After this, it became conventional for squatters to call the [[Law enforcement in the Netherlands|police]] after occupying a building and if the police were satisfied that the building had been empty for more than a year and that the squatters were living there (as evidenced by having a chair, a table and a bed) then the owner would need to make a court case to regain possession.<ref name="SQUALL2" /> Thus, squatting became a tactic to provide housing and also to fight speculation, conserve monumental buildings, provide groups with spaces and so on.<ref name="pruijt2" /> An example of conservational squatting is [[Huize Ivicke]] in [[Wassenaar]], a building which the owner refuses to repair. The villa was placed on a list of the most endangered monuments in Europe and it was squatted in 2018 by people wanting to prevent further dilapidation.<ref name="Robroek">{{cite news |last1=Robroek |first1=Roman |title=Photographing Huize Ivicke in Wassenaar |url=https://romanrobroek.nl/photographing-huize-ivicke-in-wassenaar/ |access-date=30 June 2020 |work=Urban Photography by Roman Robroek |date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610134210/https://romanrobroek.nl/photographing-huize-ivicke-in-wassenaar/ |archive-date=10 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Squatting in the Netherlands, particularly in Amsterdam, became a rather institutionalised process, although the squatters movement continued to evolve with one development being the occupation of large office buildings by refugee collectives.<ref name="Uitermark">{{cite journal |last1=Uitermark |first1=Justus |title=The co-optation of squatters in Amsterdam and the emergence of a movement meritocracy: a critical reply to Pruijt |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |date=September 2004 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=687–698 |doi=10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00543.x}}</ref><ref name="Boer">{{cite news |last1=Boer |first1=René |title=Squatting: historical movement or contemporary tactic? |url=https://www.archined.nl/2017/08/squatting-historical-movement-or-contemporary-tactic/ |accessdate=28 September 2019 |work=Archined |date=7 August 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902160839/https://www.archined.nl/2017/08/squatting-historical-movement-or-contemporary-tactic/ |archivedate=2 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> One such group, [[We Are Here (collective)|We Are Here]] was established in 2012 and the [[collective]] had squatted over 30 buildings and parks by the end of 2017.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2FTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82&lpg=PT82&dq=ontruiming+%22wij+zijn+hier%22+amsterdam#v=onepage |title = EU@Amsterdam: Een stedelijke raad|isbn = 9789048531448|last1 = Mamadouh|first1 = Virginie|last2 = Wageningen|first2 = Anne van|date = 2016-01-05}}</ref><ref name="Koops">{{cite news |last1=Wolthuizen |first1=Josien |last2=Koops |first2=Ruben |title=We Are Here: Vijf jaar later nog geen stap verder |url=https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/we-are-here-vijf-jaar-later-nog-geen-stap-verder~bdbdf167/ |accessdate=10 May 2019 |work=Parool |date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510200206/https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/we-are-here-vijf-jaar-later-nog-geen-stap-verder~bdbdf167/ |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>  In a different development, squatting was used as a tool to contest the construction of the [[Betuweroute]], a freight railway route from Rotterdam to Germany. {{ill|GroenFront!|nl|GroenFront!}} and other environmental protestors occupied several houses due to be demolished. This included a failed attempt to squat a building in Angeren.<ref name="Dinther">{{cite news |last1=Dinther |first1=Mac van |title=Weer is Betuwelijn dag vertraagd |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/mensen/weer-is-betuwelijn-dag-vertraagd~b694d939/ |accessdate=28 September 2019 |work=de Volkskrant |date=5 April 2000 |language=nl-NL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928152926/https://www.volkskrant.nl/mensen/weer-is-betuwelijn-dag-vertraagd~b694d939/ |archive-date=28 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Squatting in the Netherlands, particularly in Amsterdam, became a rather institutionalised process, although the squatters movement continued to evolve with one development being the occupation of large office buildings by refugee collectives.<ref name="Uitermark">{{cite journal |last1=Uitermark |first1=Justus |title=The co-optation of squatters in Amsterdam and the emergence of a movement meritocracy: a critical reply to Pruijt |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |date=September 2004 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=687–698 |doi=10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00543.x}}</ref><ref name="Boer">{{cite news |last1=Boer |first1=René |title=Squatting: historical movement or contemporary tactic? |url=https://www.archined.nl/2017/08/squatting-historical-movement-or-contemporary-tactic/ |access-date=28 September 2019 |work=Archined |date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902160839/https://www.archined.nl/2017/08/squatting-historical-movement-or-contemporary-tactic/ |archive-date=2 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> One such group, [[We Are Here (collective)|We Are Here]] was established in 2012 and the [[collective]] had squatted over 30 buildings and parks by the end of 2017.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2FTCwAAQBAJ&q=ontruiming+%22wij+zijn+hier%22+amsterdam&pg=PT82 |title = EU@Amsterdam: Een stedelijke raad|isbn = 9789048531448|last1 = Mamadouh|first1 = Virginie|last2 = Wageningen|first2 = Anne van|date = 2016-01-05| publisher=Amsterdam University Press }}</ref><ref name="Koops">{{cite news |last1=Wolthuizen |first1=Josien |last2=Koops |first2=Ruben |title=We Are Here: Vijf jaar later nog geen stap verder |url=https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/we-are-here-vijf-jaar-later-nog-geen-stap-verder~bdbdf167/ |access-date=10 May 2019 |work=Parool |date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510200206/https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/we-are-here-vijf-jaar-later-nog-geen-stap-verder~bdbdf167/ |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>  In a different development, squatting was used as a tool to contest the construction of the [[Betuweroute]], a freight railway route from Rotterdam to Germany. {{ill|GroenFront!|nl|GroenFront!}} and other environmental protestors occupied several houses due to be demolished. This included a failed attempt to squat a building in Angeren.<ref name="Dinther">{{cite news |last1=Dinther |first1=Mac van |title=Weer is Betuwelijn dag vertraagd |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/mensen/weer-is-betuwelijn-dag-vertraagd~b694d939/ |access-date=28 September 2019 |work=de Volkskrant |date=5 April 2000 |language=nl-NL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928152926/https://www.volkskrant.nl/mensen/weer-is-betuwelijn-dag-vertraagd~b694d939/ |archive-date=28 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Criminalisation==
 [[File:Squattingban.svg|thumb|left|150px|alt=refer to caption|Squatting ban sign]]
 {{Main|Dutch squatting ban}}
-Squatting in the Netherlands became a criminal offence on 1 October 2010. In 2016, a report was published by the Dutch Government which stated that between October 2010 and November 2014,  529 people had been arrested for the new crime of squatting, in 213 separate incidents. Of these arrested, 210 received convictions and 42 were found not guilty.<ref name="CNS">{{cite web |last1=Dee |first1=E.T.C. |title=The vacancy crunch: The current housing crisis in the Netherlands and the repression of squatting |url=http://www.cnsjournal.org/the-vacancy-crunch-the-current-housing-crisis-in-the-netherlands-and-the-repression-of-squatting/ |website=CNS Journal |accessdate=10 August 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629160016/http://www.cnsjournal.org/the-vacancy-crunch-the-current-housing-crisis-in-the-netherlands-and-the-repression-of-squatting/ |archivedate=29 June 2019 |language=en|date=2016-05-14 }}</ref>
+Squatting in the Netherlands became a criminal offence on 1 October 2010. In 2016, a report was published by the Dutch Government which stated that between October 2010 and November 2014,  529 people had been arrested for the new crime of squatting, in 213 separate incidents. Of these arrested, 210 received convictions and 42 were found not guilty.<ref name="CNS">{{cite web |last1=Dee |first1=E.T.C. |title=The vacancy crunch: The current housing crisis in the Netherlands and the repression of squatting |url=http://www.cnsjournal.org/the-vacancy-crunch-the-current-housing-crisis-in-the-netherlands-and-the-repression-of-squatting/ |website=CNS Journal |access-date=10 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629160016/http://www.cnsjournal.org/the-vacancy-crunch-the-current-housing-crisis-in-the-netherlands-and-the-repression-of-squatting/ |archive-date=29 June 2019 |language=en|date=2016-05-14 }}</ref>
-Following criminalisation, in Amsterdam an estimated 330 squats were evicted in two years.<ref name="330panden">{{cite news |title=Amsterdam ontruimt 330 panden sinds kraakwet |url=https://www.rd.nl/amsterdam-ontruimt-330-panden-sinds-kraakwet-1.259316 |accessdate=30 August 2019 |work=Reformatorisch Dagblad |agency=ANP |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830180133/https://www.rd.nl/amsterdam-ontruimt-330-panden-sinds-kraakwet-1.259316 |archivedate=30 August 2019 |language=nl |quote=In totaal zijn in Amsterdam sinds de invoering van de nieuwe wet Kraken en Leegstand in oktober 2010, 330 kraakpanden ontruimd.}}</ref> Contested evictions included ADM, the [[Tabakspanden]] on [[Spuistraat]], the Valreep and Villa Friekens.<ref name="Beentjes">{{cite news |last1=Beentjes |first1=Jesse |title=Op het ADM-terrein kleur je buiten de lijntjes |url=https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/op-het-adm-terrein-kleur-je-buiten-de-lijntjes~b01802fe/ |accessdate=30 August 2019 |work=Parool |date=14 August 2016 |language=nl |quote=De afgelopen jaren is Amsterdam een aantal van zijn vrijplaatsen binnen de stad kwijtgeraakt: het Slangenpand aan de Spuistraat werd ontruimd, de Valreep in Oost moest plaatsmaken voor woningbouw en Villa Friekens in Noord werd verlaten voordat de ME eraan te pas kwam. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830142330/https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/op-het-adm-terrein-kleur-je-buiten-de-lijntjes~b01802fe/ |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Circus">{{cite news |title=Laatste Circus in Vrijhaven ADM |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2017/08/13/laatste-circus-in-vrijhaven-adm-12515681-a1569833 |accessdate=30 August 2019 |work=NRC |date=13 August 2017 |language=nl}}</ref> ADM was a former shipyard squatted for 21 years before its eventual eviction in 2019. Around 130 people lived there in buildings, boats and temporary structures.<ref name="DW-Derks">{{cite news |last1=Derks |first1=Sanne |title=Squatters in Amsterdam lose free haven |url=https://www.dw.com/en/squatters-in-amsterdam-lose-free-haven/g-47004213 |accessdate=7 June 2020 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203005955/https://www.dw.com/en/squatters-in-amsterdam-lose-free-haven/g-47004213 |archive-date=3 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[De Vloek]] social centre in The Hague was evicted in September 2015 after long political struggle. There were seven arrests.<ref name="Vloek">{{cite news |last1=Klaassen |first1=Nils |title=Einde van een tijdperk: laatste uren De Vloek |url=https://www.ad.nl/den-haag/einde-van-een-tijdperk-laatste-uren-de-vloek~a9f65e76/ |accessdate=25 April 2020 |work=AD |date=7 September 2015 |quote="Het is een beloning voor slecht gedrag," vindt VVD-fractieleider Martin Wörsdörfer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225162901/https://www.ad.nl/den-haag/einde-van-een-tijdperk-laatste-uren-de-vloek~a9f65e76/ |archive-date=25 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Vloek2">{{cite news |last1=Mulders |first1=Angelique |title=Zeven arrestaties bij ontruiming kraakpand De Vloek |url=https://www.ad.nl/den-haag/zeven-arrestaties-bij-ontruiming-kraakpand-de-vloek~aca98842/ |accessdate=7 June 2020 |work=Algemeen Dagblad |date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607154503/https://www.ad.nl/den-haag/zeven-arrestaties-bij-ontruiming-kraakpand-de-vloek~aca98842/ |archive-date=7 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Utrecht, the disused [[Amsterdamsestraatweg Water Tower]] was occupied repeatedly in protest at the criminalisation of squatting. In 2019, a resquat was unsuccessful.<ref name="Watertower19">{{cite news |title=Kraakpoging bij watertoren Amsterdamsestraatweg mislukt |url=https://www.nu.nl/utrecht/5980299/kraakpoging-bij-watertoren-amsterdamsestraatweg-mislukt.html |accessdate=30 August 2019 |work=NU |agency=DUIC |date=19 August 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830143010/https://www.nu.nl/utrecht/5980299/kraakpoging-bij-watertoren-amsterdamsestraatweg-mislukt.html |archivedate=30 August 2019 |language=nl |quote=Een poging om de watertoren aan de Amsterdamsestraatweg te kraken is zondagmiddag mislukt.}}</ref>
+Following criminalisation, in Amsterdam an estimated 330 squats were evicted in two years.<ref name="330panden">{{cite news |title=Amsterdam ontruimt 330 panden sinds kraakwet |url=https://www.rd.nl/amsterdam-ontruimt-330-panden-sinds-kraakwet-1.259316 |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=Reformatorisch Dagblad |agency=ANP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830180133/https://www.rd.nl/amsterdam-ontruimt-330-panden-sinds-kraakwet-1.259316 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |language=nl |quote=In totaal zijn in Amsterdam sinds de invoering van de nieuwe wet Kraken en Leegstand in oktober 2010, 330 kraakpanden ontruimd.}}</ref> Contested evictions included ADM, the [[Tabakspanden]] on [[Spuistraat]], the [[Valreep]] and Villa Friekens.<ref name="Beentjes">{{cite news |last1=Beentjes |first1=Jesse |title=Op het ADM-terrein kleur je buiten de lijntjes |url=https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/op-het-adm-terrein-kleur-je-buiten-de-lijntjes~b01802fe/ |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=Parool |date=14 August 2016 |language=nl |quote=De afgelopen jaren is Amsterdam een aantal van zijn vrijplaatsen binnen de stad kwijtgeraakt: het Slangenpand aan de Spuistraat werd ontruimd, de Valreep in Oost moest plaatsmaken voor woningbouw en Villa Friekens in Noord werd verlaten voordat de ME eraan te pas kwam. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830142330/https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/op-het-adm-terrein-kleur-je-buiten-de-lijntjes~b01802fe/ |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Circus">{{cite news |title=Laatste Circus in Vrijhaven ADM |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2017/08/13/laatste-circus-in-vrijhaven-adm-12515681-a1569833 |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=NRC |date=13 August 2017 |language=nl}}</ref> ADM was a former shipyard squatted for 21 years before its eventual eviction in 2019. Around 130 people lived there in buildings, boats and temporary structures.<ref name="DW-Derks">{{cite news |last1=Derks |first1=Sanne |title=Squatters in Amsterdam lose free haven |url=https://www.dw.com/en/squatters-in-amsterdam-lose-free-haven/g-47004213 |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203005955/https://www.dw.com/en/squatters-in-amsterdam-lose-free-haven/g-47004213 |archive-date=3 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[De Vloek]] social centre in The Hague was evicted in September 2015 after long political struggle. There were seven arrests.<ref name="Vloek">{{cite news |last1=Klaassen |first1=Nils |title=Einde van een tijdperk: laatste uren De Vloek |url=https://www.ad.nl/den-haag/einde-van-een-tijdperk-laatste-uren-de-vloek~a9f65e76/ |access-date=25 April 2020 |work=AD |date=7 September 2015 |quote="Het is een beloning voor slecht gedrag," vindt VVD-fractieleider Martin Wörsdörfer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225162901/https://www.ad.nl/den-haag/einde-van-een-tijdperk-laatste-uren-de-vloek~a9f65e76/ |archive-date=25 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Vloek2">{{cite news |last1=Mulders |first1=Angelique |title=Zeven arrestaties bij ontruiming kraakpand De Vloek |url=https://www.ad.nl/den-haag/zeven-arrestaties-bij-ontruiming-kraakpand-de-vloek~aca98842/ |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=Algemeen Dagblad |date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607154503/https://www.ad.nl/den-haag/zeven-arrestaties-bij-ontruiming-kraakpand-de-vloek~aca98842/ |archive-date=7 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Utrecht, the disused [[Amsterdamsestraatweg Water Tower]] was occupied repeatedly in protest at the criminalisation of squatting. In 2019, a resquat was unsuccessful.<ref name="Watertower19">{{cite news |title=Kraakpoging bij watertoren Amsterdamsestraatweg mislukt |url=https://www.nu.nl/utrecht/5980299/kraakpoging-bij-watertoren-amsterdamsestraatweg-mislukt.html |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=NU |agency=DUIC |date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830143010/https://www.nu.nl/utrecht/5980299/kraakpoging-bij-watertoren-amsterdamsestraatweg-mislukt.html |archive-date=30 August 2019 |language=nl |quote=Een poging om de watertoren aan de Amsterdamsestraatweg te kraken is zondagmiddag mislukt.}}</ref>
 ==Table of notable squats==
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%;"
-|+{{sronly|List of heists in the United Kingdom}}
+|+{{sronly|Squatting in the Netherlands}}
 |-
 ! scope="col" |Name
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 | Amsterdam
 | style="background:#FEE7E6; border:1px solid #BFA3B1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"|squatted 1997, evicted 2019
-| <ref name="DW-Derks" /><ref name="herleven">{{cite news | last = Kallenberg | first        = Freek | date         = 1997-11-14 | title        = Oude Tijden Herleven op De Adm / The old times relive, at the ADM | url          = http://www.ravagedigitaal.org/1997/246/Oude_tijden_her246.htm | url-status     = live | work         = Ravage 246 | location     = Amsterdam | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20200717145853/http://www.ravagedigitaal.org/1997/246/Oude_tijden_her246.htm | archive-date = July 17, 2020 | access-date  = 2019-02-21}} [https://adm.amsterdam/content/1997-11-14-oude-tijden-herleven-op-de-adm-old-times-relive-adm Alt URL]</ref>
+| <ref name="DW-Derks" /><ref name="herleven">{{cite news | last = Kallenberg | first = Freek | date = 1997-11-14 | title = Oude Tijden Herleven op De Adm / The old times relive, at the ADM | url = http://www.ravagedigitaal.org/1997/246/Oude_tijden_her246.htm | url-status = live | work = Ravage 246 | location = Amsterdam | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200717145853/http://www.ravagedigitaal.org/1997/246/Oude_tijden_her246.htm | archive-date = July 17, 2020 | access-date = 2019-02-21 }} [https://adm.amsterdam/content/1997-11-14-oude-tijden-herleven-op-de-adm-old-times-relive-adm Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602020057/https://adm.amsterdam/content/1997-11-14-oude-tijden-herleven-op-de-adm-old-times-relive-adm |date=2019-06-02 }}</ref>
 |-
 !scope=row| [[Amsterdamsestraatweg Water Tower]]
 | Utrecht
 | style="background:#FEE7E6; border:1px solid #BFA3B1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"|squatted 1980s, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018
-| <ref name="Tower1">{{cite web |title=De Watertoren Utrecht – Amsterdamsestraatweg |url=http://www.watertoren.nu/ |website=De Watertoren |accessdate=10 May 2020 |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304230429/http://www.watertoren.nu/ |archive-date=4 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tower2">{{cite news |last1=Redactie |title=Krakers veroordeeld voor actie bij Utrechtse watertoren op de Amsterdamsestraatweg |url=https://www.duic.nl/algemeen/krakers-veroordeel-voor-actie-bij-utrechtse-watertoren/ |accessdate=10 May 2020 |work=De Utrechtse Internet Courant |date=19 April 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304232459/https://www.duic.nl/algemeen/krakers-veroordeel-voor-actie-bij-utrechtse-watertoren/ |archivedate=4 March 2020}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Tower1">{{cite web |title=De Watertoren Utrecht – Amsterdamsestraatweg |url=http://www.watertoren.nu/ |website=De Watertoren |access-date=10 May 2020 |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304230429/http://www.watertoren.nu/ |archive-date=4 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tower2">{{cite news |last1=Redactie |title=Krakers veroordeeld voor actie bij Utrechtse watertoren op de Amsterdamsestraatweg |url=https://www.duic.nl/algemeen/krakers-veroordeel-voor-actie-bij-utrechtse-watertoren/ |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=De Utrechtse Internet Courant |date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304232459/https://www.duic.nl/algemeen/krakers-veroordeel-voor-actie-bij-utrechtse-watertoren/ |archive-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>
 |-
 !scope=row| [[ASCII (squat)|ASCII]]
 | Amsterdam
 | style="background:#FEE7E6; border:1px solid #BFA3B1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"|various squats 1999–2006
-| <ref name="HS">{{cite web |title=ASCII |url=https://hackstory.net/ASCII |website=Hack Story |accessdate=21 August 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718090757/http://hackstory.net/ASCII |archivedate=18 July 2016}}</ref>
+| <ref name="HS">{{cite web |title=ASCII |url=https://hackstory.net/ASCII |website=Hack Story |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718090757/http://hackstory.net/ASCII |archive-date=18 July 2016}}</ref>
 |-
 !scope=row| [[De Blauwe Aanslag|Blauwe Aanslag]]
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 | Eindhoven
 |  style="background:#CEF2E0; border:1px solid #A3BFB1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"|squatted 1970, legalized 1971
-| <ref name="Effenaar">{{cite news |last1=Hanssen |first1=Léon |title=Welzijnsinstantie met hoogstaande normen |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010822437:mpeg21:a0395 |accessdate=10 June 2020 |work=Trouw |date=1 September 1981}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Effenaar">{{cite news |last1=Hanssen |first1=Léon |title=Welzijnsinstantie met hoogstaande normen |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010822437:mpeg21:a0395 |access-date=10 June 2020 |work=Trouw |date=1 September 1981}}</ref>
 |-
 !scope=row| [[Fort Pannerden]]
 | Near Nijmegen
 | style="background:#FEE7E6; border:1px solid #BFA3B1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"|squatted 2000, evicted 2006, resquatted 2006, legalized 2006, renovated 2009
-| <ref name="Gelderlander">{{cite news |title=Krakers mogen Fort Pannerden beheren |url=https://www.gelderlander.nl/dgbinnenland/article924891.ece |accessdate=29 August 2019 |work=Gelderlander |date=14 December 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630115043/http://www.gelderlander.nl/regio/betuwe/krakers-mogen-fort-pannerden-beheren-1.2430006 |archivedate=30 June 2016 |language=nl}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Gelderlander">{{cite news |title=Krakers mogen Fort Pannerden beheren |url=https://www.gelderlander.nl/dgbinnenland/article924891.ece |access-date=29 August 2019 |work=Gelderlander |date=14 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630115043/http://www.gelderlander.nl/regio/betuwe/krakers-mogen-fort-pannerden-beheren-1.2430006 |archive-date=30 June 2016 |language=nl}}</ref>
 |-
 !scope=row| [[Grote Broek]]
 | Nijmegen
 |  style="background:#CEF2E0; border:1px solid #A3BFB1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"|squatted 1984, legalized 2000s
-| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Beau |title=30 Jaar de Grote Broek |url=https://www.nijmegencultuurstad.nl/nieuws/30-jaar-de-grote-broek |accessdate=10 April 2019 |work=Nijmegen Cultuurstad |date=30 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410222219/https://www.nijmegencultuurstad.nl/nieuws/30-jaar-de-grote-broek |archive-date=10 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Beau |title=30 Jaar de Grote Broek |url=https://www.nijmegencultuurstad.nl/nieuws/30-jaar-de-grote-broek |access-date=10 April 2019 |work=Nijmegen Cultuurstad |date=30 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410222219/https://www.nijmegencultuurstad.nl/nieuws/30-jaar-de-grote-broek |archive-date=10 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 |-
 !scope=row| [[Huize Ivicke]]
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 | Maastricht
 |  style="background:#CEF2E0; border:1px solid #A3BFB1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"|squatted 2002
-| <ref name="RainbowLBB"/><ref name="janssen_2013">{{cite book |last1=Janssen |first1=Bert|date=29 September 2013|title=Cultural Freezone Landbouwbelang |trans-title= |url=http://www.bertjanssen.eu/essays/2014/02/cultural-freezone-landbouwbelang/|language=nl |location=Maastricht |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225011033/http://www.bertjanssen.eu/essays/2014/02/cultural-freezone-landbouwbelang/ |archivedate=25 February 2019|publisher=Organic Press |isbn= 978-90-75924-12-1}}</ref>
+| <ref name="RainbowLBB"/><ref name="janssen_2013">{{cite book |last1=Janssen |first1=Bert|date=29 September 2013|title=Cultural Freezone Landbouwbelang |url=http://www.bertjanssen.eu/essays/2014/02/cultural-freezone-landbouwbelang/|language=nl |location=Maastricht |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225011033/http://www.bertjanssen.eu/essays/2014/02/cultural-freezone-landbouwbelang/ |archive-date=25 February 2019|publisher=Organic Press |isbn= 978-90-75924-12-1}}</ref>
 |-
 !scope=row| [[Moira (Utrecht)|Moira]]
 | Utrecht
 |  style="background:#CEF2E0; border:1px solid #A3BFB1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"|squatted 1983, later legalized
-|<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.wolvenburgutrecht.nl/gevangenis-wolvenplein/bijeenkomst-moira-geanimeerd-verslag/ | title=Bijeenkomst Moira met meer dan 80 aanwezigen geanimeerd | access-date=2020-08-31 | url-status=live }}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wolvenburgutrecht.nl/gevangenis-wolvenplein/bijeenkomst-moira-geanimeerd-verslag/ | title=Bijeenkomst Moira met meer dan 80 aanwezigen geanimeerd | date=17 December 2014 | access-date=2020-08-31 }}</ref>
 |-
-!scope=row| [[NSDM]]
+!scope=row| [[NDSM]]
 | Amsterdam
 |  style="background:#CEF2E0; border:1px solid #A3BFB1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"|squatted 1990s, legalized 2000s
-| <ref name="NSDM">{{cite journal |last1=Labuhn |first1=Beata |title=From Het Lieverdje to NDSM Historical Background of Amsterdam's Countercultural Places |journal=Global Built Environment Review |date=2018 |pages=9–47 |url=https://www.globalbuiltenvironmentreview.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/2.LabuhnGBER2018ASpecialIssue.pdf |accessdate=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301210308/https://www.globalbuiltenvironmentreview.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/2.LabuhnGBER2018ASpecialIssue.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| <ref name="NSDM">{{cite journal |last1=Labuhn |first1=Beata |title=From Het Lieverdje to NDSM Historical Background of Amsterdam's Countercultural Places |journal=Global Built Environment Review |date=2018 |pages=9–47 |url=https://www.globalbuiltenvironmentreview.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/2.LabuhnGBER2018ASpecialIssue.pdf |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301210308/https://www.globalbuiltenvironmentreview.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/2.LabuhnGBER2018ASpecialIssue.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 |-
 !scope=row| [[OCCII]]
 | Amsterdam
 |  style="background:#CEF2E0; border:1px solid #A3BFB1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"|squatted 1984, legalized 1989
-| <ref name="SQUALL">{{cite news |last1=Beale |first1=Sam |last2=Cobbing |first2=Nick |title=KRAAKING THE SYSTEM Dutch squatters have their own brand of negotiation – and it works. |url=http://squallmagazine.com/f/f10-40-kraaking-the-system.html |accessdate=30 August 2019 |work=SQUALL |issue=10 |date=1995 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830103233/http://squallmagazine.com/f/f10-40-kraaking-the-system.html |archivedate=30 August 2019}}</ref>
+| <ref name="SQUALL">{{cite news |last1=Beale |first1=Sam |last2=Cobbing |first2=Nick |title=KRAAKING THE SYSTEM Dutch squatters have their own brand of negotiation – and it works. |url=http://squallmagazine.com/f/f10-40-kraaking-the-system.html |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=SQUALL |issue=10 |date=1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830103233/http://squallmagazine.com/f/f10-40-kraaking-the-system.html |archive-date=30 August 2019}}</ref>
 |-
 !scope=row| [[OT301]]
 | Amsterdam
 |  style="background:#CEF2E0; border:1px solid #A3BFB1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"|squatted 1999, legalized 2006
-| <ref name="Lohman">{{cite thesis |last1=Lohman |first1=Kirsty |title=PhD: Punk Lives: Contesting Boundaries in the Dutch Punk Scene |date=2015 |publisher=Warwick University |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/75547/ |accessdate=30 August 2019 |type=phd |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412160906/http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/75547/ |archivedate=12 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| <ref name="Lohman">{{cite thesis |last1=Lohman |first1=Kirsty |title=PhD: Punk Lives: Contesting Boundaries in the Dutch Punk Scene |date=2015 |publisher=Warwick University |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/75547/ |access-date=30 August 2019 |type=phd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412160906/http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/75547/ |archive-date=12 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 |-
 !scope=row| [[Poortgebouw]]
@@ Line 138: / Line 138: @@
 | Amsterdam
 | style="background:#FEE7E6; border:1px solid #BFA3B1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"|variously squatted 1983 onwards, all evicted 2015
-| <ref name="AJ">{{cite news |title=Eviction of Amsterdam squatters turns violent |url=http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201503262031-0024647 |accessdate=16 October 2019 |work=Al Jazeera English |date=26 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016122327/http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201503262031-0024647 |archivedate=16 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
+| <ref name="AJ">{{cite news |title=Eviction of Amsterdam squatters turns violent |url=http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201503262031-0024647 |access-date=16 October 2019 |work=Al Jazeera English |date=26 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016122327/http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201503262031-0024647 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
+|-
+!scope=row| [[Tetterode]]
+| Amsterdam
+| style="background:#CEF2E0; border:1px solid #A3BFB1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"|squatted 1981, legalized 1986
+| <ref name="Tetterode">{{cite journal |last1=Gelderen |first1=Mikel van |title=WoonWerkPand Tetterode Amsterdam (NL): Johan W.F. Hartkamp, Jan Frederik van Erven Dorens, Merkelbach & Karsten, Merkelbach & Elling, K.P.C. de Bazel, residents and users |journal=Delft Architectural Studies on Housing |date=2019 |issue=15 |pages=138–145 |url=https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/dash/article/view/5098 |language=en |issn=1877-7007}}</ref>
 |-
 !scope=row| [[Ubica]]
 | Utrecht
 | style="background:#FEE7E6; border:1px solid #BFA3B1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"| squatted 1992, evicted 2013
-| <ref name="Ubica">{{cite news |last1=Redactie |title=ME haalt aantal krakers uit Ubica-panden Utrecht |url=https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/me-haalt-aantal-krakers-uit-ubica-panden-utrecht~acb1267f/ |accessdate=1 March 2020 |work=AD |date=25 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225162849/https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/me-haalt-aantal-krakers-uit-ubica-panden-utrecht~acb1267f/ |archive-date=25 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| <ref name="Ubica">{{cite news |last1=Redactie |title=ME haalt aantal krakers uit Ubica-panden Utrecht |url=https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/me-haalt-aantal-krakers-uit-ubica-panden-utrecht~acb1267f/ |access-date=1 March 2020 |work=AD |date=25 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225162849/https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/me-haalt-aantal-krakers-uit-ubica-panden-utrecht~acb1267f/ |archive-date=25 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 |-
 !scope=row| [[De Vloek|Vloek]]
@@ Line 149: / Line 154: @@
 | style="background:#FEE7E6; border:1px solid #A3BFB1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"|squatted 2002, evicted 2015
 | <ref name="Vloek" />
+|-
+!scope=row| [[Vossiustraat 16 (squat)]]
+| Amsterdam
+|  style="background:#CEF2E0; border:1px solid #A3BFB1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"| squatted 2022
+| <ref name="Vossiusstraat">{{cite news |title=Dutch court backs squatters in Russian tycoon's mansion |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/11/27/dutch-court-backs-amsterdam-squatters-in-russian-tycoons-mansion |work=Euro News |agency=AFP |date=27 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
 |-
 !scope=row| [[Vrankrijk]]
@@ Line 164: / Line 174: @@
 | style="background:#FEE7E6; border:1px solid #BFA3B1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"| squatted 1985, evicted 1990
 |<ref name="Nasleep"/>
+|-
+!scope=row| [[Wyers (squat)|Wyers]]
+| Amsterdam
+| style="background:#FEE7E6; border:1px solid #BFA3B1; padding:1em; margin:auto;"| squatted 1981, evicted 1984
+| <ref name="Owens-p159">{{cite book |last1=Owens |first1=Lynn |title=Cracking under pressure : narrating the decline of the Amsterdam squatters' movement |date=2009 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park, PA |isbn=9780271034638 |pages=159}}</ref>
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 177: / Line 192: @@
 ==Further reading==
 * ADILKNO (1994) ''Cracking The Movement'' {{ISBN|9780936756752}} Also available [http://thing.desk.nl/bilwet/Cracking/contents.html online]
-* Bouwknecht et al (2005) ''Witboek Kraken'' {{ISBN|9789067282284}}
+* Bouwknecht et al. (2005) ''Witboek Kraken'' {{ISBN|9789067282284}}
-* Breek et al (2001) ''Laat 1000 Vrijplaatsen Bloien – Onderzoek naar vrijplaatsen in Amsterdam'' {{ISBN|9080455636}}
+* Breek et al. (2001) ''Laat 1000 Vrijplaatsen Bloien – Onderzoek naar vrijplaatsen in Amsterdam'' {{ISBN|9080455636}}
 * Buchholz, T. (2016) [https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/34229014/Complete_thesis.pdf ''Struggling for recognition and affordable housing in Amsterdam and Hamburg: resignation, resistance, relocation''](PhD)
 * Dee, E.T.C. (2015) [https://medium.com/urban-design-and-planning/flowers-shed-petals-squatted-social-centres-in-amsterdam-36524ab6312e Flowers shed petals: Squatted social centres in Amsterdam]
@@ Line 198: / Line 213: @@
 [[Category:Squatting in the Netherlands| ]]
-[[Category:Squats in the Netherlands]]
+[[Category:Squats in the Netherlands| ]]
 [[Category:Social centres in the Netherlands]]
 [[Category:Housing in the Netherlands]]

v t e Squatting in the Netherlands
(Legalized) squats	ACU Effenaar Grote Broek Huize Ivicke Landbouwbelang Moira NDSM OCCII OT301 Poortgebouw Ruigoord Tetterode Vrankrijk
Evicted squats	ADM Amsterdamsestraatweg Water Tower ASCII Blauwe Aanslag Entrepotdok Fort Pannerden Mellow Yellow coffeeshop Slaakhuis Tabakspanden Ubica Valreep Vloek Vrijplaats Koppenhinksteeg WNC Wyers
Collectives	Ecotribe Teuge Eurodusnie Collective We Are Here
Events	Amsterdam coronation riots Death of Hans Kok Dutch squatting ban Nieuwmarkt riots Piersonstraat riots Vondelstraat riots
Related articles	Freeshop Infoshop Provo (movement) Squatting
Category Commons WikiProject

v t e Squatting
By country	Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Bhutan Brazil Cambodia Chile Costa Rica Croatia Czech Republic England and Wales Estonia Fiji Ghana Greece Guyana Haiti Honduras India Iran Iraq Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Kenya Liberia Malaysia Mexico Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Nigeria Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Romania Scotland Serbia South Korea Slovenia Solomon Islands Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Syria Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Uganda Ukraine (Crimea) United States Uruguay Vanuatu Venezuela West Bank Zambia Zimbabwe
Movements	Abahlali baseMjondolo Advisory Service for Squatters Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now Diggers Eurodusnie Collective Exodus Collective Homeless Workers' Movement Homes Not Jails Justice Not Crisis Landless Workers' Movement Mad Housers National Union of the Homeless Occupy Homes Ontario Coalition Against Poverty Picture the Homeless Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca Reclaim The City Revolutionary Housing League Squatters' Action for Secure Homes Take Back the Land The City is For All The Land is Ours We Are Here Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign Zone to Defend
In culture	A Squatter's Tale Ciutat Morta Dark Days Dear Mandela Emergency Exit Garbage Dreams In Krakende Welstand Kill City Lefties Magnificence Miracle in Milan Night Lodgers No Land! No House! No Vote! Shadow Cities Squatter's Rights Squatting the real story Suburbia The Cambridge Squatter The Good Terrorist The Harvest Gypsies The Legacy of Luna The Silverado Squatters The Strategy of the Snail Two Up, Two Down We, the Invisible
Related topics	Adverse possession Asentamiento Campamento Cantegril Colonia Favela Gecekondu Home Homelessness Occupation (protest) Pavement dwellers Pueblos jóvenes Rooftop slum Shanty town Slum Squatters union Tent city Tree sitting Villa miseria
Category Commons WikiProject