Editing Turkification
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* [[Animal name changes in Turkey]] – An initiative by the Turkish government to remove any reference to [[Armenia]] and [[Kurdistan]] in the [[Latin]] names of animals.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |title=Turkey renames 'divisive' animals |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4328285.stm |access-date=26 January 2013 |newspaper=BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation |date=8 March 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203014054/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4328285.stm |archive-date=3 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sari Gelin Case">{{cite news |last=Gunaysu |first=Ayse |title=Learnings from the Sari Gelin Case |url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2009/03/04/learnings-from-the-sari-gelin-case/ |access-date=26 January 2013 |newspaper=Armenian Weekly |date=March 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106234112/http://www.armenianweekly.com/2009/03/04/learnings-from-the-sari-gelin-case/ |archive-date=6 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Shahrzad>{{cite book |last1=Shahbazi |first1=Shirana |last2=Krebs |first2=Manuel |last3=Zolghadr |first3=Tirdad |title=Shahrzad: history |year=2005 |publisher=JRP Ringier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WBQAAAAMAAJ |access-date=26 January 2013 |page=97 |isbn=9783905701500 |quote=Turkey Renames Armenian Animals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522105801/https://books.google.com/books?id=8WBQAAAAMAAJ&q |archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grigoriadis |first=Ioannis N. |title=Trials of Europeanization : Turkish political culture and the European Union |year=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-0-230-61215-0 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Chris |title=The new Turkey : the quiet revolution on the edge of Europe |year=2006 |publisher=Granta Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-86207-865-9 |edition=Paperback |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/newturkeyquietre0000morr_l7s3 }} "A species of red fox known as Vulpes Vulpes Kurdistanica will henceforth be plain Vulpes Vulpes, while a species of wild sheep called Ovis Armeniana has been renamed Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus. Foreign scientists, the Ministry noted."</ref><ref>[[Revue des deux mondes]] 2006 "L'espèce de moutons appelée Ovis armeniana a été renommée Ovis orientalis anatolicus. De même, le chevreuil dit Capreolus caprelus armenius a été rebaptisé Capreolus caprelus capreolus. « Les noms de ces espèces animales auraient ..."</ref><ref>[[La Recherche]] Numéros 393 à 398 Société d'éditions scientifiques (Paris, France) – 2006 – Page 96 "Ovis Armeniana devient Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus, Capreolus Capreolus Armenius se transforme en Capreolus Caprelus Capreolus, et Vulpes Vulpes Kurdistanicum, le renard roux du Kurdistan, s'appelle désormais en Turquie Vulpes ..."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=MacDonald |first=David B. |title=Identity politics in the age of genocide: the Holocaust and historical representation |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-43061-6 |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBmGWaK-PfoC |edition=1. publ. |access-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603225127/https://books.google.com/books?id=SBmGWaK-PfoC |archive-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=live }} "The Ovis Armeniana (wild sheep) is now the Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus, while the roe deer, formerly known as Capreolus Capreolus Armenus, has become Capreolus Cuprelus Capreolus. These previous names have disappeared thanks to ..."</ref> |
* [[Animal name changes in Turkey]] – An initiative by the Turkish government to remove any reference to [[Armenia]] and [[Kurdistan]] in the [[Latin]] names of animals.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |title=Turkey renames 'divisive' animals |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4328285.stm |access-date=26 January 2013 |newspaper=BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation |date=8 March 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203014054/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4328285.stm |archive-date=3 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sari Gelin Case">{{cite news |last=Gunaysu |first=Ayse |title=Learnings from the Sari Gelin Case |url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2009/03/04/learnings-from-the-sari-gelin-case/ |access-date=26 January 2013 |newspaper=Armenian Weekly |date=March 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106234112/http://www.armenianweekly.com/2009/03/04/learnings-from-the-sari-gelin-case/ |archive-date=6 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Shahrzad>{{cite book |last1=Shahbazi |first1=Shirana |last2=Krebs |first2=Manuel |last3=Zolghadr |first3=Tirdad |title=Shahrzad: history |year=2005 |publisher=JRP Ringier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WBQAAAAMAAJ |access-date=26 January 2013 |page=97 |isbn=9783905701500 |quote=Turkey Renames Armenian Animals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522105801/https://books.google.com/books?id=8WBQAAAAMAAJ&q |archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grigoriadis |first=Ioannis N. |title=Trials of Europeanization : Turkish political culture and the European Union |year=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-0-230-61215-0 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Chris |title=The new Turkey : the quiet revolution on the edge of Europe |year=2006 |publisher=Granta Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-86207-865-9 |edition=Paperback |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/newturkeyquietre0000morr_l7s3 }} "A species of red fox known as Vulpes Vulpes Kurdistanica will henceforth be plain Vulpes Vulpes, while a species of wild sheep called Ovis Armeniana has been renamed Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus. Foreign scientists, the Ministry noted."</ref><ref>[[Revue des deux mondes]] 2006 "L'espèce de moutons appelée Ovis armeniana a été renommée Ovis orientalis anatolicus. De même, le chevreuil dit Capreolus caprelus armenius a été rebaptisé Capreolus caprelus capreolus. « Les noms de ces espèces animales auraient ..."</ref><ref>[[La Recherche]] Numéros 393 à 398 Société d'éditions scientifiques (Paris, France) – 2006 – Page 96 "Ovis Armeniana devient Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus, Capreolus Capreolus Armenius se transforme en Capreolus Caprelus Capreolus, et Vulpes Vulpes Kurdistanicum, le renard roux du Kurdistan, s'appelle désormais en Turquie Vulpes ..."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=MacDonald |first=David B. |title=Identity politics in the age of genocide: the Holocaust and historical representation |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-43061-6 |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBmGWaK-PfoC |edition=1. publ. |access-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603225127/https://books.google.com/books?id=SBmGWaK-PfoC |archive-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=live }} "The Ovis Armeniana (wild sheep) is now the Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus, while the roe deer, formerly known as Capreolus Capreolus Armenus, has become Capreolus Cuprelus Capreolus. These previous names have disappeared thanks to ..."</ref> |
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* [[Confiscated Armenian properties in Turkey]] – An initiative by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] governments which involved seizure of the assets, properties and land of the [[Turkish Armenians|Armenian community of Turkey]].<ref name="Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property">{{cite book |last1=Ungor |last2=Polatel |first1=Ugur |first2=Mehmet |title=Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property |year=2011 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4411-3055-6 |page=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06K7KM4s-wgC |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009030447/http://books.google.com/books?id=06K7KM4s-wgC&dq |archive-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The policy is considered a nationalization and Turkification of the country's economy by eliminating ownership of non-Turkish minorities which in this case would be of the Armenian community.<ref>{{cite news |title=Revisiting the Turkification of Confiscated Armenian Assets |newspaper=Armenian Weekly |date=April 17, 2012 |url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/04/17/revisiting-the-turkification-of-confiscated-armenian-assets/ |access-date=24 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106025252/http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/04/17/revisiting-the-turkification-of-confiscated-armenian-assets/ |archive-date=6 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
* [[Confiscated Armenian properties in Turkey]] – An initiative by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] governments which involved seizure of the assets, properties and land of the [[Turkish Armenians|Armenian community of Turkey]].<ref name="Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property">{{cite book |last1=Ungor |last2=Polatel |first1=Ugur |first2=Mehmet |title=Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property |year=2011 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4411-3055-6 |page=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06K7KM4s-wgC |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009030447/http://books.google.com/books?id=06K7KM4s-wgC&dq |archive-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The policy is considered a nationalization and Turkification of the country's economy by eliminating ownership of non-Turkish minorities which in this case would be of the Armenian community.<ref>{{cite news |title=Revisiting the Turkification of Confiscated Armenian Assets |newspaper=Armenian Weekly |date=April 17, 2012 |url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/04/17/revisiting-the-turkification-of-confiscated-armenian-assets/ |access-date=24 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106025252/http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/04/17/revisiting-the-turkification-of-confiscated-armenian-assets/ |archive-date=6 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* [[Geographical name changes in Turkey]] – An initiative by the [[Turkish government]] to replace non-Turkish geographical and topographic names within the [[ |
* [[Geographical name changes in Turkey]] – An initiative by the [[Turkish government]] to replace non-Turkish geographical and topographic names within the [[Turkish Republic]] or the [[Ottoman Empire]], with [[Turkish language|Turkish]] names,<ref name=Nişanyan2010>{{cite book |last=Nişanyan |first=Sevan |title=Adını unutan ülke: Türkiye'de adı değiştirilen yerler sözlüğü |year=2010 |publisher=Everest Yayınları |location=İstanbul |isbn=978-975-289-730-4 |edition=1. basım. |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Halis |first=Mujgan |title=Norşin'den Potamya'ya hayali coğrafyalarımız |url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/Cumartesi/2011/07/30/norsinden-potamyaya-hayali-cografyalarimiz |access-date=12 January 2013 |newspaper=Sabah |date=30 July 2011 |language=tr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040226/http://www.sabah.com.tr/Cumartesi/2011/07/30/norsinden-potamyaya-hayali-cografyalarimiz |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=Jongerden2012>{{cite book |editor-last=Jongerden |editor-first=Joost |title=Social relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-22518-3 |page=300 |editor-last2=Verheij |editor-first2=Jelle |date=2012-08-03 }}</ref> as part of a policy of Turkification.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sahakyan |first=Lusine |title=Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey |year=2010 |publisher=Arod Books |location=Montreal |isbn=978-0-9699879-7-0 |url=http://www.ararat-center.org/upload/files/Toponym_Lusine.pdf |access-date=2013-03-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526060554/http://www.ararat-center.org/upload/files/Toponym_Lusine.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-26}}</ref><ref name=Simonian2007>{{cite book |editor-last=Simonian |editor-first=Hovann H. |title=The Hemshin: history, society and identity in the highlands of northeast Turkey |url=http://hemshin.org/books/TheHemshin-Full.pdf |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-7007-0656-3 |page=161 |edition=Repr. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503043711/http://hemshin.org/books/TheHemshin-Full.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-03 }}</ref>{{sfn|Jongerden|2007|p=354}} The main proponent of the initiative has been a Turkish homogenization social-engineering campaign which aimed to assimilate or obliterate geographical or topographical names that were deemed foreign and divisive against Turkish unity. The names that were considered foreign were usually of Armenian, Greek, Laz, Slavic, Kurdish, Assyrian, or Arabic origin.<ref name=Nişanyan2010/><ref name=Jongerden2012/><ref name=Simonian2007/>{{sfn|Jongerden|2007|p=354}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Korkut |first=Tolga |newspaper=Bianet |title=Names of 12,211 Villages Were Changed in Turkey |url=http://www.bianet.org/english/minorities/114491-names-of-12-211-villages-were-changed-in-turkey |access-date=12 January 2013 |date=14 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720005719/http://bianet.org/english/minorities/114491-names-of-12-211-villages-were-changed-in-turkey |archive-date=20 July 2009}}</ref> For example, words such as ''Armenia'' were banned in 1880 from use in the press, schoolbooks, and governmental establishments and was subsequently replaced with words like Anatolia or Kurdistan.<ref>{{cite book |language=ru |title=Modern History of Armenia in the Works of Foreign Authors [Novaya istoriya Armenii v trudax sovremennix zarubezhnix avtorov |editor=R. Sahakyan |publisher=Yerevan |year=1993 |page=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Blundell |first1=Nigel |first2=Roger |last2=Boar |title=Crooks, crime and corruption |year=1991 |url=https://archive.org/details/crookscrimecorru0000boar |publisher=Dorset Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-88029-615-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/crookscrimecorru0000boar/page/232 232]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Balakian |first=Peter |date=2009-10-13 |title=The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response |url=https://archive.org/details/burningtigrisarm00bala_198 |url-access=limited |page=[https://archive.org/details/burningtigrisarm00bala_198/page/n53 36] |isbn=978-0-06-186017-1 |publisher=HarperCollins}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The World in arms : timeframe AD 1900–1925 |year=1989 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldinarmstimef00time/page/84 84] |publisher=Time-Life Books |location=Alexandria, Va. |edition=U.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/worldinarmstimef00time |isbn=978-0-8094-6470-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=K. Al-Rawi |first=Ahmed |title=Media Practice in Iraq. |year=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-35452-4 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhMoMFuO--gC&q=armenia+word+banned+abdul&pg=PA9 |access-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231220045/http://books.google.com/books?id=AhMoMFuO--gC&lpg=PA9&dq=armenia%20word%20banned%20abdul&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=armenia%20word%20banned%20abdul&f=false |archive-date=31 December 2013}}</ref> Assyrians have increased their protest regarding the forced Turkification of historically Aramaic-named cities and localities and they see this process as continuing the cultural genocide of their identity and history (as part of the wider erasure of Assyrian, Kurdish and Armenian cultures).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/_arameans-call-for-reversal-of-place-names_175906.html |title=Arameans call for reversal of place names |work=TodaysZaman |access-date=2015-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115080252/http://www.todayszaman.com/_arameans-call-for-reversal-of-place-names_175906.html |archive-date=2015-01-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wca-ngo.org/humanrightsfiles/the-tur-abdin-cases/373-request-to-reverse-turkification |title=World Council of Arameans [Syriacs] |author=Maria Kara |work=wca-ngo.org |access-date=2015-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115085917/http://www.wca-ngo.org/humanrightsfiles/the-tur-abdin-cases/373-request-to-reverse-turkification |archive-date=2015-01-15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">Çağatay, Soner 2002 'Kemalist dönemde göç ve iskan politikaları: Türk kimliği üzerine bir çalışma' (Policies of migration and settlement in the Kemalist era: a study on Turkish identity), Toplum ve Bilim, no. 93, pp. 218-41.</ref> |
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* [[Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)]] – An article of the [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[Penal Code]] which makes it illegal to insult Turkey, the Turkish nation, or Turkish government institutions. It took effect on 1 June 2005, and was introduced as part of a package of penal-law reform in the process preceding the opening of negotiations for [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|Turkish membership]] of the [[European Union]] (EU), in order to bring Turkey up to the Union standards.<ref>{{cite web |work=EurActiv |date=June 2, 2005 |orig-year=updated November 14, 2005 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/turkey-new-penal-code-touches-raw-nerves/article-140266 |title=Turkey's new penal code touches raw nerves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625201939/http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/turkey-new-penal-code-touches-raw-nerves/article-140266 |archive-date=2017-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Leicht|first=Justus |url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2006/feb2006/turk-f06.shtml |title=Turkey: Court drops prosecution of writer Orhan Pamuk |access-date=2008-07-29 |work=World Socialist Web site |publisher=[[ICFI]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725062252/http://www.wsws.org/articles/2006/feb2006/turk-f06.shtml |archive-date=25 July 2008 |url-status=live |date=2006-02-06}}</ref> |
* [[Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)]] – An article of the [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[Penal Code]] which makes it illegal to insult Turkey, the Turkish nation, or Turkish government institutions. It took effect on 1 June 2005, and was introduced as part of a package of penal-law reform in the process preceding the opening of negotiations for [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|Turkish membership]] of the [[European Union]] (EU), in order to bring Turkey up to the Union standards.<ref>{{cite web |work=EurActiv |date=June 2, 2005 |orig-year=updated November 14, 2005 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/turkey-new-penal-code-touches-raw-nerves/article-140266 |title=Turkey's new penal code touches raw nerves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625201939/http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/turkey-new-penal-code-touches-raw-nerves/article-140266 |archive-date=2017-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Leicht|first=Justus |url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2006/feb2006/turk-f06.shtml |title=Turkey: Court drops prosecution of writer Orhan Pamuk |access-date=2008-07-29 |work=World Socialist Web site |publisher=[[ICFI]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725062252/http://www.wsws.org/articles/2006/feb2006/turk-f06.shtml |archive-date=25 July 2008 |url-status=live |date=2006-02-06}}</ref> |
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* Turkification was also prevalent in the educational system of Turkey. Measures were adopted making Turkish classes mandatory in minority schools and making use of the Turkish language mandatory in economic institutions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kadioglu |first=Ayse Keyman |title=Utah Series in Turkish and Islamic Studies : Symbiotic Antagonisms : Competing Nationalisms in Turkey |year=2011 |publisher=University of Utah Press |location=Salt Lake City, UT |isbn=978-1-60781-979-0 |page=40}}</ref> |
* Turkification was also prevalent in the educational system of Turkey. Measures were adopted making Turkish classes mandatory in minority schools and making use of the Turkish language mandatory in economic institutions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kadioglu |first=Ayse Keyman |title=Utah Series in Turkish and Islamic Studies : Symbiotic Antagonisms : Competing Nationalisms in Turkey |year=2011 |publisher=University of Utah Press |location=Salt Lake City, UT |isbn=978-1-60781-979-0 |page=40}}</ref> |