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Coordinates: 48°40′30″N 5°53′30″E / 48.675°N 5.8917°E / 48.675; 5.8917
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{short description|Subprefecture and commune in Grand Est, France}}
{{Infobox French commune
{{Infobox French commune
|name = Toul
|name = Toul
Line 4: Line 6:
|image = Toul-cathedrale-2005.jpg
|image = Toul-cathedrale-2005.jpg
|caption = [[Toul Cathedral]]
|caption = [[Toul Cathedral]]
|image coat of arms = Blason Toul 54.svg
|arrondissement = Toul
|arrondissement = Toul
|canton = Toul
|canton = Toul
|INSEE = 54528
|INSEE = 54528
|postal code = 54200
|postal code = 54200
|mayor = Alde Harmand<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
|mayor = Nicole Feidt
|term = 2008–2014
|term = 2020&ndash;2026
|intercommunality = Toulois
|intercommunality = Terres Touloises
|coordinates = {{coord|48.675|5.8917|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates = {{coord|48.675|5.8917|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m =
|elevation m =
Line 16: Line 19:
|elevation max m = 400
|elevation max m = 400
|area km2 = 30.59
|area km2 = 30.59
|population = 16271
|population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date = 2012
|population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
}}
|image flag=Toul Flag.svg}}


'''Toul''' ({{IPA-fr|tul}}) is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]] [[Departments of France|department]] in north-eastern [[France]].
'''Toul''' ({{IPA|fr|tul}}) is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]] [[Departments of France|department]] in north-eastern [[France]].


It is a [[sub-prefecture]] of the department.
It is a [[Subprefectures in France|sub-prefecture]] of the department.


==Geography==
==Geography==
Toul is located between [[Commercy]] and [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], and situated between the [[Moselle River]] and the [[Canal de la Marne au Rhin]].
Toul is between [[Commercy]] and [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], and the river [[Moselle]] and [[Canal de la Marne au Rhin]].

===Climate===

Toul has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb''). The average annual temperature in Toul is {{cvt|9.8|C}}. The average annual rainfall is {{cvt|761.1|mm}} with June as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around {{cvt|18.6|C}}, and lowest in January, at around {{cvt|1.3|C}}. The highest temperature ever recorded in Toul was {{cvt|37.9|C}} on 11 August 1998; the coldest temperature ever recorded was {{cvt|-17.8|C}} on 9 January 1985.

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|collapsed = true
|location = Toul (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1968−1998)
|single line = Y
|metric first = Y
|Jan record high C = 15.2
|Feb record high C = 20.2
|Mar record high C = 24.3
|Apr record high C = 27.2
|May record high C = 29.4
|Jun record high C = 33.4
|Jul record high C = 36.8
|Aug record high C = 37.9
|Sep record high C = 30.9
|Oct record high C = 26.5
|Nov record high C = 19.4
|Dec record high C = 17.2
|Jan record low C = -17.8
|Feb record low C = -16.3
|Mar record low C = -14.6
|Apr record low C = -5.6
|May record low C = -2.1
|Jun record low C = 0.2
|Jul record low C = 4.3
|Aug record low C = 3.8
|Sep record low C = 0.3
|Oct record low C = -4.9
|Nov record low C = -10.9
|Dec record low C = -17.6
|Jan high C = 3.8
|Feb high C = 5.4
|Mar high C = 10.2
|Apr high C = 13.6
|May high C = 18.2
|Jun high C = 21.1
|Jul high C = 24.4
|Aug high C = 24.2
|Sep high C = 19.5
|Oct high C = 14.2
|Nov high C = 7.9
|Dec high C = 4.9
|year high C = 14.0
|Jan mean C = 1.3
|Feb mean C = 2.0
|Mar mean C = 6.1
|Apr mean C = 8.8
|May mean C = 13.1
|Jun mean C = 16.1
|Jul mean C = 18.8
|Aug mean C = 18.6
|Sep mean C = 14.7
|Oct mean C = 10.4
|Nov mean C = 5.1
|Dec mean C = 2.6
|year mean C = 9.8
|Jan low C = -1.2
|Feb low C = -1.3
|Mar low C = 1.9
|Apr low C = 3.9
|May low C = 8.0
|Jun low C = 11.1
|Jul low C = 13.2
|Aug low C = 12.9
|Sep low C = 9.8
|Oct low C = 6.6
|Nov low C = 2.3
|Dec low C = 0.2
|year low C = 5.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 63.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 51.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 55.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 52.1
|May precipitation mm = 73.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 77.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 58.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 54.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 65.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 73.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 62.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 73.8
|year precipitation mm = 761.1
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.1
|Feb precipitation days = 10.2
|Mar precipitation days = 11.6
|Apr precipitation days = 10.1
|May precipitation days = 11.7
|Jun precipitation days = 11.5
|Jul precipitation days = 8.6
|Aug precipitation days = 7.7
|Sep precipitation days = 8.8
|Oct precipitation days = 11.7
|Nov precipitation days = 10.7
|Dec precipitation days = 11.5
|year precipitation days = 126.2
|Jan snow days = 7.4
|Feb snow days = 7.3
|Mar snow days = 4.6
|Apr snow days = 1.6
|May snow days = 0.1
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0
|Nov snow days = 2.4
|Dec snow days = 4.4
|year snow days = 27.7
|source 1 = [[Météo-France]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_54463001.pdf
|title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1981-2010 et records
| publisher = [[Météo-France]]
| access-date = August 23, 2022}}</ref>}}


==History==
==History==
Toul was known to the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] as {{lang|la|Tullum Leucorum}}, and was the capital of the [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] tribe of the [[Leuci]].
Toul was known to the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] as {{lang|la|Tullum Leucorum}}, and was the capital of the [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] tribe of the [[Leuci]].


In 612, King [[Theudebert II]] of [[Austrasia]] was defeated by King [[Theuderic II]] of Burgundy near Toul. By the [[Treaty of Meerssen]] of 870, Toul became part of [[East Francia]], the later Holy Roman Empire. During the High Middle Ages, it became a [[Free Imperial City]]. Toul was annexed to France by King [[Henry II of France|Henry II]] in 1552; this was recognized by the Holy Roman Empire in the [[Peace of Westphalia]] of 1648. It then was a part of the French province of the [[Three Bishoprics]].
In 550, King [[Theudebald]] convoked a [[Council of Toul|synod at Toul]]. In 612, King [[Theudebert II]] of [[Austrasia]] was defeated by King [[Theuderic II]] of Burgundy near Toul. By the [[Treaty of Meerssen]] of 870, Toul became part of [[East Francia]], the later Holy Roman Empire. During the High Middle Ages, it became a [[Free Imperial City]]. Toul was annexed to France by King [[Henry II of France|Henry II]] in 1552; this was recognized by the Holy Roman Empire in the [[Peace of Westphalia]] of 1648. It then was a part of the French province of the [[Three Bishoprics]].


Toul was the seat of the [[bishop of Toul|bishops of Toul]]; the diocese was founded around 365 and existed until 1807.
Toul was the seat of the [[bishop of Toul|bishops of Toul]]; the diocese was founded around 365 and existed until 1807.
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During the [[siege of Toul|siege]] of 1870 during the [[Franco-Prussian War]], the last time that Toul's defenses were used as a classic fortress, 64 guns opened fire at 6:00&nbsp;a.m. on 23 September, and the fortress surrendered at 3:00&nbsp;p.m. after 2,433 shells had been fired.
During the [[siege of Toul|siege]] of 1870 during the [[Franco-Prussian War]], the last time that Toul's defenses were used as a classic fortress, 64 guns opened fire at 6:00&nbsp;a.m. on 23 September, and the fortress surrendered at 3:00&nbsp;p.m. after 2,433 shells had been fired.


The city was also the primary base of the [[Air Service, United States Army]], a predecessor organization of the [[United States Air Force]] during [[World War I]]. As such, it was a base for many of the 45 wartime squadrons of the [[First Army Air Service]], including the squadrons of the [[1st Pursuit Group]], [[First Army Observation Group]] and others. The Americans referred to the area around Toul as the Toul Sector. Two large operations were launched from this area: the [[St. Mihiel Offensive]] and the [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive]], both in September 1918. During [[World War II]], the American [[358th Fighter Group]] used [[Toul-Croix De Metz Airfield]] (A-90) during the fall of 1944 and spring of 1945, and [[Toul-Rosières Air Base]] (BA 136) was an American [[NATO]] air base during the 1950s and 1960s.{{Infobox former country
The city was also the primary base of the [[Air Service, United States Army]], a predecessor organization of the [[United States Air Force]] during [[World War I]]. As such, it was a base for many of the 45 wartime squadrons of the [[First Army Air Service]], including the squadrons of the [[1st Pursuit Group]], [[First Army Observation Group]] and others. The Americans referred to the area around Toul as the Toul Sector. Two large operations were launched from this area: the [[St. Mihiel Offensive]] and the [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive]], both in September 1918. During [[World War II]], the American [[358th Fighter Group]] used [[Toul-Croix De Metz Airfield]] (A-90) during the fall of 1944 and spring of 1945, and [[Toul-Rosières Air Base]] (BA 136) was an American [[NATO]] air base during the 1950s and 1960s.

|native_name = {{lang|de|Reichsstadt Tull}} <small>([[German language|de]])</small><br />{{lang|fr|Ville libre de Toul}} <small>([[French language|fr]])</small>
==Population==
|conventional_long_name = Imperial City of Toul
{{Historical populations
|common_name = Toul
|align = none
|
|cols = 2
|continent = Europe
|percentages = pagr
|region = Central Europe
|source = EHESS<ref name=ehess>{{Cassini-Ehess|37808|Toul}}</ref> and INSEE (1968-2017)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-54528#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968], INSEE</ref>
|country = France
|graph-pos = bottom
|era = Middle Ages
|1793 |8015
|status = [[Free Imperial City]]<br /><small>([[State of the Holy Roman Empire|State]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]])</small>
|1800 |6940
|empire = Holy Roman Empire
|1806 |6973
|government_type = Republic
|1821 |7535
|
|1831 |7507
|year_start =
|1836 |7333
|year_end = 1648
|1841 |7037
|life_span = ? – 1648
|1846 |7158
|
|1851 |7271
|event_start = Gained ''[[Reichsfrei]]heit''
|1856 |8191
|date_start = ''Uncertain''
|1861 |7687
|event_end = [[Three Bishoprics]] [[Italian War of 1551–1559|annexed]] by [[Early modern France|France]]
|1872 |6930
|date_end =
|1876 |10085
|event_post = [[Treaty of Westphalia|Annexation recognised]]
|1881 |10012
|date_post = 1648
|1886 |10459
|
|1891 |12138
|p1 = Bishopric of Toul
|1896 |12201
|image_p1 = [[File:Blason Toul.png|x18px]]
|1901 |12287
|s1 = Early modern France
|1906 |13663
|flag_s1 = Royal Standard of the King of France.svg
|1911 |15884
|
|1921 |12363
|capital = Toul
|1926 |11951
|footnotes = <!--- Accepts wikilinks --->
|1931 |12656
|1936 |13267
|1946 |9389
|1954 |12134
|1962 |14155
|1968 |14780
|1975 |16454
|1982 |17406
|1990 |17281
|1999 |16945
|2007 |16230
|2012 |16271
|2017 |15832
}}
}}


==Sights==
==Sights==
The most striking features are the impressive stone [[defensive wall|rampart]]s. Those that exist today are the work of [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban]], [[Louis XIV]]'s military engineer. In 1698 he designed a new enclosure and work began in 1699-1700. Several of [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban|Vauban]]'s fortifications in France are listed as a combined [[List of World Heritage Sites in France|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. Although the fortifications at Toul are not in that list they do follow the general [[Enfilade and defilade|defiladed]] fortification pattern for which [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban|Vauban]] is known.<ref>{{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Paddy|title=The Vauban fortifications of France|year=2006|publisher=Osprey|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=1841768758|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> There appears to have been a fortified town at this location since the earliest recorded history. Today, the ramparts encircle and define the old town. They are built of dressed white stone, and topped with grass, and in places are over five metres high.
The most striking features are the impressive stone [[defensive wall|rampart]]s. Those that exist today are the work of [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban]], [[Louis XIV]]'s military engineer. In 1698 he designed a new enclosure and work began in 1699-1700. Several of [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban|Vauban]]'s fortifications in France are listed as a combined [[List of World Heritage Sites in France|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. Although the fortifications at Toul are not in that list they do follow the general [[Enfilade and defilade|defiladed]] fortification pattern for which [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban|Vauban]] is known.<ref>{{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Paddy|title=The Vauban fortifications of France|year=2006|publisher=Osprey|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=1841768758|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> There appears to have been a fortified town at this location since the earliest recorded history. Today, the ramparts encircle and define the old town. They are built of dressed white stone, and topped with grass, and in places are over five metres high.


There is a great deal of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] archæology in the area and allegedly some in the town. The Roman [[fortified town]] of [[Grand, Vosges|Grand]] is some 30&nbsp;km away, with its great [[amphitheatre]] and temple to the [[Cult of Apollo]].
There is a great deal of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] archaeology in the area and allegedly some in the town. The Roman [[fortified town]] of [[Grand, Vosges|Grand]] is some 30&nbsp;km away, with its great [[amphitheatre]] and temple to the [[Cult of Apollo]].


The old town's architecture is dominated by past glories in various states of decay, including a major Gothic [[Toul cathedral|cathedral]], which is in a poor condition and is being slowly restored. Many of the houses were built as canonical residences in the [[Late Middle Ages]] and bear vestiges in the form of ornamental stonework. The gothic chapel of the Knights Templar [[Commandery of Libdeau]] is undergoing a major restoration.
[[Image:Cathédrale de Toul-Façade.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Facade]]

The old town's architecture is dominated by past glories in various states of decay, including a major Gothic [[Toul cathedral|cathedral]], which is in a poor condition and is being slowly restored. Many of the houses were built as canonical residences in the [[Late Middle Ages]] and bear vestiges in the form of ornamental stonework.


There is no trace of the monastery, however its wine-cellars still exist, under the shops on the north side of the Rue Gambetta. (Access is possible via the Camera Shop).
There is no trace of the monastery, however its wine-cellars still exist, under the shops on the north side of the Rue Gambetta. (Access is possible via the Camera Shop).


==Transportation==
==Transportation==
Toul is at the intersection of the [[Moselle River]] (which divides into the river proper and the ''Moselle Canalisée'' just outside the town) with the [[Canal de la Marne au Rhin]], and was once, consequently, an important port. The barges known as ''péniches'' still navigate these watercourses commercially, typically carrying steel, though in the summer much more of the water traffic is for pleasure.
Toul is at the intersection of the river [[Moselle]] (which divides into the river proper and the ''Moselle Canalisée'' just outside the town) with the [[Canal de la Marne au Rhin]], and was once, consequently, an important port. The barges known as ''péniches'' still navigate these watercourses commercially, typically carrying steel, though in the summer much more of the water traffic is for pleasure.


There is a main-line railway station at Toul, the last major station before the (once vast, and still very large) marshalling yards at [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. However, the Paris-Strasbourg [[TGV]] line, now under construction, will pass about 20&nbsp;km north of Toul, approximately midway between [[Metz]] and Nancy. Its completion will likely reduce Toul's importance as a station.
There is a main-line railway station at Toul, the last major station before the (once vast, and still very large) marshalling yards at [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. However, the Paris-Strasbourg [[LGV Est|TGV line]], completed in 2016, passes about 20&nbsp;km north of Toul, approximately midway between [[Metz]] and Nancy.


==Economy==
==Economy==
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==Administration==
==Administration==
Toul is the seat and part of the [[canton of Toul]], and of the [[arrondissement of Toul]].
Toul is the seat and part of the [[canton of Toul]], and of the [[arrondissement of Toul]].


==Twin towns==
==Twin towns==
* {{flag icon|Germany}} [[Hamm]], Germany, since 1987
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia|Hamm]], Germany, since 1987
* {{flag icon|Czech}} [[Jaroměř]], Czech republic, since 2017
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Ostrołęka]], Poland, since 2006


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
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* [[Antoine Augustin Calmet]], monk
* [[Antoine Augustin Calmet]], monk
* [[Marcel Bigeard]], French Army General
* [[Marcel Bigeard]], French Army General
* [[Anne-Laure Blin]], politician
* [[Mickaël Causse]], Neuroscientist
* [[Mickaël Causse]], Neuroscientist
* [[Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr]], military leader
* [[Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr]], military leader
Line 104: Line 240:
* [[Louis Majorelle]], furniture designer and manufacturer
* [[Louis Majorelle]], furniture designer and manufacturer
* [[Pascal Vigneron]], musician and director of the Bach Toul Festival
* [[Pascal Vigneron]], musician and director of the Bach Toul Festival

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Toul Mairie.JPG
Apothicaire Toul.JPG
Monument 02113.JPG
France Grand Est 54 Toul 01.jpg
France Grand Est 54 Toul 06.jpg
Toul Meurthe-et-Moselle Fontaine Louis Curel.JPG
Façade du Musée d'Art et d'Histoire de Toul.jpg
</gallery>
<gallery>
Cathédrale de Toul-Façade.JPG|Facade
Collégiale_Saint-Gengoult_de_Toul.jpg
France Grand Est 54 Toul 03.jpg
Toul église saint evre.JPG
Toul église Saint-Paul croix de Metz.JPG
Toul chapelle Notre-Dame.JPG
Toul chapelle Lidbeau.JPG
Toul chapelle gare cou.JPG
Toul Chapelle saint charles hôpital.JPG
Toul chapelle abbaye saint mansuy.JPG
Toul abbaye saint mansuy.JPG
Toul église saint mansuy.JPG
Toul Temple.JPG
Synagogue Toul.JPG
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Arrondissement of Toul]]
* [[Toul-Rosieres Air Base]]
* [[Toul-Rosieres Air Base]]


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[[Category:Former republics]]
[[Category:Former republics]]
[[Category:Free imperial cities]]
[[Category:Free imperial cities]]
[[Category:Vauban fortifications in France]]
[[Category:Three Bishoprics]]

Latest revision as of 06:45, 21 August 2024

Toul
Subprefecture and commune
Toul Cathedral
Toul Cathedral
Flag of Toul
Flag
Coat of arms of Toul
Coat of arms
Location of Toul
Map
Toul is located in France
Toul
Toul
Toul is located in Grand Est
Toul
Toul
Coordinates: 48°40′30″N 5°53′30″E / 48.675°N 5.8917°E / 48.675; 5.8917
CountryFrance
RegionGrand Est
DepartmentMeurthe-et-Moselle
ArrondissementToul
CantonToul
IntercommunalityTerres Touloises
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Alde Harmand[1]
Area
1
30.59 km2 (11.81 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
15,849
 • Density520/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
54528 /54200
Elevation200–400 m (660–1,310 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Toul (French pronunciation: [tul]) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.

It is a sub-prefecture of the department.

Geography

[edit]

Toul is between Commercy and Nancy, and the river Moselle and Canal de la Marne au Rhin.

Climate

[edit]

Toul has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Toul is 9.8 °C (49.6 °F). The average annual rainfall is 761.1 mm (29.96 in) with June as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 18.6 °C (65.5 °F), and lowest in January, at around 1.3 °C (34.3 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Toul was 37.9 °C (100.2 °F) on 11 August 1998; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) on 9 January 1985.

Climate data for Toul (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1968−1998)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4) 		20.2
(68.4) 		24.3
(75.7) 		27.2
(81.0) 		29.4
(84.9) 		33.4
(92.1) 		36.8
(98.2) 		37.9
(100.2) 		30.9
(87.6) 		26.5
(79.7) 		19.4
(66.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		37.9
(100.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.8
(38.8) 		5.4
(41.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		13.6
(56.5) 		18.2
(64.8) 		21.1
(70.0) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.2
(75.6) 		19.5
(67.1) 		14.2
(57.6) 		7.9
(46.2) 		4.9
(40.8) 		14.0
(57.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3) 		2.0
(35.6) 		6.1
(43.0) 		8.8
(47.8) 		13.1
(55.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.6
(65.5) 		14.7
(58.5) 		10.4
(50.7) 		5.1
(41.2) 		2.6
(36.7) 		9.8
(49.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		1.9
(35.4) 		3.9
(39.0) 		8.0
(46.4) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		12.9
(55.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		6.6
(43.9) 		2.3
(36.1) 		0.2
(32.4) 		5.7
(42.3)
Record low °C (°F) −17.8
(0.0) 		−16.3
(2.7) 		−14.6
(5.7) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		0.2
(32.4) 		4.3
(39.7) 		3.8
(38.8) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−10.9
(12.4) 		−17.6
(0.3) 		−17.8
(0.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 63.2
(2.49) 		51.2
(2.02) 		55.5
(2.19) 		52.1
(2.05) 		73.2
(2.88) 		77.2
(3.04) 		58.9
(2.32) 		54.4
(2.14) 		65.2
(2.57) 		73.7
(2.90) 		62.7
(2.47) 		73.8
(2.91) 		761.1
(29.96)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.1 10.2 11.6 10.1 11.7 11.5 8.6 7.7 8.8 11.7 10.7 11.5 126.2
Average snowy days 7.4 7.3 4.6 1.6 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 2.4 4.4 27.7
Source: Météo-France[3]

History

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Toul was known to the Romans as Tullum Leucorum, and was the capital of the Gaulish tribe of the Leuci.

In 550, King Theudebald convoked a synod at Toul. In 612, King Theudebert II of Austrasia was defeated by King Theuderic II of Burgundy near Toul. By the Treaty of Meerssen of 870, Toul became part of East Francia, the later Holy Roman Empire. During the High Middle Ages, it became a Free Imperial City. Toul was annexed to France by King Henry II in 1552; this was recognized by the Holy Roman Empire in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. It then was a part of the French province of the Three Bishoprics.

Toul was the seat of the bishops of Toul; the diocese was founded around 365 and existed until 1807.

During the siege of 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War, the last time that Toul's defenses were used as a classic fortress, 64 guns opened fire at 6:00 a.m. on 23 September, and the fortress surrendered at 3:00 p.m. after 2,433 shells had been fired.

The city was also the primary base of the Air Service, United States Army, a predecessor organization of the United States Air Force during World War I. As such, it was a base for many of the 45 wartime squadrons of the First Army Air Service, including the squadrons of the 1st Pursuit Group, First Army Observation Group and others. The Americans referred to the area around Toul as the Toul Sector. Two large operations were launched from this area: the St. Mihiel Offensive and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, both in September 1918. During World War II, the American 358th Fighter Group used Toul-Croix De Metz Airfield (A-90) during the fall of 1944 and spring of 1945, and Toul-Rosières Air Base (BA 136) was an American NATO air base during the 1950s and 1960s.

Population

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Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 8,015—    
1800 6,940−2.04%
1806 6,973+0.08%
1821 7,535+0.52%
1831 7,507−0.04%
1836 7,333−0.47%
1841 7,037−0.82%
1846 7,158+0.34%
1851 7,271+0.31%
1856 8,191+2.41%
1861 7,687−1.26%
1872 6,930−0.94%
1876 10,085+9.83%
1881 10,012−0.15%
1886 10,459+0.88%
1891 12,138+3.02%
1896 12,201+0.10%
1901 12,287+0.14%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1906 13,663+2.15%
1911 15,884+3.06%
1921 12,363−2.47%
1926 11,951−0.68%
1931 12,656+1.15%
1936 13,267+0.95%
1946 9,389−3.40%
1954 12,134+3.26%
1962 14,155+1.94%
1968 14,780+0.72%
1975 16,454+1.54%
1982 17,406+0.81%
1990 17,281−0.09%
1999 16,945−0.22%
2007 16,230−0.54%
2012 16,271+0.05%
2017 15,832−0.55%
Source: EHESS[4] and INSEE (1968-2017)[5]

Sights

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The most striking features are the impressive stone ramparts. Those that exist today are the work of Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, Louis XIV's military engineer. In 1698 he designed a new enclosure and work began in 1699-1700. Several of Vauban's fortifications in France are listed as a combined UNESCO World Heritage Site. Although the fortifications at Toul are not in that list they do follow the general defiladed fortification pattern for which Vauban is known.[6] There appears to have been a fortified town at this location since the earliest recorded history. Today, the ramparts encircle and define the old town. They are built of dressed white stone, and topped with grass, and in places are over five metres high.

There is a great deal of Roman archaeology in the area and allegedly some in the town. The Roman fortified town of Grand is some 30 km away, with its great amphitheatre and temple to the Cult of Apollo.

The old town's architecture is dominated by past glories in various states of decay, including a major Gothic cathedral, which is in a poor condition and is being slowly restored. Many of the houses were built as canonical residences in the Late Middle Ages and bear vestiges in the form of ornamental stonework. The gothic chapel of the Knights Templar Commandery of Libdeau is undergoing a major restoration.

There is no trace of the monastery, however its wine-cellars still exist, under the shops on the north side of the Rue Gambetta. (Access is possible via the Camera Shop).

Transportation

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Toul is at the intersection of the river Moselle (which divides into the river proper and the Moselle Canalisée just outside the town) with the Canal de la Marne au Rhin, and was once, consequently, an important port. The barges known as péniches still navigate these watercourses commercially, typically carrying steel, though in the summer much more of the water traffic is for pleasure.

There is a main-line railway station at Toul, the last major station before the (once vast, and still very large) marshalling yards at Nancy. However, the Paris-Strasbourg TGV line, completed in 2016, passes about 20 km north of Toul, approximately midway between Metz and Nancy.

Economy

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The surrounding countryside is a wine-growing region, in which the AOC Côtes de Toul vintage is produced. Particularly notable is the Gris de Toul.

Administration

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Toul is the seat and part of the canton of Toul, and of the arrondissement of Toul.

Twin towns

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Notable people

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  • Facade
    Facade

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
  2. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1981-2010 et records" (PDF). Météo-France. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  4. ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Toul, EHESS (in French).
  5. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
  6. ^ Griffith, Paddy (2006). The Vauban fortifications of France (1. publ. ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Osprey. ISBN 1841768758.
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