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{{Infobox medical condition (new)
{{Short description|Congenital condition of the uterus}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
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A '''uterine septum''' is a form of a [[Congenital disorder|congenital]] [[uterine malformation|malformation]] where the [[uterus|uterine]] cavity is partitioned by a longitudinal [[septum]]; the outside of the uterus has a normal typical shape. The wedge-like partition may involve only the superior part of the cavity resulting in an ''incomplete septum'' or a ''subseptate uterus'', or less frequently the total length of the cavity (''complete septum'') and the [[cervix]] resulting in a double cervix. The septation may also continue [[Caudal (anatomical term)|caudally]] into the [[vagina]] resulting in a "[[vaginal septum|double vagina]]".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Heinonen PK |title=Complete septate uterus with longitudinal vaginal septum |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=700–5 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16500341 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.08.039}}</ref>
A '''uterine septum''' is a congenital [[uterine malformation]] where the [[uterus|uterine]] cavity is partitioned by a longitudinal [[septum]]; the outside of the uterus has a normal typical shape. The wedge-like partition may involve only the superior part of the cavity resulting in an ''incomplete septum'' or a ''subseptate uterus'', or less frequently the total length of the cavity (''complete septum'') and the [[cervix]] resulting in a double cervix. The septation may also continue [[Caudal (anatomical term)|caudally]] into the [[vagina]] resulting in a "[[vaginal septum|double vagina]]".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Heinonen PK |title=Complete septate uterus with longitudinal vaginal septum |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=700–5 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16500341 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.08.039|doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Signs and symptoms==
==Signs and symptoms==
[[File:Uterine malformation.jpg|thumb|Four types of uterine malformations]]
⚫
The condition may not be known to the affected individual and not result in any reproductive problems; thus normal pregnancies may occur.In more serious cases have reported high infertility rates. <ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Creasy RK, Resnik R | title=Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. | publisher=W.B.Saunders|location= Philadelphia |year=1994|isbn=0-7216-6590-X |page=447}}</ref> However, it is associated with a higher risk for [[miscarriage]], [[premature birth]], and [[malpresentation]]. According to the classical study by Buttram there is a 60% risk of a spontaneous abortion, this being more common in the second than in the first trimester.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Buttram VC, Gibbons WE |title=Müllerian anomalies: a proposed classification. (An analysis of 144 cases) |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=40–6 |date=July 1979 |pmid=456629 |doi= |url=}}</ref> However, there is no agreement on this number and other studies show a lower risk. Woelfer found that the miscarriage risk is more pronounced in the first trimester.<ref name=woelfer/>


⚫
The condition may not be known to the affected individual and not result in any reproductive problems; thus normal pregnancies may occur. In more serious cases have reported high infertility rates.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Creasy RK, Resnik R |title=Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. |publisher=W.B.Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=1994 |isbn=0-7216-6590-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/maternalfetalmed03edunse/page/447 447] |url=https://archive.org/details/maternalfetalmed03edunse/page/447 }}</ref> However, it is associated with a higher risk for [[miscarriage]], [[premature birth]], and [[malpresentation]]. According to the classical study by Buttram there is a 60% risk of a spontaneous abortion, this being more common in the second than in the first trimester.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Buttram VC, Gibbons WE |title=Müllerian anomalies: a proposed classification. (An analysis of 144 cases) |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=40–6 |date=July 1979 |pmid=456629 |doi= 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)44114-2|doi-access= }}</ref> However, there is no agreement on this number and other studies show a lower risk. Woelfer found that the miscarriage risk is more pronounced in the first trimester.<ref name=woelfer/>
⚫
The condition is also associated with abnormalities of the renal system. Further, skeletal abnormalities have been linked to the condition.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Li S, Qayyum A, Coakley FV, Hricak H |title=Association of renal agenesis and Müllerian duct anomalies |journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=829–34 |year=2000 |pmid=11105695 |doi= 10.1097/00004728-200011000-00001|url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0363-8715&volume=24&issue=6&spage=829}}</ref>

⚫
The condition is also associated with abnormalities of the renal system. Further, skeletal abnormalities have been linked to the condition.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Li S, Qayyum A, Coakley FV, Hricak H |title=Association of renal agenesis and Müllerian duct anomalies |journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=829–34 |year=2000 |pmid=11105695 |doi= 10.1097/00004728-200011000-00001|s2cid=26387695 }}</ref>


==Cause==
==Cause==
The uterus is formed during [[embryogenesis]] by the fusion of the two [[Müllerian duct]]s. During this fusion a resorption process eliminates the partition between the two ducts to create a single cavity. This process begins [[caudally]] and advances [[cranially]], thus a complete septum formation represents an earlier disturbance of this absorption than the incomplete form. Causes for incomplete absorption are not known.
The uterus is formed during [[embryogenesis]] by the fusion of the two [[Müllerian duct]]s. During this fusion a resorption process eliminates the partition between the two ducts to create a single cavity. This process begins [[caudally]] and advances [[cranially]], thus a complete septum formation represents an earlier disturbance of this absorption than the incomplete form. Causes for incomplete absorption are not known.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
A pelvic examination may reveal a double vagina or double cervix that should be further investigated and may lead to the discovery of a uterine septum. In most patients, however, the pelvic examination is normal. Investigations are usually prompted on the basis of reproductive problems.
A pelvic examination may reveal a double vagina or double cervix that should be further investigated and may lead to the discovery of a uterine septum. In most patients, however, the pelvic examination is normal. Investigations are usually prompted on the basis of reproductive problems.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}


Helpful techniques to investigate a septum are [[transvaginal ultrasonography]] and [[gynecologic ultrasonography|sonohysterography]], [[MRI]], and [[hysteroscopy]]. More recently 3-D ultrasonography has been advocated as an excellent non-invasive method to delineate the condition.<ref name=woelfer/> Prior to modern imaging [[hysterosalpingography]] was used to help diagnose the uterine septum, however, a bicornuate uterus may deliver a similar image.
Helpful techniques to investigate a septum are [[transvaginal ultrasonography]] and [[gynecologic ultrasonography|sonohysterography]], [[MRI]], and [[hysteroscopy]]. More recently 3-D ultrasonography has been advocated as an excellent non-invasive method to delineate the condition.<ref name=woelfer/> Prior to modern imaging [[hysterosalpingography]] was used to help diagnose the uterine septum, however, a bicornuate uterus may deliver a similar image.
An important category of septate uterus is the hybrid type a variant that may be misdiagnosed as bicornuate uterus when seen by laparoscopy<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = El Saman | first1 = AM | last2 = Nasr | first2 = A | last3 = Tawfik | first3 = RM | last4 = Saadeldeen | first4 = HS | date = Aug 2011 | title = Müllerian duct anomalies: successful endoscopic management of a hybrid bicornuate/septate variety | url = | journal = J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol | volume = 24 | issue = 4| pages = e89–92 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.02.013 | pmid = 21514191 }}</ref> Professor El Saman From Egypt was the first to describe this anomaly and warned gynecologist about this common misdiagnosis, whenever there is a uterine fundus depression on laparoscopy gynecologists should compare the depth of this depression with the depth of the dividing internal interface. Hybrid septate uterus benefit from hysteroscopic metroplasty under laparoscopic control.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = El Saman | first1 = AM | last2 = Shahin | first2 = AY | last3 = Nasr | first3 = A | last4 = Tawfik | first4 = RM | last5 = Saadeldeen | first5 = HS | last6 = Othman | first6 = ER | last7 = Habib | first7 = DM | last8 = Abdel-Aleem | first8 = MA | date = Nov 2012 | title = Hybrid septate uterus, coexistence of bicornuate and septate varieties: a genuine report | url = | journal = J Obstet Gynaecol Res. | volume = 38 | issue = 11| pages = 1308–14 | doi = 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2012.01866.x | pmid = 22612567 }}</ref>
An important category of septate uterus is the hybrid type a variant that may be misdiagnosed as bicornuate uterus when seen by laparoscopy<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = El Saman | first1 = AM | last2 = Nasr | first2 = A | last3 = Tawfik | first3 = RM | last4 = Saadeldeen | first4 = HS | date = Aug 2011 | title = Müllerian duct anomalies: successful endoscopic management of a hybrid bicornuate/septate variety | journal = J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol | volume = 24 | issue = 4| pages = e89–92 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.02.013 | pmid = 21514191 }}</ref> Professor El Saman From Egypt was the first to describe this anomaly and warned gynecologist about this common misdiagnosis, whenever there is a uterine fundus depression on laparoscopy gynecologists should compare the depth of this depression with the depth of the dividing internal interface. Hybrid septate uterus benefit from hysteroscopic metroplasty under laparoscopic control.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = El Saman | first1 = AM | last2 = Shahin | first2 = AY | last3 = Nasr | first3 = A | last4 = Tawfik | first4 = RM | last5 = Saadeldeen | first5 = HS | last6 = Othman | first6 = ER | last7 = Habib | first7 = DM | last8 = Abdel-Aleem | first8 = MA | date = Nov 2012 | title = Hybrid septate uterus, coexistence of bicornuate and septate varieties: a genuine report | journal = Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research | volume = 38 | issue = 11| pages = 1308–14 | doi = 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2012.01866.x | pmid = 22612567 | s2cid = 6177612 }}</ref>


===Differential diagnosis===
===Differential diagnosis===
Other forms of uterine malformation need to be considered in the work-up for uterine septum. An [[arcuate uterus]] contains a residual cranial septum that is smaller than an incomplete septum but definitions between the two conditions are not standardized, - a cause for discrepancies in the literature.
Other forms of uterine malformation need to be considered in the work-up for uterine septum. An [[arcuate uterus]] contains a residual cranial septum that is smaller than an incomplete septum but definitions between the two conditions are not standardized, - a cause for discrepancies in the literature.
⚫
A bicornuate uterus is sometimes confused with a septate uterus as in each situation the cavity is partitioned, however, in the former case the uterine body is cranially doubled (two uterine horns) while in the latter a single uterine body is present. The former represents a malformation of incomplete fusion of the Müllerian systems, and the latter of incomplete absorption. A hysterosalpingogram may not be able to distinguish between the two conditions. The differentiation, however, is important as a septum can be corrected by hysteroscopy, while a bicornuate uterus would be corrected by a [[metroplasty]] via [[laparotomy]] if necessary.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
⚫
A bicornuate uterus is sometimes confused with a septate uterus as in each situation the cavity is partitioned, however, in the former case the uterine body is cranially doubled (two uterine horns) while in the latter a single uterine body is present. The former represents a malformation of incomplete fusion of the Müllerian systems, and the latter of incomplete absorption. A hysterosalpingogram may not be able to distinguish between the two conditions. The differentiation, however, is important as a septum can be corrected by hysteroscopy, while a bicornuate uterus would be corrected by a [[metroplasty]] via [[laparotomy]] if necessary.


==Management==
==Management==
A septum can be resected with surgery. Hysteroscopic removal of a uterine septum is generally the preferred method, as the intervention is relatively minor and safe in experienced hands. A follow-up imaging study should demonstrate the removal of the septum.
A septum can be resected with surgery. Hysteroscopic removal of a uterine septum is generally the preferred method, as the intervention is relatively minor and safe in experienced hands. A follow-up imaging study should demonstrate the removal of the septum.
Tactile cold scissor metroplasty was described as a back technique for hysteroscopic challenges that interfere with proper visualization<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = El Saman | first1 = AM | last2 = Darwish | first2 = AM | last3 = Zakherah | first3 = MS | last4 = Hamed | first4 = HO | last5 = Bedaiwy | first5 = MA | last6 = Nasr | first6 = AM | date = Aug 2010 | title = Tactile cold scissor metroplasty as a novel backup method for hysteroscopic metroplasty | url = | journal = Fertil Steril | volume = 94 | issue = 3| pages = 1086–9 | doi = 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.018 | pmid = 19591982 }}</ref> or uterine distention
Tactile cold scissor metroplasty was described as a back technique for hysteroscopic challenges that interfere with proper visualization<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = El Saman | first1 = AM | last2 = Darwish | first2 = AM | last3 = Zakherah | first3 = MS | last4 = Hamed | first4 = HO | last5 = Bedaiwy | first5 = MA | last6 = Nasr | first6 = AM | date = Aug 2010 | title = Tactile cold scissor metroplasty as a novel backup method for hysteroscopic metroplasty | journal = Fertil Steril | volume = 94 | issue = 3| pages = 1086–9 | doi = 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.018 | pmid = 19591982 }}</ref> or uterine distention.


It is not considered necessary to remove a septum that has not caused problems, especially in women who are not considering pregnancy. There is controversy over whether a septum should be removed prophylactically to reduce the risk of pregnancy loss prior to a [[pregnancy]] or [[infertility]] treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozgur K, Isikoglu M, Donmez L, Oehninger S |title=Is hysteroscopic correction of an incomplete uterine septum justified prior to IVF? |journal=Reprod Biomed Online |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=335–40 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17359587 |doi=10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60876-0 |url=http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/nlm?genre=article&issn=1472-6483&volume=14&issue=3&spage=335&aulast=Ozgur }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
It is not considered necessary to remove a septum that has not caused problems, especially in women who are not considering pregnancy. There is controversy over whether a septum should be removed prophylactically to reduce the risk of pregnancy loss prior to a [[pregnancy]] or [[infertility]] treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozgur K, Isikoglu M, Donmez L, Oehninger S |title=Is hysteroscopic correction of an incomplete uterine septum justified prior to IVF? |journal=Reprod Biomed Online |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=335–40 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17359587 |doi=10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60876-0 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Epidemiology==
==Epidemiology==
Most studies are based on populations of women who have experienced a [[pregnancy loss]] and thus do not address the issue of the prevalence in the general population. A screening study by Woelfer et al. of women without a history of reproductive problems found that about 3% of women had a uterine septation; the most common anomaly in their study was an [[uterine malformation|arcuate uterus]] (5%), while 0.5% were found to have a [[uterine malformation|bicornuate uterus]].<ref name=woelfer>{{cite journal |vauthors=Woelfer B, Salim R, Banerjee S, Elson J, Regan L, Jurkovic D |title=Reproductive outcomes in women with congenital uterine anomalies detected by three-dimensional ultrasound screening |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=1099–103 |date=December 2001 |doi= 10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01599-X|pmid=11755560 |url=https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AReproductive+outcomes+in+women+with+congenital+uterine+anomalies+detected+by+three-dimensional+ultrasound+screening&as_publication=Obstet+Gynecol&as_ylo=2001&as_yhi=2001&btnG=Search}}</ref> In contrast, in about 15% of patients with [[recurrent pregnancy loss]] anatomical problems are thought to be causative with the septate uterus as the most common finding.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Propst AM, Hill JA |title=Anatomic factors associated with recurrent pregnancy loss |journal=Semin. Reprod. Med. |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=341–50 |year=2000 |pmid=11355792 |doi= 10.1055/s-2000-13723|url=}}</ref>
Most studies are based on populations of women who have experienced a [[pregnancy loss]] and thus do not address the issue of the prevalence in the general population. A screening study by Woelfer et al. of women without a history of reproductive problems found that about 3% of women had a uterine septation; the most common anomaly in their study was an [[uterine malformation|arcuate uterus]] (5%), while 0.5% were found to have a [[uterine malformation|bicornuate uterus]].<ref name=woelfer>{{cite journal |vauthors=Woelfer B, Salim R, Banerjee S, Elson J, Regan L, Jurkovic D |title=Reproductive outcomes in women with congenital uterine anomalies detected by three-dimensional ultrasound screening |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=1099–103 |date=December 2001 |doi= 10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01599-X|pmid=11755560 |s2cid=37650526 |url=https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AReproductive+outcomes+in+women+with+congenital+uterine+anomalies+detected+by+three-dimensional+ultrasound+screening&as_publication=Obstet+Gynecol&as_ylo=2001&as_yhi=2001&btnG=Search}}</ref> In contrast, in about 15% of patients with [[recurrent pregnancy loss]] anatomical problems are thought to be causative with the septate uterus as the most common finding.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Propst AM, Hill JA |title=Anatomic factors associated with recurrent pregnancy loss |journal=Semin. Reprod. Med. |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=341–50 |year=2000 |pmid=11355792 |doi= 10.1055/s-2000-13723}}</ref>

==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Medical resources
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB =
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|Q|51||q|50}}
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|Q|51||q|50}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|752.35}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|752.35}}
| ICDO =
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus =
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID =
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}}
}}


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[[Category:Anatomical pathology]]
[[Category:Anatomical pathology]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders of female genital organs]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders of female genital organs]]
[[Category:Uterus]]

Latest revision as of 15:50, 29 November 2023

Uterine septum
SpecialtyGynaecology Edit this on Wikidata

A uterine septum is a congenital uterine malformation where the uterine cavity is partitioned by a longitudinal septum; the outside of the uterus has a normal typical shape. The wedge-like partition may involve only the superior part of the cavity resulting in an incomplete septum or a subseptate uterus, or less frequently the total length of the cavity (complete septum) and the cervix resulting in a double cervix. The septation may also continue caudally into the vagina resulting in a "double vagina".[1]

Signs and symptoms

[edit]
Four types of uterine malformations

The condition may not be known to the affected individual and not result in any reproductive problems; thus normal pregnancies may occur. In more serious cases have reported high infertility rates.[2] However, it is associated with a higher risk for miscarriage, premature birth, and malpresentation. According to the classical study by Buttram there is a 60% risk of a spontaneous abortion, this being more common in the second than in the first trimester.[3] However, there is no agreement on this number and other studies show a lower risk. Woelfer found that the miscarriage risk is more pronounced in the first trimester.[4]

The condition is also associated with abnormalities of the renal system. Further, skeletal abnormalities have been linked to the condition.[5]

Cause

[edit]

The uterus is formed during embryogenesis by the fusion of the two Müllerian ducts. During this fusion a resorption process eliminates the partition between the two ducts to create a single cavity. This process begins caudally and advances cranially, thus a complete septum formation represents an earlier disturbance of this absorption than the incomplete form. Causes for incomplete absorption are not known.[citation needed]

Diagnosis

[edit]

A pelvic examination may reveal a double vagina or double cervix that should be further investigated and may lead to the discovery of a uterine septum. In most patients, however, the pelvic examination is normal. Investigations are usually prompted on the basis of reproductive problems.[citation needed]

Helpful techniques to investigate a septum are transvaginal ultrasonography and sonohysterography, MRI, and hysteroscopy. More recently 3-D ultrasonography has been advocated as an excellent non-invasive method to delineate the condition.[4] Prior to modern imaging hysterosalpingography was used to help diagnose the uterine septum, however, a bicornuate uterus may deliver a similar image. An important category of septate uterus is the hybrid type a variant that may be misdiagnosed as bicornuate uterus when seen by laparoscopy[6] Professor El Saman From Egypt was the first to describe this anomaly and warned gynecologist about this common misdiagnosis, whenever there is a uterine fundus depression on laparoscopy gynecologists should compare the depth of this depression with the depth of the dividing internal interface. Hybrid septate uterus benefit from hysteroscopic metroplasty under laparoscopic control.[7]

Differential diagnosis

[edit]

Other forms of uterine malformation need to be considered in the work-up for uterine septum. An arcuate uterus contains a residual cranial septum that is smaller than an incomplete septum but definitions between the two conditions are not standardized, - a cause for discrepancies in the literature. A bicornuate uterus is sometimes confused with a septate uterus as in each situation the cavity is partitioned, however, in the former case the uterine body is cranially doubled (two uterine horns) while in the latter a single uterine body is present. The former represents a malformation of incomplete fusion of the Müllerian systems, and the latter of incomplete absorption. A hysterosalpingogram may not be able to distinguish between the two conditions. The differentiation, however, is important as a septum can be corrected by hysteroscopy, while a bicornuate uterus would be corrected by a metroplasty via laparotomy if necessary.[citation needed]

Management

[edit]

A septum can be resected with surgery. Hysteroscopic removal of a uterine septum is generally the preferred method, as the intervention is relatively minor and safe in experienced hands. A follow-up imaging study should demonstrate the removal of the septum. Tactile cold scissor metroplasty was described as a back technique for hysteroscopic challenges that interfere with proper visualization[8] or uterine distention.

It is not considered necessary to remove a septum that has not caused problems, especially in women who are not considering pregnancy. There is controversy over whether a septum should be removed prophylactically to reduce the risk of pregnancy loss prior to a pregnancy or infertility treatment.[9]

Epidemiology

[edit]

Most studies are based on populations of women who have experienced a pregnancy loss and thus do not address the issue of the prevalence in the general population. A screening study by Woelfer et al. of women without a history of reproductive problems found that about 3% of women had a uterine septation; the most common anomaly in their study was an arcuate uterus (5%), while 0.5% were found to have a bicornuate uterus.[4] In contrast, in about 15% of patients with recurrent pregnancy loss anatomical problems are thought to be causative with the septate uterus as the most common finding.[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Heinonen PK (March 2006). "Complete septate uterus with longitudinal vaginal septum". Fertil. Steril. 85 (3): 700–5. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.08.039. PMID 16500341.
  2. ^ Creasy RK, Resnik R (1994). Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders. p. 447. ISBN 0-7216-6590-X.
  3. ^ Buttram VC, Gibbons WE (July 1979). "Müllerian anomalies: a proposed classification. (An analysis of 144 cases)". Fertil. Steril. 32 (1): 40–6. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)44114-2. PMID 456629.
  4. ^ a b c Woelfer B, Salim R, Banerjee S, Elson J, Regan L, Jurkovic D (December 2001). "Reproductive outcomes in women with congenital uterine anomalies detected by three-dimensional ultrasound screening". Obstet Gynecol. 98 (6): 1099–103. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01599-X. PMID 11755560. S2CID 37650526.
  5. ^ Li S, Qayyum A, Coakley FV, Hricak H (2000). "Association of renal agenesis and Müllerian duct anomalies". J Comput Assist Tomogr. 24 (6): 829–34. doi:10.1097/00004728-200011000-00001. PMID 11105695. S2CID 26387695.
  6. ^ El Saman, AM; Nasr, A; Tawfik, RM; Saadeldeen, HS (Aug 2011). "Müllerian duct anomalies: successful endoscopic management of a hybrid bicornuate/septate variety". J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 24 (4): e89–92. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2011.02.013. PMID 21514191.
  7. ^ El Saman, AM; Shahin, AY; Nasr, A; Tawfik, RM; Saadeldeen, HS; Othman, ER; Habib, DM; Abdel-Aleem, MA (Nov 2012). "Hybrid septate uterus, coexistence of bicornuate and septate varieties: a genuine report". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 38 (11): 1308–14. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2012.01866.x. PMID 22612567. S2CID 6177612.
  8. ^ El Saman, AM; Darwish, AM; Zakherah, MS; Hamed, HO; Bedaiwy, MA; Nasr, AM (Aug 2010). "Tactile cold scissor metroplasty as a novel backup method for hysteroscopic metroplasty". Fertil Steril. 94 (3): 1086–9. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.018. PMID 19591982.
  9. ^ Ozgur K, Isikoglu M, Donmez L, Oehninger S (March 2007). "Is hysteroscopic correction of an incomplete uterine septum justified prior to IVF?". Reprod Biomed Online. 14 (3): 335–40. doi:10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60876-0. PMID 17359587.
  10. ^ Propst AM, Hill JA (2000). "Anatomic factors associated with recurrent pregnancy loss". Semin. Reprod. Med. 18 (4): 341–50. doi:10.1055/s-2000-13723. PMID 11355792.
[edit]
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