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{{WikiProject Women's History}}
{{WikiProject Women in Red}}
{{WikiProject Feminism|class=Start|importance=mid}}
{{Law enforcement|class=Start|importance=low}}


The '''Percentage of women police officers by country'''. Low percentage of sworn women police are often suggested to correlate to low reports of [[rape]] at police station.<ref name="2019 Australia">{{cite book|title=Report on Government Services 2019: Chapter 6 Police services|work=[[Productivity Commission]] of the [[Australian Government]]|date=2019|last=|first=|url=https://www.pc.gov.au/research/ongoing/report-on-government-services/2019/justice/police-services/rogs-2019-partc-chapter6.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20210221160936/https://www.pc.gov.au/research/ongoing/report-on-government-services/2019/justice/police-services/rogs-2019-partc-chapter6.pdf|archivedate=2021-02-22|page=Pages 6-9 to 6-10|quote=Women may feel more comfortable in accessing police services in particular situations, such as in relation to [[sexual assault]], when they are able to deal with female police staff.}}</ref> In Japan, [[rape kits]] are available at every police station, however, when it comes to hospitals, only 14 of the 47 [[prefectures of Japan|prefectures]] have rape kits at hospitals, to which a BBC documentary allege this to be a reason for low crime report rate.<ref>{{cite movie|title=Japan's Secret Shame|publisher=[[BBC Two]]|date=2018-06-28|people=[[Shiori Itō]] (cast)}}</ref> It also hampered investigation of gender violence in India.
The '''Percentage of women police officers by country'''. Low percentage of sworn women police are often suggested to correlate to low reports of [[rape]] at police station.<ref name="2019 Australia">{{cite book|title=Report on Government Services 2019: Chapter 6 Police services|work=[[Productivity Commission]] of the [[Australian Government]]|date=2019|last=|first=|url=https://www.pc.gov.au/research/ongoing/report-on-government-services/2019/justice/police-services/rogs-2019-partc-chapter6.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20210221160936/https://www.pc.gov.au/research/ongoing/report-on-government-services/2019/justice/police-services/rogs-2019-partc-chapter6.pdf|archivedate=2021-02-22|page=Pages 6-9 to 6-10|quote=Women may feel more comfortable in accessing police services in particular situations, such as in relation to [[sexual assault]], when they are able to deal with female police staff.}}</ref> In Japan, [[rape kits]] are available at every police station, however, when it comes to hospitals, only 14 of the 47 [[prefectures of Japan|prefectures]] have rape kits at hospitals, to which a BBC documentary allege this to be a reason for low crime report rate.<ref>{{cite movie|title=Japan's Secret Shame|publisher=[[BBC Two]]|date=2018-06-28|people=[[Shiori Itō]] (cast)}}</ref> It also hampered investigation of gender violence in India.

Latest revision as of 16:04, 27 August 2024

The Percentage of women police officers by country. Low percentage of sworn women police are often suggested to correlate to low reports of rape at police station.[1] In Japan, rape kits are available at every police station, however, when it comes to hospitals, only 14 of the 47 prefectures have rape kits at hospitals, to which a BBC documentary allege this to be a reason for low crime report rate.[2] It also hampered investigation of gender violence in India.

Notes:

  • Wherever possible, this article prefer statistics on sworn police officers (sometimes refer as "operational" officers), i.e. those who have arrest power and possess police firearm. This matters because "operational experience" is important to qualify for police chief jobs in many countries.[3] Yet, data on police officers often lump with non-sworn police officers (sometimes refer as "civilian" officers), i.e. professionals who perform duties not requiring arrest power, including crime scene investigators, cybercrime investigators, forensic technicians, and police dispatchers. Nonetheless, this article always exclude police administrative/clerical staff. Non-sworn officers and administrative staff often have more women.[4][5]
  • While some countries recruited women sworn police in early 20th century, many are subjected to limited roles. Case studies refer to the paragraph on Hong Kong and Singapore.
  • This article only concern police officers, excluding other law enforcement officers, which often have more women. For example, the "Personnel in the criminal justice system by sex" data released by Eurostat is not relevant in this article.[6]
  • Some police force selectively release data on the percentage of women in senior ranks (some referred as commissioned officers). As senior ranks usually constitute around 10% of all officers, the high percentages of women in these ranks is unrepresentative and shall never be included in this article.[7]
  • While the year-by-year newly recruits (as opposed to total officers) usually reflect a higher percentage of women, newly recruited officers are usually on probation and not all passed.[8]
  • This article counts the aggregate of federal and local police.

By jurisdiction

[edit]

Afghanistan

[edit]
An Afghan women police cadet practice marksmanship at a NATO Training Mission in Kabul, 2010.
See also: Women in policing in Afghanistan

Women in Afghanistan constitutes 0.99% (1,551 out of 157,000) of the police in July 2013. In 2005, 0.34% (180 out of 53,400) women police. [9]

By ethnicity, the women in Afghan National Police are overwhelmingly Hazaras. In 2015, over 60% of the policewomen are Hazaras (9% of the population), 20.8% are Tajiks (27% of the population), 8.3% are Pashtun (40% of the population) and 6.8% are Uzbeks (9% of the population).[10]

Illiteracy among all Afghan police were 70-80%,[11] while women police were even worse due to the Taliban's ban on girls education.[9] The Taliban has also run a campaign of assassination against women police and other working women.[12]

Argentina

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Argentina

Data on Argentina is split to federal/state/local levels of police. Women in Argentina constitutes 23% of the officers (oficiales) of Argentine Federal Police in 2015, commissioned and non-commissioned officers included.[13]

Australia

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Australia

In the 2010s, women in Australia constitutes 26-27% of the officers across New South Wales Police, Victoria Police and Queensland Police [note 1] Nationwide data back in 1995 reported 13.5%. [16] In 2006, the breakdown of women officers by Australian police ranks are as follows: Constables (27%); Sergeants and senior sergeants (11%), commissioners (8%).[17]

In 1915, Lillian Armfield and Maude Marian Rhodes became the first two women in Australian Police.[18]

Bangladesh

[edit]
Bangladesh women police within the UN peacekeeping force in DR Congo, 2012
See also: Bangladesh Police § Women in Bangladesh Police, and Women in policing in Bangladesh

Women in Bangladesh constitutes 3.5% out of 28,718 Bangladesh Police officers (Class-1 and Class-2) in 2017.[19] In 1974, twelve women were recruited as the first ever women police.[20]


Brazil

[edit]
See also: Women in policing in Brazil
Independence Day, Brazil, 2008

Women in Brazil constitutes 11.4% (46,180 of 403,681) of the Military Police in 2019, the bottom two states being Ceará (4%, 782 women) and Pará (6%, 974 women).[21] Many States of Brazil had laws setting a quota of 10% on women in Military Police, including the Federal District in 1998 and Mato Grosso in 2001.[22] In reality, women constitutes less than the quota, approximately 5% in 2004.[22] As of 2020, the women quota raised to 20%.[21]

In 1955, State of São Paulo recruited the first women police in Brazil. In the 1970s, many Military Police set up divisions of "Women Company" (Companhias Femininas).[22] Notice Military police in Brazil is responsible for public order while Civil Police are responsible for investigation.

Brunei

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Brunei

Women in Brunei constitutes 16% of the Brunei Police Force in 2019, commissioned and non-commissioned officers included, according to a report by INTERPOL.[7]

Cambodia

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Cambodia

Women in Cambodia constitutes 8% of officers of Cambodia police in 2019, according to a report by INTERPOL. [7]

Canada

[edit]

Women in Canada constitutes 22.2% (15,268 among 68,718) of the sworn police officers in 2019.[23] Gender statistics of Canada police were first collected in 1986. Previous data: 5.8% in 1989, 12.9% in 1999, 19.1% in 2009.[23]

China

[edit]
In this video, an ethnic Tibetan police introduced her daily routine at Beijing West station during the peak of Spring Festival, 2020
Main article: Women in policing in China

Women in China constitutes an undisclosed amount in the people's police (民警). Yet, it is known that an admission quota of 10-15% set for women in police academies is long-held and entrenched.[24][25] Universities ran under the auspices of the Ministry of Public Security stated "due to the special nature of high risks, urgency and overloading in public security jobs, it does not plan to take more than 15% women".[26][27] This practice is almost identical to Vietnam (see §Vietnam).

This practice only faced scrutiny by the public for the first time in June 2019. In the comments section of various official press release on admission policy, many challenged the policy were at odds with feminism in Chinese communism.[28] The media storm [29][30][31] prompted a public security bureau to condemn "extremist organizations, including extremist feminists who manufacture social confrontation in the name of women rights". [note 2]

Colombia

[edit]
Environmental police patrolling a river, Colombia, 2008
Main article: Women in policing in Colombia

Women in Colombia constitutes 10.6% (14,801 of 139,177) of police officers (total personal uniformado profesional) as of February 2021.[32] A full breakdown of men and women by ranks is updated annually on its official website.[32]

Denmark

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Denmark

Women in Denmark constitutes 7.2% of police officers (politibetjente) "under permanent employment" in 2002, despite the high number of women among newly recruited probationary officers, 20.1% (302 of 1,504) in 1997-2001.[8][note 3] Recent data released by Danish police have two problems. First, it mixed up women police officers with "women within the police force" (kvinder af politistyrken).[33] Second, it mixed up women police cadets (who are on probation) and women police officers.[note 3]

In 1911, the first female "reserve officer" was hired, yet until the 1940s, they are mostly tasked with interrogation of women and children.[8]

Hong Kong

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Hong Kong

Women in Hong Kong constitutes 17.2% of women officers in 2018.[35] A breakdown of women officers by Hong Kong police ranks in 2018 are as follows: Inspectors (29.8%) and Superintendents (24.5%).[35]

On 1 December 1949, the first women, Sub-Inspector Kimmy Koh, was recruited.[36] This breakthrough was sparked by a similar move in Singapore in 1949. In 1962, the total of women police stood at 273, as it was recorded that "all women police were dispatched to the Hong Kong border to manage the refugee wave from the Maoist China to Hong Kong".[36]

India

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in India
Police in Chennai carrying batons, 2009.

Data released by Indian Police Service is unspecific as it mix up civil police with counter-insurgency reserve police (District Armed Reserve, Special Armed Police and India Reserve Battalion).[37] In 2020, the state of Bihar has the highest percentage (25.3%) of combined women police force, yet the report also noted the data was "35% for Woman and 3% for Backward caste woman".[38] This highlights the problem of caste within women in India.

The government recommended 33% of police to be women in a memorandum titled Advisory on Crime against Women in 2009, which the Joint Secretary to the Government of India wrote "The representation of women in police at all levels should be increased through affirmative action so that they constitute about 33% of the police".[39][40][41]

The first woman in India posted to active duty was Kiran Bedi in 1975.[42]

Indonesia

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Indonesia

Women in Indonesia constitutes 6% of officers in Indonesian police in 2019, commissioned and non-commissioned officers included, according to a report by INTERPOL. [7]

Japan

[edit]
Mounted police of Kyoto Prefecture, 2008
Main article: Women in policing in Japan

Women in Japan constitutes 6.8% (17,700) police policers (警察官) in 2012, which contrast with a 45% (12,200) of female police administrative staff (警察行政職員) in 2012.[43] A breakdown by prefectural police departments (都道府県警察) are listed online and updated by the Gender Equality Bureau.[44]

In 27 April 1946, 62 women were recruited as the first ever women police. This breakthrough was directed by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers during the Occupation of Japan. Yet, these women do not possess arrest power at the time.[45][46]

Kenya

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Kenya

Women in Kenya constitutes 13% of the Kenya Police in 2020.[47] Back in 2011, 11% of the 73,000 police were women.[48]

Laos

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Laos

Women in Laos constitutes an undisclosed amount among all sworn police officers because the Laos police only discloses percentage of women in ranks above sergeant, according to a report by INTERPOL in 2020. [7]

Malaysia

[edit]
Malaysia, 2016.
Main article: Women in policing in Malaysia

Women in Malaysia constitutes an undisclosed amount of police officers because Malaysian police mixed up the data with administrative staff, according to a report by INTERPOL in 2020. [7]

Myanmar

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Myanmar

Women in Myanmar constitutes an undisclosed amount among all sworn police officers because the Myanmar police only discloses percentage of women in ranks above second lieutenant, according to a report by INTERPOL in 2020. [7]

Netherlands

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Netherlands

Women in the Netherlands constitutes 33.4% (20,437 of 61,229) of Dutch National Police. It is unclear how many of these women are sworn police (operationeel) as the data lump it with non-sworn police (niet-operationeel).[49]

New Zealand

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in New Zealand

Women in New Zealand constitutes 18.9% (1,669 out of 7,162) of "constabulary staff" of New Zealand Police in 2016.[50] A breakdown by ranks in 2016 are as follows: Constable (21.4%), Sergeant (11.6%), Senior Sergeant (11.4%), Inspector (12.3%), Superintendent (14.0%).[50] The first batch of women went into Police training on 3 June 1941.[51]

Nigeria

[edit]
Nigeria Police within the UN mission in Somalia, 2014
Main article: Women in policing in Nigeria

Women in Nigeria constitutes 12.4% (36,128 of 291,094) officers of Nigerian Police in 2010.[52]

Qualifications for women candidates for enlistment[53]

Norway

[edit]
Mounted police, Oslo, 2016
Main article: Women in policing in Norway

Women in Norway constitutes 27% of "police positions" (politistillingene) in 2017.[54] Yet, women officers who are considered to have "operational experience" (operativ erfaring), i.e. those who patrol, are lower. For instance, in East police district [no] in 2019, 17.3% women had operational experience.[3] In Norway, operational experience is important to qualify for police chief jobs.[3]

Pakistan

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Pakistan

Women in Pakistan constitutes 1.5% (5,731 of 391,364) of Pakistan police in 2019.[55] As of 2018, only 4 women rose to senior rank in the police of Sindh Province.[56]

Philippines

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in the Philippines

Women in the Philippines constitutes 17% of officers in the Philippine police in 2019, commissioned and non-commissioned officers included, according to a report by INTERPOL. [7]

Singapore

[edit]
Singapore police, 1950
Main article: Women in policing in Singapore

Women in Singapore constitutes 19% (1,800) of the Singapore Police Force.[57][58]

In March 1949, a batch of 10 women were recruited as the first ever women police, including Mary Voon. This breakthrough was sparked by the communist-led pro-independence guerilla war in 1948.[57] This sparked a similar move in 1949 in British Hong Kong. Yet, "Besides screening [of female detainees] and escort duties, female officers were commonly deployed for clerical work and as radio or telephone operators [...]. Other than the occasional work as plainclothes decoys, women police duties rarely extend to the field in the 1950s."[57]

South Africa

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in South Africa
Cape Town, 2010

Women in South Africa constitutes 17.1% (18,383 of 107,791) of police officers in 2006. A report in 2006 criticized South African Police Service that "since the focus has been on race as opposed to gender, the SAPS is still far from achieving its intended gender-equity targets." [59]

In 1972, women police were finally enlisted as "full members of the force".[60]

South Korea

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in South Korea

Women in South Korea constitutes 7.7% of police officers (경찰관) in 2013, as compared to 6.3% in Korean fire services and 7.8% in Korea Correctional Service.[61] In 2019, the police launched a plan to boost women officers to 15% by "harmonizing" fitness test standards.[62][63] New recruits of women officers has risen from 10% in 2017 to 38% in 2020.[63]

Sweden

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Sweden

Women in Sweden constitutes 33% of the police officers (poliser) in Swedish Police in 2019.[64] Back in 2008, 23% were women.[65]

Taiwan

[edit]
See also: Women in policing in Taiwan

Women in Taiwan constitutes 12.3% (8,728) of policers (警察官) in 2020. Previously, they made up 7.2% in 2014, 4.0% in 2006.[66][67]

The first batch of women police students graduated in July 1948. Officials believed women police could ease the tension following the (male) police misconduct in February 28 massacre.[68]

Thailand

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Thailand

Women in Thailand constitutes an undisclosed amount among all sworn police officers because the Royal Thai Police only discloses percentage of women in ranks of commissioned officers, according to a report by INTERPOL in 2020. [7]

United Kingdom

[edit]
See also: Women in policing in the United Kingdom

Women in the United Kingdom constitutes around 30% of police officers across the four home nations. In England and Wales, 31.2% (40,319) of police officers were female in 2020.[69] Previously, it made up 23.3% in 2007 and 25.7% (36,988) in 2010.[70] In 2020, the breakdown of women officers by UK police ranks, from bottom to top, are as follows, Constable (33.1%), Sergeant (24.2%), Inspector (24.7%), Chief Inspector (26.1%), Superintendent (28.2%), Chief Superintendent (22.5%), Chief Officer (29.4%).[69]

In 1915, Edith Smith became the first British woman to be appointed a police.[71]

United States

[edit]
Mounted police of Portland, Oregon
See also: Women in policing in the United States

Women in the United States constitutes 12.8% of all sworn female police officers in 2019.[72] Previous data refer to the table below. In comparison, in 2008, the top three federal law enforcement agencies represented by women, were the Internal Revenue Service's criminal investigation unit (32%), Postal Inspection Service (22%) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (19%); while the bottom two were Veterans Health Administration (8%) and Fish and Wildlife Service (9%).[73]

The first sworn women police officer could be Marie Owens, appointed in 1891 by the Chicago Police Department.[74]

Women police officers by location
Year Local
police[75]		 Sheriff's
office[75]		 State police/
highway patrol[76]
1987 7.6% 12.6% 3.8%
1990 8.1% 15.4% 4.8%
1993 8.8% 14.5% 5.4%
1997 10% 15.6% 6.3%
2000 10.6% 12.5% 6.5%
2003 11.3% 12.9% 6.7%
2007 11.9% 11.2% 6.5%

Vietnam

[edit]
Main article: Women in policing in Vietnam

Women in Vietnam constitutes an undisclosed amount in Vietnam police. Yet, it is known that the Ministry of Public Security sets quotas which "the maximum of women who can be recruited into the Public Security Forces for logistical, policy and administrative positions is 15%, and a maximum of 10% for operational roles". [77] Such practice is almost identical to China (see §China).

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Footnotes

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Female police officers by country.
  1. ^ Recent data in Australia are only available state by state rather than nationally.
    • New South Wales Police, the police in the most popular state, had 26.9% sworn women police officers in 2014.[14]
    • Victoria Police, the police in the second most popular state, had 26.4% (4,805 among 17,783) sworn women police officers in 2020.[4]
    • Queensland Police, the police in the third most popular state, had 26.4% (3,110 women among 11,762) sworn women police officers in 2014.[15]
  2. ^ The Mianyang City Public Security Bureau condemned "极端组织包括打着为女性争权益的幌子实际上制造社会对立的极端女权" [extremist organizations, including extremist feminists who manufacture social confrontation in the name of women rights].[29][30][31] It is seen as a rebuke of feminism in China.
  3. ^ a b In Denmark, before the 2000s, the term "police officers" encompass the permanently employed police officers (fastansatte politibetjente) and the police officers in probation (politibetjente på prøve).[8] In the 2000s, "on probation" was replaced by a new term "police cadets" (politikadet), thus all the permanently employed are simply referred as police officers (politibetjente) thereafter.[34]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Report on Government Services 2019: Chapter 6 Police services (PDF). 2019. p. Pages 6-9 to 6-10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-22. Women may feel more comfortable in accessing police services in particular situations, such as in relation to sexual assault, when they are able to deal with female police staff. {{cite book}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2021-02-21 suggested (help); |work= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Shiori Itō (cast) (2018-06-28). Japan's Secret Shame. BBC Two.
  3. ^ a b c Øystese, Ida Melbo (2020-03-08). "Hvorfor har vi så få kvinner i politibilene?" [Why so few women police in police cars?]. Politiforum (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2020-09-28.
  4. ^ a b "Victoria Police Employees by Type and Gender as at 20 June 2020 and 22 June 2019 – Headcount". Victoria Police Annual Report 2019-2020 (PDF). October 2020. p. 64. ISSN 2202-9672. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-19. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. ^ "Escalafones". Provincia de Buenos Aires - Policia [Province of Buenos Aires - Police] (in Spanish). Argentina. Archived from the original on 2017-01-28.
  6. ^ "Personnel in the criminal justice system by sex - number and rate for the relevant sex group (online data code: CRIM_JUST_JOB)". Eurostat. 2021-02-11. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Women in law enforcement in the ASEAN (PDF). International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), UN Women and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2020. p. 119-120 (endnote 31). ISBN 9789746804486. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-04.
  8. ^ a b c d Jespersen, Susanne Branner (January 2004). Rekruttering af kvinder til Politi og Forsvar [Recruitment of women to the Police and Defense] (PDF) (in Danish). Center for Ungdomsforskning. p. 17-19. ISBN 87-7349-578-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-21.
  9. ^ a b Growing Pains – Women in the Afghan National Police (2010) and Baseline Report: Women in Afghanistan National Police (2013), both authored by the Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organization. As cited in Women and the Afghan Police (PDF). Oxfam Briefing Paper 10. 2013-09-10. p. 12, 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-06-11.
  10. ^ Kubota, Makiko; Takashi, Nami; Alam, Mayesha; Applebaum, Anna; Mawby, Briana (2016). Strengthening the Afghan National Police: Recruitment & Retention of Women Officers (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency and Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-22. The case study focuses on Afghan policewomen who participated in a basic training program at the Sivas Police Training Academy in Turkey from June to December 2015.
  11. ^ "Afghan female police to improve literacy through mobile phone programme". United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan. 2013-04-16. Archived from the original on 2016-10-09.
  12. ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (2013-07-04). "Helmand's top female police officer shot dead". The Guardian.
  13. ^ Frayssinet, Fabiana (2015-03-25). "Acting Tough to Earn Respect as Policewomen in Argentina". Inter Press Service. Archived from the original on 2015-03-27.
  14. ^ "History of Women in the NSW Police Force". Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 2017-12-19.
  15. ^ "Queensland Police Commissioner Ian Stewart Tells The HR Department To Recruit 50 50 Ratio Of Men". The Courier-Mail. 2016-01-26.
  16. ^ Wilkinson, Vicki; Froyland, Irene D. (July 1996). "Women in Policing" (PDF). Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice (58). Australian Institute of Criminology. ISBN 0642240205. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-19.
  17. ^ Rachelle, Irving (2009-06-15). "Career trajectories of women in policing in Australia" (PDF). Trends & issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. Australian Institute of Criminology. ISBN 9781921532221. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-22.
  18. ^ "First police woman in Australia". State Archives and Records Authority of New South Wales. c. 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24.
  19. ^ Gender Statistics of Bangladesh 2018 (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. May 2019. p. xx (Sl. No 46). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-11.
  20. ^ Raza, Razzak (21 February 2008). "Women in the Police". The New Nation. Archived from the original on 2008-02-28.
  21. ^ a b Data from Pesquisa Perfil das Instituições de Segurança Pública [Profile Survey of Public Security Institutions]. As cited in: "Mulheres representam apenas 12% do efetivo da Polícia Militar no Brasil" [Women represent only 12% of the Military Police force in Brazil]. Folhapress (in Portuguese). 2020-08-28.
  22. ^ a b c de Calazans, Márcia Esteves (March 2004). "Mulheres no policiamento ostensivo e a perspectiva de uma segurança cidadã" [Women in ostensive policing and the perspective of citizen security] (PDF). São Paulo Perspec (in Portuguese). 18 (1): 143. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-22.
  23. ^ a b "Police resources in Canada, 2019". Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics. 2020-12-08. Archived from the original on 2020-12-08. Female officers accounted for 22% of total sworn officers in 2019
  24. ^ 肖婷, ed. (2019-06-15). "抱歉，警校招生规定男女比例这件事，我们还是需要质疑" [Sorry, we insist to challenge the gender ratio regulations of police academies]. 中国妇女报 [China Women's News]. All-China Women's Federation. Archived from the original on 2021-02-22. 在大多数警校招生计划中，均明确规定"女生录取比例不超过15%"。实际操作中，招生比例有时会远低于这个限制，甚至有学校规定，女生比例不高于2.5%。
  25. ^ Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (2012-10-07). "Women in China Face Rising University Entry Barriers". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2012-10-08.
  26. ^ "中国人民公安大学2019年招生政策解析" [Analysis of the 2019 admission policy of the People's Public Security University of China]. 法制网 [Online edition of Legal Daily]. 2019-05-21. Archived from the original on 2019-05-28. 由于公安工作高风险、强应急、超负荷的特殊性，公安大学公安专业女生计划数不超过招生计划总数的15%。 [Due to the special nature of high risks, urgency and overloading in public security jobs, it does not plan to take more than 15% women]
  27. ^ "招生问题解答" [Admissions Q&A]. 中国刑事警察学院 [Criminal Investigation Police University of China]. 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-11-17. 我校每个本科专业均招收女生。但由于公安工作的特殊性，女生计划较少，一般为招生总数的10%，具体详见当年的招生章程及招生计划。因女生计划比较少，所以一般情况下相应的录取分数线会高于男生。
  28. ^ Zhou, Viola (2019-06-06). "Police college's 15% cap on women prompts sexism debate". inkstone. South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2020-08-16.
  29. ^ a b 肖婷, ed. (2019-06-15). "抱歉，警校招生规定男女比例这件事，我们还是需要质疑" [Sorry, we insist to challenge the gender ratio regulations of police academies]. 中国妇女报 [China Women's News]. All-China Women's Federation. Archived from the original on 2021-02-22.
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