Warsangali Sultanate: Difference between revisions

This article is about the early modern Somali Sultanate. For the clan, see Warsangali.

Warsangali Sultanate Saldanadda Warsangeli سلطنة الورسنجلي
Possibly late 12th/Early 17th Century–1887
Map of the Warsangali Sultanate circa, 1857
Capital	Las Khorey
Common languages	Somali
Religion	Islam
Government	Monarchy
Sultan
History
• Established	Possibly late 12th/Early 17th Century
• Disestablished	1887
Area
• Total	54,231 km2 (20,939 sq mi)
Succeeded by British Somaliland
Today part of	Somalia

The Warsangali Sultanate (Somali: Saldanadda Warsangeli, lit. 'Boqortooyada Warsangali', Arabic: سلطنة الورسنجلي‎‎), was a Somali imperial ruling house centered in northeastern and in some parts of southeastern Somalia.

Map of The Warsangali Sultanate

Warsangali subclan : The two most famous branches of the warsangali tribe : hasan garaad and cismaan garaad and they are the two son of garaad ibrahin (hammar galle ). 1- Hassan garaad ( garaad hammar galle) : They are three subclans : Ugaas abdirahmaan garaad hassan (ogeyslabe/ugaaslabe) Garaad ibraahin garaad hassan (omar) Suldaan yusuf garaad hassan (dubays).

Some historians said that garaad ibraahin and ugaas abdirahmaan(ogayslabe) are from one mother and they were called (bah omar) which called now called omar .

2- cismaan garaad ( cismaan ibrahin hammar gale): And they are five subclan : •Cawrmale •colmarabe •riigahye •gabyuud •iid-mooge.

History

Background

The Warsangali Sultanate, also known as the Gerad Dynasty, was a Somali imperial governing dynasty headquartered in northeastern and southeastern Somalia. It was one of the biggest sultanates ever founded in the province, including the Sanaag region and sections of the country's northeastern Bari region, which was traditionally known as Maakhir or the Maakhir Coast. The Sultanate of Gerad Dhidhin was established in northern Somalia in the late 13th century by a group of Somalis from the Warsangali branch of the Darod tribe and was controlled by the descendants of the Gerad Dhidhin. The Sultanate was controlled by the powerful Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire in the late nineteenth century, during some of its most violent years. The Akil Dhahar dominated the area south of Sanaag and parts of the Bari region.

The Sultanate is recognized for its remarkable longevity as a political entity and its tendency to prioritize trade over conquest or expansionism. The Sultanates major ports included Maydh, Bosaso and finally Laasgoray, its capital.

British-Warsangali Treaties

Under threat of violence from the British Empire, several northern Somali sultanates, including the Warsangali Sultanate, signed numerous treaties that led to the establishment of the British Somaliland protectorate in 1887.

Warsangali treaty with the British government:

TREATIES, &c., between the Warsangalis (British Protection; Slave Trade; Wrecks: &c.). – January 27, 1886

The British Government and the Elders of the Warsangali tribe who have signed this Agreement being desirous of maintaining and strengthening the relations of peace and friendship existing between them;

The British Government have named and appointed Major Frederick Mercer Hunter, C.S.I., Political Agent and Consul for the Somali Coast, to conclude a Treaty for this purpose. The said Major F. M. Hunter, C.S.I., Political Agent and Consul for the Somali Coast, and the said Elders of the Warsangali, have agreed upon and concluded the following articles:-

ART.

I. The British government, in compliance with the wish of the undersigned Elders of the Warsangali, undertakes to extend to them and to the territories under their authorities and jurisdiction the gracious favour and protection of Her Majesty the Queen-Empress.

II. The said Elders of the Warsangali agree and promise to refrain from entering into any correspondence, Agreement, or Treaty with any foreign nation or Power, except with the knowledge and sanction of Her Majesty’s Government.

III. The Warsnagali are bound to render assistance to any vessel, whether British or belonging to any other nation, that may be wrecked on the shores under their jurisdiction and control , and to protect the crew, passengers, and cargo of such vessels, giving speedy intimation to the Resident at Aden of the circumstances; for which act of friendship and good-will a suitable reward will be given by the British Government.

IV. The Traffic in slaves throughout the territories of the Warsangali shall cease for ever, and the Commander of any of Her Majesty’s vessels, or any other British officer duly authorized, shall have the power of requiring the surrender of any slave, and of supporting the demand by force of arms by land and sea.

V. The British Government shall have the power to appoint an Agent or Agents to reside in the territories of the Warsangali, and every such Agent shall be treated with respect and consideration, and be entitled to have for this protection such guard as the British Government deem sufficient.

VI. The Warsangali hereby engage to assist all British officers in the execution of such duties as may be assigned to them, and further to act upon their advice in matters relating to the administration of justice, the development of the resources of the country, the interests of commerce, or in any other matter in relation to peace, order, and good government, and the general progress of civilization.

VII. This Treaty to come into operation from the 27th day of January, 1886, on which date it was signed at

Bunder Gori by the Undermentioned.

F. M. Hunter

Witness:

J. H. Raintier, Commander, R. N.

Muhammad Mahmud Ali, Gerad of all the Warsangali.

Jama Mahmud (reer garaad), Muhammad Ibrahim(reer garaad), Omar Ahmed(reer garaad), Mahmud Abdullah(reer garaad),Yusuf Mahmud(reer garaad). Nur Abdullah(reer fatah), Isa Adan(reer fatah), Muhammad Ali Shirwa(reer fatah), Abdy Nur(reer fatah).

Muhammad Abdi Nalaya(ogeyslabe), Mahmud Sagully(ogeyslabe), Abdullah Sagully(ogeyslabe), Muhammad Abdulah(ogeyslabe).

•• warsangali subclans ______________________

The two most famous subclans of the Warsangali tribe are two : Hassan garaad (garaad hassan ibraahin )garad hamar gale and usmaan garaad (usmaan ibrahin) .

•Garaad hasan had 3 sons : - garaad ibraahin garaad hassan (Umar) -ugaas Abdirahman graad hassan ( ugaaslabe or ogayslabe) -suldan yusuf garaad hassan ( dubays).

•• Some historians said that Umar and Abd al-Rahman were from one mother and they named him ( bah umar) which called now umar.

Also garaad cismaan ibraahin had 5 sons : - cowrmale -colmarabe -riighaye -iid-mooge -gobyuud .

Sultans

Rulers of the Warsangali Sultanate:

#	Sultan	Reign	Notes
1	Gerad Dhiidhin	1298–1311	In the late 13th century, he established the Warsangali Sultanate.
2	Gerad Hassan Hamar Gale	1311–1328	Gerad Dhiidhin Hassan Hamar Gale's son established his rule in southern Somalia's Lower Juba Kismayo, which is known as Juba-land.
3	Gerad Ibrahim Hassan Hamar Gale	1328–1340	Son of Gerad Hassan Hamar Gale
4	Osman Ibrahim	1340–1355	After the death of his father, Gerad Ibrahim H Hamar Gale, the eldest son of Osman Ibrahim Riighaye, ascended to the kingdom. The first ever made in the Maakhir Coast's Warsangali Kingdom.
5	Muse Ahmed	1355–1372	Riighaye's eldest son ascended to the throne.
6	Cigale Ahmed	1372–1386	Gerad Muse Ahmed's son
7	Ali Cigale Ahmed	1386-1407
8	Muse Ahmed	1406-1420
9	Muse Ahmed	1420-1437
10	Nuur Ali Cigale	1437-1458
11	Mohamed Ali Cigale	1355–1372	The Sultanate's most difficult years began.

There is constantly a power struggle between the Brothers battling each other to succeed in the rulership, which contributed to a decrease in the sultanate's governability over its realm between the 13th and 17th centuries.

#	Sultan	Reign	Notes
1	Gerad Mohamud IV	1655–1675
2	Gerad Naleye	1675–1705
3	Gerad Mohamed	1705–1750
4	Gerad Ali	1750–1789
5	Gerad Mohamud Ali	1789–1830
6	Gerad Aul	1830–1870
7	Gerad Ali Shire	1870–18
8	Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire	18–1887	Last Sultan of the Warsangali Sultanate

See also

• Adal Sultanate
• Ajuran Sultanate
• Mohamoud Ali Shire
• List of Muslim empires and dynasties
• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties