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{{Short description|American archaeologist and anthropologist}}
'''William Duncan Strong''' (1899 – 1962) was an American [[archaeologist]] and [[anthropologist]] noted as an authority on indigenous peoples of North and South America. He is credited with the discovery of the tomb of the war god [[Ai apaec]] in Peru in 1946.<ref name = "Hutchinson">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Nichols | first = C.S., ''ed'' | title = Strong, William D | encyclopedia = Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Biography | publisher = Abingdon: Helicon | date = 2000}}</ref>
'''William Duncan Strong''' (1899–1962) was an American [[archaeologist]] and [[anthropologist]] noted for his application of the [[direct historical approach]] to the study of indigenous peoples of [[North America|North]] and [[South America]].
He was influential in the development and recognition of the [[Direct historical approach]].<ref name="Lees">{{cite conference | last = Lees | first = W. B. | title = The impact of the River Basins Surveys Program in historical archaeology | booktitle = Paper presented at the 66th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans, Louisiana. | date = April 18-22, 2001 | url = http://uwf.edu/wlees/ImpactofRBS.pdf | format = [[PDF]] | accessdate = 2007-01-01 }}</ref> Detailed field journals he kept during his expeditions contain valuable ethnographic information he collected.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} He was born in Portland, Oregon, and after several earlier academic posts, was a member of the faculty of [[Columbia University]] from 1937 until his death in 1962.<ref name = "Hutchinson">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Nichols | first = C.S., ''ed'' | title = Strong, William D | encyclopedia = Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Biography | publisher = Abingdon: Helicon | date = 2000}}</ref> During his career, Strong trained many notable archaeologists including [[Gordon Willey]], [[Waldo wedel|Waldo Wedel]], and others.


==Early life and education==
==References==
Strong was born in [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon]].
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

He initially studied [[zoology]], but he changed his focus to anthropology at the [[University of California Berkeley|University of California, Berkeley]], under the influence of [[Alfred L. Kroeber]], who became his "principal teacher, mentor, and friend".<ref name= Beals72>{{cite book| first= Ralph L. |last= Beals| year= 1972| chapter= Forward | title= Aboriginal Society in Southern California'', by William Duncan Strong''| pages= vii-ix| publisher= Malki Museum Press| place= Banning, California}}</ref> Strong completed his doctorate in 1926.

==Career==
Strong's doctoral dissertation, "An Analysis of Southwestern Society", was published in ''[[American Anthropologist]]''.<ref>{{cite journal| title= An Analysis of Southwestern Society| first= William Duncan| last= Strong| journal= [[American Anthropologist]] | year= 1927|volume= 29| pages= 1–61| doi=10.1525/aa.1927.29.1.02a00020| doi-access= free}}</ref> A related study of his, ''Aboriginal Society in Southern California'',<ref>{{cite journal| title= Aboriginal Society in Southern California| first= William Duncan| last= Strong| year=1929| publisher= University of California | journal= University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology| volume= 1| number= 358| place= Berkeley}}</ref> presenting his detailed fieldwork among the [[Serrano (people)|Serrano]], [[Luiseño people|Luiseño]], [[Cupeño people|Cupeño]], and [[Cahuilla]] peoples, has been characterized as "one of the earliest and one of the best efforts by a United States anthropologist to combine structural-functional analysis with historical data and interpretation".<ref name= Beals72 />{{rp|ix}} Strong also conducted ethnographic field research among the [[Naskapi]] of [[Labrador]].{{citation needed|date= July 2018}}

Most of Strong's anthropological contributions were specifically in archaeology. His 1935 study, "An Introduction to Nebraska Archaeology",<ref>{{cite journal| journal= Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections| title= An Introduction to Nebraska Archaeology| first= William Duncan| last= Strong| volume= 93| number= 10| place= Washington, DC}}</ref> is credited with providing a major impetus for the direct historical approach in archaeology.<ref>{{cite book| first1= Gordon R. |last1= Willey | first2= Jeremy A. |last2= Sabloff| year= 1980| title= A History of American Archaeology| url= https://archive.org/details/historyofameric100will | url-access= registration | edition= 2nd | publisher= W. H. Freeman| place= San Francisco}}</ref>

In the 1930s, Strong, [[Waldo Rudolph Wedel]] and [[A. T. Hill]] found archaeological evidence in [[Nebraska]] different from the prehistoric [[Great Plains|Central Plains]] and [[Woodland period|Woodland]] traditions. The evidence was attributed to a new culture called the [[Dismal River culture]], or Dismal River aspect, for its location on the [[Dismal River (Nebraska)|Dismal River basin]] of Nebraska,<ref name=Cassells234>{{cite book| last= Cassells| first= E. Steve | year= 1997| title= The Archeology of Colorado| edition= Revised | place= Boulder, Colorado |publisher= Johnson Books| page= 234| isbn= 1-55566-193-9}}</ref><ref name="NS-DRC">{{cite web |title=Emergence of Historic Tribes: The Dismal River Culture |url=http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0300/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0300/stories/0301_0102.html |website=Nebraska Studies |access-date=September 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910101948/http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0300/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0300/stories/0301_0102.html |archive-date=2012-09-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Gibbon212>{{cite book| last1= Gibbon| first1= Guy E.| last2= Ames| first2= Kenneth M. |year= 1998| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_0u2y_SVnmoC&pg=PA212 | title= Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia| page= 212| isbn= 0-8153-0725-X}}</ref> dated between 1650-1750.<ref name=Gibbon-dates>{{cite book| last1= Gibbon| first1= Guy E.| last2= Ames| first2= Kenneth M. |year= 1998| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0u2y_SVnmoC&pg=PA768 | title= Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia| pages= 213, 768| isbn= 0-8153-0725-X}}</ref>

Strong performed pioneering fieldwork in California's [[San Joaquin Valley]], the [[Pacific Northwest]], the American [[Great Plains]], Labrador, and [[Honduras]], where he sought the legendary [[La Ciudad Blanca]]. In [[Peru]], he developed statistical methods to [[Seriation (archaeology)|seriate]] [[pottery]] styles and is credited with the discovery of the tomb of the war god [[Ai apaec]] in 1946.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| title= William D. Strong| encyclopedia= Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Biography| year= 2000 |publisher= Helicon| place= Abingdon}}</ref>

Strong held academic positions at the [[University of Nebraska]] and [[Columbia University]]. Among his notable students were the archaeologists [[Waldo Rudolph Wedel|Waldo Wedel]] and [[Gordon Willey]].

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/fa/strong.pdf Register to the Papers of William Duncan Strong], National Anthropological Archives, [[Smithsonian Institution]]

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Strong, William Duncan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Strong, William Duncan}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:American ethnologists]]

[[Category:American Mesoamericanists]]
{{US-academic-scientist-stub}}
[[Category:20th-century Mesoamericanists]]
{{archaeologist-stub}}
[[Category:Mesoamerican archaeologists]]
{{anthropologist-stub}}
[[Category:20th-century American archaeologists]]

Latest revision as of 15:36, 29 January 2024

William Duncan Strong (1899–1962) was an American archaeologist and anthropologist noted for his application of the direct historical approach to the study of indigenous peoples of North and South America.

Early life and education

[edit]

Strong was born in Portland, Oregon.

He initially studied zoology, but he changed his focus to anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley, under the influence of Alfred L. Kroeber, who became his "principal teacher, mentor, and friend".[1] Strong completed his doctorate in 1926.

Career

[edit]

Strong's doctoral dissertation, "An Analysis of Southwestern Society", was published in American Anthropologist.[2] A related study of his, Aboriginal Society in Southern California,[3] presenting his detailed fieldwork among the Serrano, Luiseño, Cupeño, and Cahuilla peoples, has been characterized as "one of the earliest and one of the best efforts by a United States anthropologist to combine structural-functional analysis with historical data and interpretation".[1]: ix  Strong also conducted ethnographic field research among the Naskapi of Labrador.[citation needed]

Most of Strong's anthropological contributions were specifically in archaeology. His 1935 study, "An Introduction to Nebraska Archaeology",[4] is credited with providing a major impetus for the direct historical approach in archaeology.[5]

In the 1930s, Strong, Waldo Rudolph Wedel and A. T. Hill found archaeological evidence in Nebraska different from the prehistoric Central Plains and Woodland traditions. The evidence was attributed to a new culture called the Dismal River culture, or Dismal River aspect, for its location on the Dismal River basin of Nebraska,[6][7][8] dated between 1650-1750.[9]

Strong performed pioneering fieldwork in California's San Joaquin Valley, the Pacific Northwest, the American Great Plains, Labrador, and Honduras, where he sought the legendary La Ciudad Blanca. In Peru, he developed statistical methods to seriate pottery styles and is credited with the discovery of the tomb of the war god Ai apaec in 1946.[10]

Strong held academic positions at the University of Nebraska and Columbia University. Among his notable students were the archaeologists Waldo Wedel and Gordon Willey.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Beals, Ralph L. (1972). "Forward". Aboriginal Society in Southern California, by William Duncan Strong. Banning, California: Malki Museum Press. pp. vii–ix.
  2. ^ Strong, William Duncan (1927). "An Analysis of Southwestern Society". American Anthropologist. 29: 1–61. doi:10.1525/aa.1927.29.1.02a00020.
  3. ^ Strong, William Duncan (1929). "Aboriginal Society in Southern California". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 1 (358). Berkeley: University of California.
  4. ^ Strong, William Duncan. "An Introduction to Nebraska Archaeology". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 93 (10). Washington, DC.
  5. ^ Willey, Gordon R.; Sabloff, Jeremy A. (1980). A History of American Archaeology (2nd ed.). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
  6. ^ Cassells, E. Steve (1997). The Archeology of Colorado (Revised ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Johnson Books. p. 234. ISBN 1-55566-193-9.
  7. ^ "Emergence of Historic Tribes: The Dismal River Culture". Nebraska Studies. Archived from the original on 2012-09-10. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
  8. ^ Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M. (1998). Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia. p. 212. ISBN 0-8153-0725-X.
  9. ^ Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M. (1998). Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia. pp. 213, 768. ISBN 0-8153-0725-X.
  10. ^ "William D. Strong". Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Biography. Abingdon: Helicon. 2000.
[edit]
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