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{{Short description|Species of baboon}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Yellow baboon<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=166|id=12100582}}</ref>
| name = Yellow baboon<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=166|id=12100582}}</ref>
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| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite journal |author1=Kingdon, J.|author2=Butynski, T.M.|author3=De Jong, Y. | title=''Papio cynocephalus''| journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species| volume= 2016|publisher = [[IUCN]] | year = 2016 | page = e.T92250442A92250811| url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/92250442/0 | accessdate = 6 August 2016}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=Wallis, J. |date=2020 |title=''Papio cynocephalus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T92250442A92251260 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T92250442A92251260.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Papio
| genus = Papio
| species = cynocephalus
| species = cynocephalus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766)
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|1766]])
| range_map = Yellow Baboon area.png
| range_map = Yellow Baboon area.png
| range_map_caption = Distribution of yellow baboon
| range_map_caption = Distribution of yellow baboon
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}}
}}


The '''yellow baboon''' (''Papio cynocephalus'') is a [[baboon]] in the family of [[Old World]] monkeys. The species epithet literally means "dog-head" in Greek, due to the shape of the muzzle and head. They have slim bodies with long arms and legs, and yellowish-brown hair. They resemble the [[Chacma baboon]], but are smaller with a less elongated muzzle. Their hairless faces are black, framed with white sideburns. Males can grow to about 84&nbsp;cm, females to about 60&nbsp;cm. They have long tails which grow to be nearly as long as their bodies. Their life spans are roughly 20–30 years.
The '''yellow baboon''' ('''''Papio cynocephalus''''') is a [[baboon]] in the family of [[Old World monkey]]s. The species [[epithet]] means "dog-head" in Greek, due to the dog-like shape of the muzzle and head. Yellow baboons have slim bodies with long arms and legs along with yellowish-brown hair. They resemble the [[chacma baboon]], but are somewhat smaller and with a less elongated muzzle. Their hairless faces are black, framed with white sideburns. Males can grow to about 84&nbsp;cm, females to about 60&nbsp;cm. They have long tails which grow to be nearly as long as their bodies. The average life span of the yellow baboon in the wild is roughly 15–20 years; some may live up to 30 years.


Yellow baboons inhabit savannas and light forests in eastern [[Africa]], from [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]] to [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Botswana]]. They are [[diurnal animal|diurnal]], [[terrestrial animal|terrestrial]], and live in complex, mixed-gender social groups of eight to 200 individuals per troop. They are [[omnivorous]] with a preference for fruits, but also eat other plant parts, as well as insects. Baboons are highly opportunistic eaters and will eat almost any food they come across.
Yellow baboons inhabit [[savanna]]s and light forests in eastern [[Africa]], from [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]] to [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Botswana]]. They are [[diurnal animal|diurnal]], [[terrestrial animal|terrestrial]], and live in complex, mixed-gender social groups of 8 to 200 individuals per troop. Like all other baboon species, they are [[omnivorous]], with a preference for fruits; they also eat plants, leaves, seeds, grasses, bulbs, bark, blossoms and fungi, as well as worms, grubs, insects, spiders, scorpions, birds, rodents and small mammals. All species of baboons are highly opportunistic feeders and will eat virtually any food they can find.


⚫
Baboons fulfill several functions in their ecosystem, not only serving as food for larger predators, but also dispersing seeds in their waste and through their messy foraging habits. They are also efficient predators of smaller animals and their young.
⚫
Yellow baboons use at least 10 different vocalizations to communicate. When traveling as a group, males will lead, females and young stay safe in the middle, and less-dominant males bring up the rear. A baboon group's hierarchy is such a serious matter, some subspecies have developed interesting behaviors intended to avoid confrontation and retaliation. For example, males have frequently been documented using infants as a kind of "passport" for safe approach toward another male. One male will pick up the infant and hold it up as it nears the other male. This action often calms the other male and allows the first male to approach safely.


⚫
Baboons have been able to fill a variety of ecological [[Ecological niche|niches]], including places inhospitable to other animals, such as regions taken over by human settlement. Thus, they are one of the most successful African primates and are not listed as threatened or endangered. However, the same behavioral adaptations that make them so successful also cause them to be considered pests by humans in many areas. Raids on farmers' crops and livestock and other such intrusions into human settlements have made most baboons species subject to many organized extermination projects. However, continued habitat loss forces more and more baboons to migrate toward areas of human settlement.
⚫
Baboons are important in their natural environment, not only serving as food for larger predators, but also aiding in seed dispersal due to their messy foraging habits. They are also efficient predators of smaller animals and their young, keeping some animals' populations in check.


⚫
The two subspecies of the yellow baboon are:
⚫
Baboons have been able to fill a tremendous number of different ecological niches, including places considered adverse to other animals, such as regions taken over by human settlement. Thus, they are one of the most successful African primates and are not listed as threatened or endangered. However, the same behavioral adaptations that make them so successful also cause them to be considered pests by humans in many areas. Raids on farmers' crops and other such intrusions into human settlements have made baboons subject to organized exterminations projects. However, habitat loss is the driving force behind baboons' migration toward areas of human settlement.

⚫
The three subspecies of the yellow baboon are:
* ''Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus'' (typical yellow baboon)
* ''Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus'' (typical yellow baboon)
* ''Papio cynocephalus ibeanus'' ([[Ibean baboon]])
* ''Papio cynocephalus ibeanus'' ([[Ibean baboon]])

* ''Papio cynocephalus kindae'' ([[Kinda baboon]])
== Behavior ==
⚫
Yellow baboons use at least ten different vocalizations to communicate. When traveling as a group, males will lead, females and young stay safely in the middle, and less-dominant males bring up the rear. A baboon group's hierarchy is a serious matter, and some subspecies have developed behaviors intended to avoid confrontation and retaliation. For example, males may use infants as a kind of "passport" or shield for safe approach toward another male. One male will pick up the infant and hold it up as it nears the other male. This action often calms the other male and allows the first male to approach safely.

An area of active research on yellow baboons is the role of their social habits in the composition of their gut [[microbiome]]. One group of researchers found that social group membership and interaction rates affected baboon microbiome composition, which they suggested could be due to accidental fecal-oral transmission during grooming periods, even though yellow baboons are not [[Coprophagia|coprophagic]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Tung |first1=Jenny |last2=Barreiro |first2=Luis B |last3=Burns |first3=Michael B |last4=Grenier |first4=Jean-Christophe |last5=Lynch |first5=Josh |last6=Grieneisen |first6=Laura E |last7=Altmann |first7=Jeanne |last8=Alberts |first8=Susan C |last9=Blekhman |first9=Ran |last10=Archie |first10=Elizabeth A |date=2015-03-16 |editor-last=Alm |editor-first=Eric |title=Social networks predict gut microbiome composition in wild baboons |journal=eLife |volume=4 |pages=e05224 |doi=10.7554/eLife.05224 |issn=2050-084X |pmc=4379495 |pmid=25774601 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Accidental fecal-oral transmission during close contact may be especially important for the transmission of gut microbes that cannot survive long in the environment, such as those that are non-spore forming.<ref name=":0" /> Another group found evidence that male dispersal affected the gut microbiome of the immigrant individual.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icx046 | doi=10.1093/icb/icx046 | title=Group Living and Male Dispersal Predict the Core Gut Microbiome in Wild Baboons | date=2017 | last1=Grieneisen | first1=Laura E. | last2=Livermore | first2=Josh | last3=Alberts | first3=Susan | last4=Tung | first4=Jenny | last5=Archie | first5=Elizabeth A. | journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology | volume=57 | issue=4 | pages=770–785 | pmid=29048537 | pmc=5886331 }}</ref> Immigrant males may acquire a similar gut microbiome to their new groups through dietary changes and being introduced to new microbes through social interactions such as grooming, which lead to more direct transmission of microbes.<ref name=":1" />
==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
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File:Yellow Baboon, Tanzania.jpg|[[Serengeti National Park]]
File:Yellow Baboon, Tanzania.jpg|[[Serengeti National Park]]
</gallery>
</gallery>

==References==
==References==
\{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Wikispecies|Papio cynocephalus|Yellow Baboon}}
{{Wikispecies|Papio cynocephalus|Yellow Baboon}}
*[http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/yellow_baboon Primate Info Net ''Papio cynocephalus'' Factsheet]
*[http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/yellow_baboon Primate Info Net ''Papio cynocephalus'' Factsheet]
*[http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-bytes/animalia/eumetazoa/coelomates/deuterostomes/chordata/craniata/mammalia/primates/yellow-baboon.htm Animal Bytes]
*[http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-bytes/animalia/eumetazoa/coelomates/deuterostomes/chordata/craniata/mammalia/primates/yellow-baboon.htm Animal Bytes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418184625/http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-bytes/animalia/eumetazoa/coelomates/deuterostomes/chordata/craniata/mammalia/primates/yellow-baboon.htm |date=2012-04-18 }}


{{C.Cercopithecinae nav}}
{{C.Cercopithecinae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q751636}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q751636}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:baboon, yellow}}
[[Category:Baboons|yellow baboon]]
[[Category:Baboons|yellow baboon]]
[[Category:Mammals of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Ethiopia]]
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[[Category:Fauna of East Africa]]
[[Category:Fauna of East Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1766|yellow baboon]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1766|yellow baboon]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|yellow baboon]]

Latest revision as of 12:50, 20 May 2024

Yellow baboon[1]
Calls recorded in Ramis, Kenya
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Papio
Species:
P. cynocephalus
Binomial name
Papio cynocephalus
Distribution of yellow baboon
Synonyms

Simia cynocephalus Linnaeus, 1766

The yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) is a baboon in the family of Old World monkeys. The species epithet means "dog-head" in Greek, due to the dog-like shape of the muzzle and head. Yellow baboons have slim bodies with long arms and legs along with yellowish-brown hair. They resemble the chacma baboon, but are somewhat smaller and with a less elongated muzzle. Their hairless faces are black, framed with white sideburns. Males can grow to about 84 cm, females to about 60 cm. They have long tails which grow to be nearly as long as their bodies. The average life span of the yellow baboon in the wild is roughly 15–20 years; some may live up to 30 years.

Yellow baboons inhabit savannas and light forests in eastern Africa, from Kenya and Tanzania to Zimbabwe and Botswana. They are diurnal, terrestrial, and live in complex, mixed-gender social groups of 8 to 200 individuals per troop. Like all other baboon species, they are omnivorous, with a preference for fruits; they also eat plants, leaves, seeds, grasses, bulbs, bark, blossoms and fungi, as well as worms, grubs, insects, spiders, scorpions, birds, rodents and small mammals. All species of baboons are highly opportunistic feeders and will eat virtually any food they can find.

Baboons fulfill several functions in their ecosystem, not only serving as food for larger predators, but also dispersing seeds in their waste and through their messy foraging habits. They are also efficient predators of smaller animals and their young.

Baboons have been able to fill a variety of ecological niches, including places inhospitable to other animals, such as regions taken over by human settlement. Thus, they are one of the most successful African primates and are not listed as threatened or endangered. However, the same behavioral adaptations that make them so successful also cause them to be considered pests by humans in many areas. Raids on farmers' crops and livestock and other such intrusions into human settlements have made most baboons species subject to many organized extermination projects. However, continued habitat loss forces more and more baboons to migrate toward areas of human settlement.

The two subspecies of the yellow baboon are:

  • Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus (typical yellow baboon)
  • Papio cynocephalus ibeanus (Ibean baboon)

Behavior

[edit]

Yellow baboons use at least ten different vocalizations to communicate. When traveling as a group, males will lead, females and young stay safely in the middle, and less-dominant males bring up the rear. A baboon group's hierarchy is a serious matter, and some subspecies have developed behaviors intended to avoid confrontation and retaliation. For example, males may use infants as a kind of "passport" or shield for safe approach toward another male. One male will pick up the infant and hold it up as it nears the other male. This action often calms the other male and allows the first male to approach safely.

An area of active research on yellow baboons is the role of their social habits in the composition of their gut microbiome. One group of researchers found that social group membership and interaction rates affected baboon microbiome composition, which they suggested could be due to accidental fecal-oral transmission during grooming periods, even though yellow baboons are not coprophagic.[3] Accidental fecal-oral transmission during close contact may be especially important for the transmission of gut microbes that cannot survive long in the environment, such as those that are non-spore forming.[3] Another group found evidence that male dispersal affected the gut microbiome of the immigrant individual.[4] Immigrant males may acquire a similar gut microbiome to their new groups through dietary changes and being introduced to new microbes through social interactions such as grooming, which lead to more direct transmission of microbes.[4]

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 166. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Wallis, J. (2020). "Papio cynocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T92250442A92251260. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T92250442A92251260.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b Tung, Jenny; Barreiro, Luis B; Burns, Michael B; Grenier, Jean-Christophe; Lynch, Josh; Grieneisen, Laura E; Altmann, Jeanne; Alberts, Susan C; Blekhman, Ran; Archie, Elizabeth A (2015-03-16). Alm, Eric (ed.). "Social networks predict gut microbiome composition in wild baboons". eLife. 4: e05224. doi:10.7554/eLife.05224. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 4379495. PMID 25774601.
  4. ^ a b Grieneisen, Laura E.; Livermore, Josh; Alberts, Susan; Tung, Jenny; Archie, Elizabeth A. (2017). "Group Living and Male Dispersal Predict the Core Gut Microbiome in Wild Baboons". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 57 (4): 770–785. doi:10.1093/icb/icx046. PMC 5886331. PMID 29048537.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yellow Baboon.
Wikispecies has information related to Yellow Baboon.
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