Epicycloid
In geometry, an epicycloid (also called hypercycloid)[1] is a plane curve produced by tracing the path of a chosen point on the circumference of a circle—called an epicycle—which rolls without slipping around a fixed circle. It is a particular kind of roulette.
An epicycloid with a minor radius (R2) of 0 is a circle. This is a degenerate form.
Equations
[edit]If the smaller circle has radius , and the larger circle has radius , then the parametric equations for the curve can be given by either:
or:
This can be written in a more concise form using complex numbers as[2]
where
- the angle
- the smaller circle has radius , and
- the larger circle has radius .
Area and Arc Length
[edit](Assuming the initial point lies on the larger circle.) When is a positive integer, the area and arc length of this epicycloid are
It means that the epicycloid is larger in area than the original stationary circle.
If is a positive integer, then the curve is closed, and has k cusps (i.e., sharp corners).
If is a rational number, say expressed as irreducible fraction, then the curve has cusps.
To close the curve and |
complete the 1st repeating pattern : |
θ = 0 to q rotations |
α = 0 to p rotations |
total rotations of outer rolling circle = p + q rotations |
Count the animation rotations to see p and q
If is an irrational number, then the curve never closes, and forms a dense subset of the space between the larger circle and a circle of radius .
The distance from the origin to the point on the small circle varies up and down as
where
- = radius of large circle and
- = diameter of small circle .
- Epicycloid examples
-
k = 1; a cardioid
-
k = 2; a nephroid
-
k = 3; a trefoiloid
-
k = 4; a quatrefoiloid
-
k = 2.1 = 21/10
-
k = 3.8 = 19/5
-
k = 5.5 = 11/2
-
k = 7.2 = 36/5
The epicycloid is a special kind of epitrochoid.
An epicycle with one cusp is a cardioid, two cusps is a nephroid.
An epicycloid and its evolute are similar.[3]
Proof
[edit]We assume that the position of is what we want to solve, is the angle from the tangential point to the moving point , and is the angle from the starting point to the tangential point.
Since there is no sliding between the two cycles, then we have that
By the definition of angle (which is the rate arc over radius), then we have that
and
- .
From these two conditions, we get the identity
- .
By calculating, we get the relation between and , which is
- .
From the figure, we see the position of the point on the small circle clearly.
See also
[edit]- List of periodic functions
- Cycloid
- Cyclogon
- Deferent and epicycle
- Epicyclic gearing
- Epitrochoid
- Hypocycloid
- Hypotrochoid
- Multibrot set
- Roulette (curve)
- Spirograph
References
[edit]- J. Dennis Lawrence (1972). A catalog of special plane curves. Dover Publications. pp. 161, 168–170, 175. ISBN 978-0-486-60288-2.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Epicycloids and Blaschke products by Chunlei Cao, Alastair Fletcher, Zhuan Ye
- ^ Epicycloid Evolute - from Wolfram MathWorld
- ^ Pietrocola, Giorgio (2005). "Tartapelago". Maecla.
External links
[edit]- Weisstein, Eric W. "Epicycloid". MathWorld.
- "Epicycloid" by Michael Ford, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project, 2007
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Epicycloid", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- Animation of Epicycloids, Pericycloids and Hypocycloids
- Spirograph -- GeoFun
- Historical note on the application of the epicycloid to the form of Gear Teeth