1304–1305 papal conclave
Papal conclave 1304–05 | |
---|---|
Dates and location | |
July 1304 – June 1305 Perugia Cathedral | |
Key officials | |
Dean | Giovanni Boccamazza |
Camerlengo | Teodorico Ranieri |
Protodeacon | Matteo Orsini Rosso |
Elected pope | |
Raymond Bertrand de Got Name taken: Clement V | |
The papal conclave from July 10 (or 17), 1304 to June 5, 1305, held in Perugia, was the protracted papal conclave that elected non-cardinal Raymond Bertrand de Got as Pope Clement V and immediately preceded the beginning of the Avignon Papacy.
Cardinal electors
Of the 19 living cardinals, only 15 were present in the conclave. Exactly 10 of these, constituting the minimum two-thirds necessary, voted for Bertrand de Got, who became Clement V. Two other cardinals, Giacomo and Pietro Colonna (uncle and nephew), had been deposed by Pope Boniface VIII and were thus ineligible to participate in the election; their cardinalates were subsequently restored by Clement V.[1]
Elector | Nationality | Cardinalatial order and title | Elevated | Elevator | Other ecclesiestical titles | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Giovanni Boccamazza | Rome | Cardinal-bishop of Frascati | 1285, December 22 | Honorius IV | Dean of the College of Cardinals | Cardinal-nephew |
Teodorico Ranieri | Orvieto | Cardinal-bishop of Palestrina | 1298, December 4 | Boniface VIII | Camerlengo | |
Leonardo Patrasso | Guarcino | Cardinal-bishop of Albano | 1300, March 2 | Boniface VIII | Cardinal nephew | |
Pedro Rodríguez | Spanish | Cardinal-bishop of Sabina | 1302, December 15 | Boniface VIII | Legate in Sabina | |
Giovanni Minio da Morrovalle, O.F.M. | Marche | Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina | 1302, December 15 | Boniface VIII | Former minister general of the Order of Franciscans (1296-1304) | |
Niccolò Alberti, O.P. | Prato | Cardinal-bishop of Ostia e Velletri | 1303, December 18 | Benedict XI | ||
Robert de Pontigny, O.Cist. | French | Cardinal-priest of S. Pudenziana | 1294, September 18 | Celestine V | Protopriest; Camerlengo of the College of Cardinals |
Former Superior General of the Cistercian Order (1294) |
Gentile Partino, O.F.M. | Guarcino | Cardinal-priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti | 1300, March 2 | Boniface VIII | Grand penitentiary | Cardinal-nephew |
Walter Winterburn, O.P. | English | Cardinal-priest of S. Sabina | 1304, February 19 | Benedict XI | ||
Napoleone Orsini Frangipani | Rome | Cardinal-deacon of S. Adriano | 1288, May 16 | Nicholas IV | Archpriest of the Liberian Basilica | Nephew of Pope Nicholas III |
Landolfo Brancaccio | Neapolitan | Cardinal-deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria | 1294, September 18 | Celestine V | ||
Guglielmo de Longhi | Bergamo | Cardinal-deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano | 1294, September 18 | Celestine V | Former Chancellor to Charles II of Naples | |
Francesco Napoleone Orsini | Rome | Cardinal-deacon of S. Lucia in Orthea (Silice) | 1295, December 17 | Boniface VIII | ||
Francesco Caetani | Anagni | Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin | 1295, December 17 | Boniface VIII | Cardinal-nephew | |
Luc Fieschi | Genoese | Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata | 1300, March 2 | Boniface VIII | Nephew of Adrian V and grand-nephew of Innocent IV |
Absentee cardinals
All four cardinals left early as a result of illness.
Elector | Nationality | Cardinalatial order and title | Elevated | Elevator | Other ecclesiestical titles | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jean Le Moine | French | Cardinal-priest of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro | 1294, September 18 | Celestine V | ||
Matteo Orsini Rosso | Rome | Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Portico | 1262, May 22 | Urban IV | Protodeacon; archpriest of the Vatican Basilica; Cardinal-protector of the Order of Franciscans |
Nephew of Pope Nicholas III |
Giacomo Gaetani Stefaneschi | Rome | Cardinal-deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro | 1295, December 17 | Boniface VIII | Cardinal-nephew | |
Riccardo Petroni | Siena | Cardinal-deacon of S. Eustachio | 1298, December 4 | Boniface VIII |
Procedure
The Sacred College of Cardinals was divided into two factions: pro-French and anti-French ("Bonifacians"). The smaller, pro-French party counted six cardinals under the leadership of cardinals Napoleone Orsini Frangipani and Niccolò Alberti. They looked for the reconciliation with France and Colonna. The larger party, anti-French, led by Cardinal Matteo Orsini Rosso and Francesco Caetani, cardinal-nephew of Boniface VIII, demanded atonement for the outrage committed on the person of Boniface VIII by French Chancellor Nogaret at Anagni, and rejected any concessions towards Philip IV of France. It counted 10 electors.[2] At the beginning of the conclave the cardinals arbitrarly decided to annule the most restrictive rules of the Constitution Ubi periculum about the conclave, which made it possible to prolong the proceedings.[3] During the first months of the conclave both parties voted mainly for their leaders: Matteo Orsini and Napoleone Orsini.[4] But old Matteo Orsini (aged 74) fell ill and couldn't have taken any active part in the conclave. Lack of effective leadership eventually led to division in the anti-French party. Some of its members, looking for a compromise, proposed archbishop Bertrand de Got of Bordeaux. Napoleone Orsini initially was sceptical about this candidature[5] but finally he had accepted it. His opinion was decisive for the result,[6] because an alliance of pro-French party with the "Bonifacian dissidents" gave exactly the required majority of two thirds. On June 5, 1305, after 11 months of deliberations, Bertrand de Got was elected to the Papacy.
At the time of his election de Got was Archbishop of Bordeaux, and thus a subject of Edward I, King of England (who had recently conquered Normandy), although he was a childhood friend of Philip IV of France ("the Fair").[7]
Sources
One eye-witness to the conclave was Florentine historian Giovanni Villani (Hist. Florent., VIII, 80, in Muratori, SS. RR. Ital., XIII, 417; cf. Raynald, Ann. Eccl., 1305, 2-4).[7]
Aftermath
The cardinals besought de Got upon his election to join them in Perugia and thereafter to travel to Rome for his papal coronation; however, he ordered them to travel to Lyon for his coronation on November 4, 1305, at which Philip IV of France ("the Fair") was present.[7] During the ensuing public procession a collapsing wall knocked Clement V from his horse (resulting in the loss of a carbuncle from the Papal Tiara) and killed both the brother of Clement V and the aged Matteo Orsini Rosso (a participant in twelve conclaves).[7] The next day, another brother of Clement V was killed in a dispute between his servants and the retainers of the College of Cardinals.[7]
Philip IV immediately demanded of Clement V that the memory of Pope Boniface VIII be condemned, that his name be stricken from the list of popes, that his bones be disinterred and burned, that his ashes be scattered to the wind, and that he be declared a heretic, blasphemer, and immoral priest.[7] Clement V delayed such an action without explicitly refusing it and in the meantime made several important concessions to Philip IV: he extended the absolution granted by Benedict XI, created nine French cardinals (a mix of crown-cardinals and cardinal-nephews), restored the cardinalates of Giacomo and Pietro Colonna (which had been deprived by Boniface VIII), gave Philip IV a five year title to a variety of church property, withdrew the papal bull Clericis laicos (1296) and limited the bull Unam sanctam (1302, both of Boniface VIII), granted some church revenues to Charles of Valois, pretender to the Byzantine throne, made concessions weakening the Knights Templar.[7] However, Philip IV wanted to a see a process similar to the Cadaver Synod initiated against Boniface VIII, which Clement V seemingly yielded to, setting a date of February 2, 1309; however, as this process proved to be dilatory and likely favorable to the deceased pontiff, Philip IV moved to cancel it in February 1311; by the time the Council of Vienne (which ultimately sided with Boniface VIII) had been called, Philip IV demanded only that he be absolved of responsibility for the various processes against Boniface VIII, which he was.[7]
Between 1305 and 1309, Clement V moved from Bordeaux to Poitiers to Toulouse before taking up residence as a guest in the Dominican monastery of Avignon (at a time, a fief of Naples, and part of the Comtat Venaissin, a territory directly subject to the Holy See since 1228).[7] Clement V's decision to relocate the papacy to France was one of the most contested issues in the papal conclave, 1314–1316 following his death, during which the minority of Italian cardinals were unable to engineer the return of the papacy to Rome. Avignon remained a territory of Naples until Pope Clement VI purchased it from Joan I of Naples for 80,000 gold gulden in 1348.[7]
Notes
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "Papal elections of the 14th Century (1303-1394)".
- ^ G. Mollat, p. 3; K. Dopierała, p. 233. It is worth to adnote that two cardinals Orsini, in spite of their familiar relations, led the opposite factions.
- ^ A. Piazzoni, p. 205
- ^ K. Dopierała, p. 233
- ^ G. Mollat, p. 3
- ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia: Orsini
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j
"Pope Clement V" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
Bibliography
- G. Mollat. 1963. The Popes at Avignon 1305-1378. London.
- Template:Pl icon K. Dopierała. 1996. Księga papieży. Pallotinum, Poznań.
- Template:Pl icon A. Piazzoni. 2003. Historia wyboru papieży. Wyd. M, Kraków