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Tolkien fandom

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Tolkien fandom is an international, informal community of fans of the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, especially of the Middle-earth legendarium which includes The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion. The concept of Tolkien fandom as a specific type of fan subculture sprang up in the United States in the 1960s, in the context of the hippie movement, to the dismay of the author (Tolkien died in 1973), who talked of "my deplorable cultus".[1]

A Tolkienist is someone who studies the work of J. R. R. Tolkien: this usually involves the study of the Elvish languages and "Tolkienology".[2] A Ringer is a fan of The Lord of the Rings in general, and of Peter Jackson's live-action film trilogy in particular.[3] Other terms for Tolkien fans include Tolkienite or Tolkiendil.[4]

Many fans share their Tolkien fan fiction with other fans. Tolkien societies support fans in many countries around the world.

History

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Further information: Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings

Tolkien's The Hobbit, a children's book, was first published in 1937, and it proved popular. But The Lord of the Rings, first published in three volumes in 1954 and 1955, gave rise to fandom as a cultural phenomenon from the 1960s onwards.[5][6]

1950s

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Ted Johnstone (real name David McDaniel, seen here in 1974) founded the first Tolkien fan club.

Tolkien fandom began within science fiction fandom soon after The Fellowship of the Ring was published in 1954. Tolkien was discussed in science fiction fanzines and amateur press association magazines ("apazines"), both as single essays like "No Monroe In Lothlorien!" in Eric Bentcliffe's Triode, and in extended threads of comment such as by Robert Lichtman in his Psi Phi. Tolkien-inspired costumes were worn at Worldcons from 1958. An organized Tolkien fandom organization called "The Fellowship of the Ring" came together in Pittcon, the 18th World Science Fiction Convention in Pittsburgh on 4 September 1960. England's first Tolkien fanzine was Nazgul's Bane, produced by Cheslin. Many fanzines had little Tolkien content but Tolkien-inspired names such as Ancalagon, Glamdring, Lefnui, Mathom, Perian, Ringwraith, Shadowfax, and so on. Others had more meaningful Tolkien content. Ed Meskys' apazine Niekas turned into a full-fledged fanzine during this era. Pete Mansfield's Sword & Sorcery fanzine, Eldritch Dream Quest, included many Tolkien items.[7]

1960s America

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Foster attributes the surge of Tolkien fandom in the United States of the mid-1960s to a combination of the hippie subculture and anti-war movement pursuing "mellow freedom like that of the Shire" and "America's cultural Anglophilia" of the time, fuelled by a bootleg paperback version of The Lord of the Rings published by Ace Books followed up by an authorised edition by Ballantine Books.[8] The "hippie" following latched onto the book, giving its own spin to the work's interpretation, such as the Dark Lord Sauron representing the United States military draft during the Vietnam War, to the chagrin of the author who talked of a "deplorable cultus" and stated that "Many young Americans are involved in the stories in a way that I'm not"[1] but who nevertheless admitted that "... even the nose of a very modest idol [...] cannot remain entirely untickled by the sweet smell of incense!"[9] Fan attention became so intense that Tolkien had to take his phone number out of the public directory.[10] This embracing of the work by American 1960s counter-culture made it an easy target for mockery, as in Harvard Lampoon's parody Bored of the Rings, where Tom Bombadil becomes "Tim Benzedrine", and Bilbo Baggins becomes "Dildo Bugger".[11][12] The Lord of the Rings acquired immense popularity in the emerging hacker culture from the mid-1960s, and the technological subcultures of scientists, engineers, and computer programmers.[13] It figured as one of the major inspirations of the nascent video game industry and the evolution of fantasy role-playing games.[14]

1970s to 1980s

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Isaac Asimov, who had read The Lord of the Rings three times by Tolkien's death in September 1973, wrote a Black Widowers short story as tribute to the fellow author. "Nothing Like Murder" (1974) mentions college students forming Tolkien societies at Columbia and elsewhere.[15]

Interest in The Lord of the Rings led to several attempts to adapt it for the film medium, most of which were largely unsuccessful. Filmmaker Ralph Bakshi succeeded in securing the rights to produce an animated feature film version, part one of what was originally planned as a two-part adaptation of the story. Bakshi produced the film using, among other animation techniques, rotoscoping, shooting a majority of the film in live-action first before transferring the live footage to animation. While the film had, and continues to have, a mixed critical reaction, it was a financial success, costing USD 8 million to produce, and grossing over USD 30 million at the box office. Despite this fact, United Artists, the film's original distributor, refused to fund a sequel, leaving the project incomplete.[16]

1990s

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A cosplay of Lord of the Rings characters

The 1990s saw the conclusion of The History of Middle-earth series. A series of minor texts by Tolkien were edited in journals such as Parma Eldalamberon and Vinyar Tengwar, published by the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship since the early 1990s. In the 2000s, several encyclopedic projects have documented Tolkien's life and work in great detail, such as the J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia (2006) and the twin volumes The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion and The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide (2005, 2006). The dedicated journal Tolkien Studies has been appearing from 2004.

2000s

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Tolkien fandom changed in character with the release of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy between 2001 and 2003, attracting both a wide audience of existing fans ("book-firsters") and many people who had not read Tolkien's books ("film-firsters").[17][a] The large audience made the artistic conception of Jackson's artists influential, indeed creating a stereotyped image of Middle-earth and its races of Elves, Dwarves, Orcs and Hobbits shared by fans and artists alike.[18] Some fans, known as Tolkien tourists, travel to places in New Zealand to visit sites where scenes in the films were shot.[19]

A "Tolkien Reading Day", held annually on 25 March, an anniversary of the fall of Barad-dûr,[20] was proposed by Sean Kirst, a columnist at The Post-Standard in Syracuse, New York, and launched by the Tolkien Society in 2003.[21]

Online

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Tolkien discussion took place in many newsgroups from the earliest days of Usenet. The Tolklang mailing list was started in 1990. The alt.fan.tolkien and rec.arts.books.tolkien newsgroups have been active since 1992 and 1993, respectively.

Notable points of contention in online discussions surround the origin of orcs, whether elves have pointy ears, whether balrogs have wings, and the nature of Tom Bombadil. Following the announcement of Jackson's movies (from 2001), online fandom became divided between "Revisionists" and "Purists" over controversy surrounding changes to the novel made for the movies, such as those made to the character of Arwen and the absence of Tom Bombadil.[22][23]

TheOneRing.net (or TORn)

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TheOneRing.net logo

One of the most prominent fansites of Jackson's movies is TheOneRing.net, which was popular even with the cast and crew of the film. TORn, as it is called, was originally a small movie-news site that gained in prestige as movie-rumors became reality. The filmmakers put special effort into winning over the fans, not simply tolerating but actually actively supporting fansites for Ringers. The site was founded in 1999 by a group of Tolkien fans eager for the upcoming The Lord of the Rings film trilogy who were gathering information about the film. In 1998, Michael 'Xoanon' Regina and Erica 'Tehanu' Challis started a website using all of the information they could get related to the filming of The Lord of the Rings, including exclusive "spy" reports from Tehanu's visit to the New Zealand set. This activity first got her escorted off the set, and then invited back on to take an official look around and meet director Peter Jackson. In early 1999, a designer by the username of Calisuri came across the site and asked if they needed some design and technical help to grow the site and make it a central web location for other Tolkien fans. Calisuri's friend Corvar, who he was acquainted with from the Nightmare LPMud, was brought aboard to provide server and business help. Xoanon, Tehanu, Calisuri and Corvar then formed The One Ring, Inc. and are the sole owners/founders of TheOneRing.net.[24]

The site is unique in that there was a mutual working relationship between the crew of TheOneRing.net and that of The Lord of the Rings films, and later The Hobbit films. This relationship enabled the site to bring its readers exclusive news from the set, as when Peter Jackson emailed TheOneRing.net in an effort to get his side heard when a lawsuit threatened his chance to film The Hobbit.[25]

Events

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The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey is renowned among Tolkienologists.

Like other fan sites, members gather in small groups called moots, form personal friendships (even marriages), hold extended online discussions with archives, and so on. In 2003 Cold Spring Press released TORn's book The People's Guide to J.R.R. Tolkien. Written by five major contributors to TheOneRing.net, it includes essays ranging from a spirited defense of fantasy as a genre, discussions of Tolkien's views of good and evil, an examination of cultural norms, and more.[26] The foreword by the Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey, author of The Road to Middle-earth and J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century, says: "The Internet, the experience of continually answering questions and receiving comments ... give the organizers of TheOneRing.net a perspective which is uniquely broad, and uniquely full of surprises, some of which would have pleased Tolkien very much, but which he could not have expected." This was followed by More People's Guide to J.R.R. Tolkien in 2004.[27] Over 1,500 "Ringers" (Lord of the Rings fans) from around the world came to the TheOneRing.net Oscar party at the Hollywood, American Legion on 28 February 2004. The event was attended by Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh, Elijah Wood and many more of the cast and crew of The Lord of the Rings, several of whom skipped the official New Line party that evening.[28] On 2 September 2004, eleven commemorative kauri trees were planted in Willowbank Park in Wellington, New Zealand, Peter Jackson's home town. The number eleven represented the nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring, plus one each for Peter Jackson and J. R. R. Tolkien. Coincidentally, eleven was the number of 2004 Oscars won by The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. Hundreds of TORn members contributed funds for the purchase of the trees as a tangible and lasting way to give thanks to Jackson and his team for their inspiring work.[29] TheOneRing.net teamed up with Creation Entertainment to present The One Ring Celebration (ORC) in 2005,[30] 2006, and 2007. Its sister convention, Eastern LOTR Fan Gathering (ELF), met in the eastern U.S. in 2005 and 2006.[31] These conventions included panels and signings by members of the cast such as Elijah Wood, Sean Astin, Dominic Monaghan, Billy Boyd, and John Rhys-Davies. In November 2008 and December 2011, TheOneRing.net and Red Carpet Tours staged a cruise for 14 nights from Auckland, New Zealand to Sydney (the 2011 cruise was Sydney to Auckland), including several short excursions to visit locations used in the filming of The Lord of the Rings.[32]

Other sites

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TheOneRing.com (TORc), "The Home of Tolkien Online" is a Tolkien fan site that positions itself as catering more to the fans of Tolkien's literary works rather than Jackson's films. It was founded by Jonathan Watson, Ted Tschopp and David Mullich in April 1999. As of 2022, Watson has continued to run the website.[33] The site was consulted by the Tolkien scholar Kris Swank for details of the etymology of the word lintips, which Tolkien used in his 1965 poem "Once Upon a Time".[34]

The Encyclopedia of Arda provides a detailed online reference to Middle-earth, mirrored at GlyphWeb.[35]

A fan edit of the theatrical cut of The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers exists, called The Two Towers: The Purist Edit.[36] Most of the changes in 2007 were incorporated into The Lord of the Rings – The Purist Edition, a fan edit which turns the entire trilogy into an eight-hour film without most of the changes.[36][37]

Tolkienology

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Further information: Middle-earth canon

Tolkienology is a term used by fans to describe the study of the works of J. R. R. Tolkien treating Middle-earth as a real ancient history, conducting research from an "in-universe" perspective. This differs from Tolkien studies in that it ignores the real-world history of composition by the author, and assumes an underlying internally consistent Middle-earth canon. Tolkienology may include:[38][39][40]

Linguistics

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Further information: Languages of Middle-earth

The studies of Tolkien's artistic languages (notably Quenya and Sindarin) is a field where fandom and scholarly Tolkien studies overlap. The resulting friction between scholarly students of the languages focusing on their conceptual evolution and fandom-oriented students taking an "in-universe" view became visible in the "Elfconners" controversy of the late 1990s, involving among others the linguists David Salo and Carl F. Hostetter, the editor of Vinyar Tengwar.[41][42] There is a "reconstructionist" camp, which pursues the reconstruction of unattested Elvish forms, and a "philological" or "purist" camp which focuses entirely on the edition of the fragments in Tolkien's unpublished papers. By its nature, reconstructionism aims for a "canon" of "correct" standard Elvish (Neo-Eldarin), while the philological study of the evolution of Tolkien's conceptions cannot assume that the languages had ever reached a complete or internally consistent final form. The "reconstructionist" camp is represented by Salo, who translated the poems in the libretto by Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens for the Music of The Lord of the Rings film series, creating additional words in languages including Sindarin where necessary, while the "purist" camp is represented by Hostetter.[43][44][45]

Fan creativity

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Fan fiction

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Main article: Tolkien fan fiction

Tolkien fan fiction is fantasy fiction, often published on the Internet, by Tolkien fans. It is based either directly on some aspect of Tolkien's books on his fantasy world of Middle-earth, or on a depiction of this world, especially in Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings film series or other film depictions of that world. A wide range of types of writing have resulted, including homoerotic slash fiction and several strands of feminist storytelling.[46][47][48]

Fan art

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Further information: Tolkien fan art
Arwen sewing Aragorn's banner, by Anna Kulisz, 2015

Jackson's films made the work of the artists involved influential, indeed creating a stereotyped image of Middle-earth and its races of Elves, Dwarves, Orcs and Hobbits shared by fans and artists alike.[49] Some fan artists draw inspiration from other sources; Anna Kulisz states that she based her painting of Arwen sewing Aragorn's banner on Edmund Leighton's 1911 painting Stitching the Standard.[50] The German illustrator Anke Eißmann started out creating fan art,[51] illustrating the German Tolkien Society's Der Flammifer von Westernis from 1991.[52][53] She went on to make numerous paintings of scenes from The Silmarillion.[54] Jenny Dolfen too has made paintings of scenes from The Silmarillion,[55] making the transition from self-taught fan art to becoming a recognised and published artist.[56]

By region

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Main article: List of Tolkien societies

Dedicated Tolkien Societies provide platforms for a combination of fandom and academic literary study in several countries.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ For example, as Kristin Thompson says, the terms are in use at "SCOD - Mûmakil and Rohirrim on Pelennor". The One Ring Forums. Retrieved 23 August 2020.[17]

References

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  1. ^ a b Lev Grossman, Feeding on Fantasy Time.com, 24 November 2002
  2. ^ thetolkienwiki.org
  3. ^ the term appears on alt.fan.tolkien in December 2001 [1]; "Ringer community" Kohman (2005) p. 10.; c.f. Ringers: Lord of the Fans (2005)
  4. ^ an Anglo-Quenya compound, meaning "Tolkien-lover", mostly known as the name of a French Tolkien society.
  5. ^ Carpenter, Humphrey (1978) [1977]. J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography. Unwin Paperbacks. pp. 111, 200, 266 and throughout. ISBN 978-0-04928-039-7.
  6. ^ Seiler, Andy (16 December 2003). "'Rings' Comes Full Circle". USA Today. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  7. ^ Hunnewell, Sumner Gary ("Hildefons Took") (2010). Tolkien Fandom Review: from its beginnings to 1964 (PDF). Arnold, Missouri: New England Tolkien Society. pp. 3–4.
  8. ^ Foster 2006.
  9. ^ Carpenter 2023, #336 to P. Browne, May 1972
  10. ^ Carpenter 2023, #332 to Michael Tolkien, January 1972
  11. ^ Beard, Henry (2001) [1969]. Bored of the Rings: a Parody of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. London: Gollancz. ISBN 978-0-575-07362-3. OCLC 47036020.
  12. ^ Barnett, David (8 February 2011). "After Tolkien, get Bored of the Rings". The Guardian Books Blog.
  13. ^ Spangenberg 2006.
  14. ^ Burdge 2006.
  15. ^ Asimov, Isaac (1976). "Nothing Like Murder". More Tales of the Black Widowers. Doubleday. pp. 62–76. ISBN 0-385-11176-2.
  16. ^ Gaslin, Glenn (21 November 2001). "Ralph Bakshi's unfairly maligned Lord of the Rings". Slate.
  17. ^ a b Thompson, Kristin (2011). "Gollum Talks to Himself: Problems and Solutions in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings". In Bogstad, Janice M.; Kaveny, Philip E. (eds.). Picturing Tolkien: Essays on Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings Film Trilogy. McFarland & Company. pp. 25–45. ISBN 978-0-7864-8473-7. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  18. ^ Noury, Aurore (2020). Où se trouve la Terre du Milieu? De l'incarnation d’un nouvel imaginaire collectif dans l'espace quotidien [Where is Middle-earth? On the incarnation of a new collective imagination in everyday space]. Actes du colloque 2020 du Laboratoire des Imaginaires (in French). pp. 185–205, note 9. ISBN 978-2-9574143-0-7. hal-03884812.
  19. ^ "Lord of the Rings locations". doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  20. ^ Shippey, Tom (2005) [1982]. The Road to Middle-Earth (Third ed.). HarperCollins. p. 227. ISBN 978-0261102750.
  21. ^ The International Tolkien Reading Day: How it started. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  22. ^ "Fellowship of the Ring" – Wired, October 2001
  23. ^ "The campaign for real Tolkien", The Independent, November 2001
  24. ^ "About". Theonering.net. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  25. ^ xoanon  - (19 November 2006). "Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh Talk THE HOBBIT". Theonering.net. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  26. ^ Tehanu  - (26 February 2003). "TORN's Own Book: The People's Guide to J.R.R. Tolkien". Theonering.net. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  27. ^ weetanya  - (27 October 2004). "TORn Announces the More People's Guide". Theonering.net. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  28. ^ Freydkin, Donna (2 March 2004). "Oscar parties lord over the night". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  29. ^ Herbert, Richard. "Friends of Tawa Bush Reserves – Memorial Trees of Tawa". Tawabush.wellington.net.nz. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  30. ^ xoanon  - (13 January 2005). "Orc Or Bust!". Theonering.net. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  31. ^ "One Ring Celebration – The LOTR Convention". Creationent.com. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  32. ^ Celeborn  - (28 August 2007). "TORn wants YOU to Cruise Middle-earth!". Theonering.net. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  33. ^ "About". The One Ring.com. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  34. ^ Swank, Kris (2013). "Tom Bombadil's Last Song: Tolkien's 'Once Upon A Time'". Tolkien Studies. 10 (1): 185–197. doi:10.1353/tks.2013.0013. ISSN 1547-3163.
  35. ^ "Welcome to The Encyclopedia of Arda". The Encyclopedia of Arda. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  36. ^ a b Leo Grin. "Tolkien Purists Strike Back!". Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
  37. ^ "The Lord of the Rings: the purist edition". Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
  38. ^ Lalaith's Middle-earth Science Pages Archived 14 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ The Tolkien Meta-FAQ
  40. ^ Could the eagles have flown Frodo into Mordor?
  41. ^ Salo, David (6 November 1996). "Inside Information". The Tolkien Language List.
  42. ^ Hostetter, Carl (7 November 1996). "Re: 'Inside Information'". The Tolkien Language List.
  43. ^ The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King "Appendices" (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2004.
  44. ^ Wilonsky, Robert. "Talkin' Tolkien". Phoenix New Times. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
  45. ^ Smith, Susan Lampert (19 January 2003). "Linguist Is A Specialist In Elvish, The Uw Grad Student Provides Translations For Lord Of The Rings Movies". Wisconsin State Journal. William K. Johnston. p. C1. Archived from the original on 5 December 2004. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
  46. ^ Viars & Coker 2015.
  47. ^ Coker 2022.
  48. ^ Sturgis 2006.
  49. ^ Noury 2020, Note 9.
  50. ^ "Arwen by Anna Kulisz". Commons. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  51. ^ Manifold, Marjorie C. (2005). "Life as theater and theater as life: Art expressions of information-age youth". Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education. 25: 1.
  52. ^ Gand, André (21 November 2009). "Interview with Anke Eißmann". Tolkien Bücher. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  53. ^ "Deutsche Tolkien Gesellschaft" (in German). German Tolkien Society. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  54. ^ LaSala, Jeff (14 September 2016). "Lúthien: Tolkien's Badass Elf Princess". Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  55. ^ "Awards - Previous Winners". The Tolkien Society. 29 October 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  56. ^ Noury 2020, Note 11.

Sources

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