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Roman Empire
- 16/9 BC: Present-day Austria, populated by various Celtic tribes, like Noricum, is conquered by the Roman Empire.
- 395: After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is partitioned in the (Eastern) Roman Empire and the (Western) Roman Empire. The region becomes part of the Western part of the Empire.
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Huns
- 440s: Most of the area is conquered by the Huns and their allies, the Alans, led by their king Attila.
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Kingdom of the Ostrogoths
- 454: The Huns are defeated at the Nedao and withdraw from the region. Part of Austria becomes part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of king Valamir.
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Kingdom of the Rugii
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| Kingdom of Italy
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Kingdom of the Herules
- 488: The Herules, allies of Odoacer, take control of Rugiland.
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| Kingdom of the Goths and the Romans
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Kingdom of the Lombards
- 510s: Large parts of Austria are conquered by the Lombards, a Germanic tribe, led by their king Wacho.
- 568: King Alboinus, a.k.a. Alboin, leads the Lombards and allies in the migration and conquest of Italy.
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Duchy of Bavaria
- 568: The western part is conquered by Bavaria.
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Avar Khaganate
- 568: The eastern part is conquered by the Avars
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Samo's Empire
- 627: The eastern part is under control of Samo's Empire.
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Avar Khaganate
- 658: The Avars reconquer the eastern part.
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Carantania
- 658: Part of the south is ruled by Carantania.
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| Kingdom of the Franks
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- 788: The Franks complete the conquest of present-day Austria and annexes part of the Avar Khaganate and Carantania.
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Empire of the Franks
- 800: The Kingdom of the Franks becomes an empire.
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Kingdom of the East Franks
- 843: After the partition of the Frankish Empire, the region becomes part of East Francia, followed in 962 by the Holy Roman Empire[1]. Inside that realm it is mainly part of Bavaria.
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March of Carinthia.
- 876: The March of Carinthia is established inside East Francia with Arnulf as ruler. It includes part of present-day Slovenia.
- 887: Arnulf becomes king of East-Francia.
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Margraviate of Bavaria
- 895: Part of present-day Austria is part of the Margraviate of Bavaria.
- 899-955: Hungarian armies invade in the upcoming decades parts of East Francia, intervening in wars with the German king and German dukes.
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- 899-955: Hungarian armies invade in the upcoming decades parts of East Francia, intervening in wars with the German king and German dukes.
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| Duchy of Bavaria
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Carantanian March
- 970: The Carantanian march of Styria is separated from Carinthia. Markwart III of Eppenstein becomes margrave. Carantania includes also part of present-day Slovenia.
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Margraviate of Austria.
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Duchy of Carinthia
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March of Styria
- 1076: Under margrave Ottokar the march is rendered as Styria.
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County of Vinschau
- 1128: Count Albert of Vinschau enlarges his area in South Tyrol towards present-day Tyrol.
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County of Tyrol
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- 1100s: The personal union with Verona comes to an end.
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- 1156: Austria and Bavaria are separated.
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Duchy of Austria
- 1156: Austria and Bavaria are separated and Heinrich II becomes the first duke of Austria. This duchy gradually wins and loses territory.
- 1189-1192: Austria takes part in the Third Crusade that fails to re-conquer Jerusalem, but in which the Kingdom of Cyprus is established.
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Duchy of Styria
- 1180: Margrave Ottokar IV is raised in rank to duke of Styria.
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- 1192: Duke Leopold V of Austria becomes as Leopold I duke of Styria.
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- 1194: Leopold V is succeeded in Styria by Leopold II.
- 1194: Leopold V is succeeded in Austria by Friedrich.
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| Archbishopric of Salzburg
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- 1198: Leopold II of Styria inherits as Leopold VI Austria.
- 1213-1221: Austria takes part in the Fifth Crusade that is defeated by the Arabs.
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- 1251: After some years of struggle over the Austrian heritage crown prince Otakar II of Bohemia becomes also duke of Austria.
- 1253: Otakar II becomes also king of Bohemia.
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- 1269: Otakar II becomes also duke of Carinthia with Carniola.
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- 1276: Rudolf of Habsburg becomes margrave of Carniola and duke of Carinthia.
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Austrian Hereditary Lands
- 1278: King Otakar II is defeated on the Marchfeld by an alliance of Rudolf of Habsburg and king László IV of Hungary. Rudolf becomes also ruler of Austria and Styria. With him the Habsburg rule over what is rendered as the Austrian Hereditary Lands starts. Moravia is ruled by Rudolf.
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- 1286: Meinhard II is enfeoffed with and Carniola.
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Duchy of Carinthia
- 1286: Rudolf fully invests count Meinhard of Tyrol with Carinthia and Carniola.
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- 1335: Tyrol is separated from Carinthia and Carniola. Duke Albrecht II of Austria becomes also duke of Carinthia and Carniola.
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- 1363: Duke Rudolf IV of Austria becomes also count of Tyrol.
- 1364: He becomes also duke of Carinthia and Carniola.
- 1368: Austria acquires Freiburg and Breisgau.
- 1379: After the death of duke Rudolf IV in 1365 a quarrel about his heritage starts. With the Treaty of Neuberg the heritage is divided. Albrecht III becomes duke of Austria. Leopold III becomes duke of Inner Austria (Styria, Carinthia, Carniola and Tyrol) as appanage.
- 1382: Trieste is ceded to Austria and becomes one of the hereditary lands.
- 1406: Friedrich IV becomes duke of Further Austria and count of Tyrol and Ernst becomes duke of Carinthia and Styria.
- 1437/1438: Duke Albrecht IV becomes also king of Hungary and Croatia and of Bohemia as well as king of the Germans. His successor Ladislaus combines this titles, but his rule of Hungary-Croatia is disputed between 1438 and 1444.
- 1440: Friedrich III of the House of Habsburg becomes King of the Germans, Holy Roman Emperor since 1452. From that moment on the Holy Roman Emperor is from the House of Habsburg, shortly interrupted from 1742 to 1745. This title is most of the time combined with ruler of Austria.
- 1444: Duke Ladislaus of Austria is restored as king of Hungary and Croatia.
- 1453: Ladislaus is raised in rank to archduke of Austria.
- 1457: After the death of Ladislaus, Austria proper and Inner Austria are united under emperor Friedrich III.
- 1458: Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia are separated from Austria.
- 1478: A peasant's revolt in Carinthia is surpressed. The same year King Hunyadi Mátyás of Hungary commences a war with Austrian archduke Friedrich III.
- 1480: Fiume is bought by archduke Friedrich III.
- 1485: King Hunyadi Mátyás claims to be ruler of Austria and controls part of the region until 1490.
- 1490: Maximilian, son of Friedrich III, becomes ruler of Further Austria and Tyrol. King Vladislav II of Bohemia as one of the claimants to the Hungarian throne after the death of Hunyadi Mátyás becomes also king of Hungary and margrave of Moravia. A war with the Maximilian, who claims the Hungarian throne, commences.
- 1491: In the Peace of Pressburg Vladislav II of Bohemia renounces Lower Austria, conquered by Hunyadi Mátyás in Austria, and is recognized as king of Hungary.
- 1493: Maximilian becomes also archduke of Austria uniting the Austrian lands. He had been by marriage duke of Burgundy between 1477 and 1482, where he was succeeded by his son Philipp I under his guardianship until 1494. With the Treaty of Senlis king Charles VII of France cedes the County of Burgundy and the County of Artois to Maximilian.
- 1494: Maximilian I is in Tyrol raised in rank to princely count.
- 1499: The Swabian War of the (Swiss) Confederacy with Habsburg (Tyrol) and the Swabian League (including Württemberg) ends with a Swiss victory, confirmed in the Treaty of Basel.
- 1501: With the Treaty of Trente Austria recognises all French conquests in northern Italy with Milan.
- 1511: The papal-Venetian alliance against France is joined in the Holy League by Aragon, the Holy Roman Empire with Austria, Switzerland and England.
- 1513: After a dispute between pope Iulius II and Venice, Venice and France sign a treaty pledging to divide all of northern Italy between France and Venice.
- 1515: A peasant revolt of Slovenes is suppressed.
- 1516: France and Venice defeat at Marignano the papal and Swiss forces.
- 1519: His grandson duke Karl of Burgundy (since 1506}, king Carlos of Spain (since 1516), becomes as Karl V Holy Roman Emperor and archduke of Austria.
- 1521: Karl grants the Austrian lands to his younger brother Ferdinand I, whereby the personal union with Spain ends.
- 1525: The Austrian and Spanish armies of Karl V defeat at Pavia France and capture king François.
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Habsburg Monarchy
- 1526: Archduke Ferdinand of Austria becomes also king of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia. Ferdinand creates central institutions. The joint territories ruled by Austria, together also rendered Habsburg Monarchy, form the leading state inside the Holy Roman Empire, though parts are outside the Holy Roman Empire. They can be differentiated into the Austrian Hereditary Lands, the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen and the Lands of the Saint Wenceslaus' Crown. Within the Habsburg Monarchy, each entity is governed according to its own particular customs. Not all of the portions of the Austrian hereditary lands are even necessarily ruled by the same person, but might be ruled by junior members of the Habsburg family. The Habsburgians and the Ottomans are often in war to get control in Central Europe. It commences with the battle of Mohács, won by the Ottomans, ending the independence of Hungary. With the Treaty of Madrid king François surrenders his claims to Italy, Flanders, and Burgundy in order to be released from prison.
- 1529: The Ottoman sultan Süleyman is defeated by the Austrian archduke Ferdinand at the siege of Vienna.
- 1533: The Treaty of Constantinople ends hostilities between the Ottoman Empire and Austria, confirming Ottoman rule over most of Hungary. Austria retreats out of most parts of Hungary and Szapolyai János becomes king of Hungary under Ottoman suzerainity.
- 1538: In a secret Treaty of Nagyvárad emperor Ferdinand recognizes Szapolyai János as king of Hungary while he retains the western parts of Hungary. The Truce of Nice ends the war in Italy, leaving Savoy in French hands but effecting no significant changes to the map of Italy.
- 1542-1546: King François of France recommences the war, but fails to conquer Milan. Despite huge losses, the status quo ante bellum is restored.
- 1544: The French army defeats at Ceresole an Spanish-Austrian army, but France fails in winning the war, that ends in 1546 inconclusive.
- 1551: The Treaty of Weissenburg makes Ferdinand of Austria king of Hungary, including Transylvania.
- 1556: Szapolyai János Zsigmond is restored as king of Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.
- 1559: With the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis, the wars over Italy conclude. France renounces its claim in Italy and returns Piedmont and Savoy to the duke of Savoy. Spain remains dominant in Italy.
- 1564: Austria proper is ruled by emperor Maximilian II. Tyrol and Further Austria are ruled by Ferdinand II and Inner Austria is ruled by Karl II Franz as appanages.
- 1566: The Ottoman Empire defeats at Szigetvár the Habsburgians.
- 1570: The northern part of Eastern Hungary becomes part of Austrian Hungary. The other part is continued as the Ottoman vassal state Transylvania.
- 1576: Maximilian II is succeeded by Rudolf II. Tyrol and Further Austria fall also to him.
- 1590: Karl II Franz is succeeded in Inner Austria by his son Ferdinand II.
- 1593: A war between the Austrians and the Ottomans over Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia commences.
- 1599: Voivode Mihai II of Wallachia defeats at Șelimbăr the Habsburgians and conquers Transylvania.
- 1601: Mihai II defeats a army of Hungarian nobles. Shortly after he is assassinated by the order of the Habsburg general Giorgio Basta.
- 1606: With the Treaty of Vienna an anti-Habsburg uprising in Hungary comes to an end. in Royal Hungary. The related Austrian-Ottoman war ends with the Peace of Zsitvatorok.
- 1608: With the Treaty of Lieben Rudolf II concedes the archduchy to his brother Matthias.
- 1612: Matthias also succeeds Rudolf.
- 1618: When Ferdinand II, future emperor tries to impose religious uniformity on his domains, forcing Roman Catholicism on its people, the northern Protestant states, band together to form the Protestant Union. The war starts in Bohemia with a revolt. A Thirty Years' War in Central Europe arises, between the Habsburgians and its ally Spain, and the protestant states in Germany.
- 1619: After the death of Matthias, Ferdinand unites the Austrian heritage as Ferdinand II. Elector Friedrich V of Palatinate is elected king of Bohemia as Fridrich I in opposition to Ferdinand II. Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania attacks Hungary with Slovakia.
- 1620: The Bohemian estates are defeated at White Mountain. Ferdinand II regains the Bohemian Crown. Spain attacks the Palatinate.
- 1621: Bethlen Gabór is defeated and the war with Transylvania ends with the Peace of Nikolsburg. The Peace of Nikolsburg ends the war between prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania and Ferdinand II.
- 1623: Ferdinand II grants Tyrol and Further Austria to his brother Leopold V.
- 1626: Denmark attacks the imperial army in Northern Germany.
- 1626: The Peace of Pressburg makes a definitive end to the revolt of Bethlen Gábor.
- 1628-1631: Austria is as supporter of Ferrante II Gonzaga, duke of Guastalla, in its claim of Mantua, involved until 1631 in the War of the Mantuan Succession.
- 1629: After the defeat at Wolgast in 1628, Denmark ends it part of the war with the Treaty of Lübeck.
- 1630: Sweden attacks the imperial army in Northern Germany.
- 1632: King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden defeats at Lützen the imperial army led by Albrecht von Wallenstein. However, Gustav II Adolf dies on the battlefield.
- 1634: The imperial army, supported by Spain, defeats at Nördlingen the combined Swedish and protestant Germany army.
- 1635: The Peace of Prague is planned to end the war. However the French prime minister Cardinal Richelieu restarts the war with an attack on the Spanish Netherlands.
- 1636: France declares war on the empire.
- 1644: The Habsburgs defeat a Vlach uprising in Moravia.
- 1648: A combined Swedish-French army defeats at Zusmarshausen the imperial army, followed by a Swedish victory at Prague. The Habsburgers lose the war. The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War as well as the war between the Netherlands and Spain. It marks the end of the Holy Roman Empire as a major European power. The principle of cuius regio, eius religio is recognized. The independence of Switzerland and the Netherlands is recognized.
- 1657: Austria allies with Poland-Lithuania and joins the war against Sweden.
- 1664: The Ottomans are stopped in a second attempt to conquer central Europe. The Peace of Vasvár makes an end to the war.
- 1665: After the death of Sigismund Franz of Further Austria and Tyrol, Austria is reunited under Leopold VI.
- 1670: A magnate conspiracy against the Habsburg rule in Hungary and Croatia is defeated.
- 1672: Brandenburg, Austria and Spain join as allies the Netherlands in the war with France.
- 1678: The Treaties of Nijmegen end after a French victory the war between France and the Netherlands and its allies.
- 1683: The Ottoman Empire attacks the Habsburg Empire and almost captures Vienna. In reaction a alliance of the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Habsburgs, Poland-Lithuania, Hungary, Croatia, Spain, Venice and others is formed to fight in the Great Turkish War the Ottoman Empire and its vassal states. Austria and their main ally Poland-Lithuania under the command of king Jan III Sobieski defeat the Ottoman Empire at the second siege of Vienna.
- 1688: After king Louis XIV of France crosses the Rhine an grand alliance of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, Spain, England and Savoy gets into the War of the Grand Alliance with France.
- 1697: The Treaty of Rijswijk ends the War of the Grand Alliance.
- 1696: Transylvania is ruled by an Austrian military governor.
- 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz ends the Great Turkish War. The Ottomans cede most of Hungary, Transylvania and Slavonia to the Habsburg Empire while Podolia returned to Poland-Lithuania.
- 1701: After the death of king Carlos II of Spain his succession is disputed between Philippe of Anjou and Leopold of Habsburg. In the following War of the Spanish Succession Philippe is supported by France. Leopold is supported by the Holy Roman Empire (including Austria, Prussia, Brunswick-Lüneburg and Bavaria (until 1704)), England with Scotland, the Netherlands, Savoy and Portugal.
- 1703: Rákóczi Ferenc II leads an uprising against the Habsburgs in Hungary and Transylvania.
- 1707: Archduke and future emperor Karl VI becomes duke of Milan.
- 1708: Karl VI becomes also duke of Mantua. Austria acquires Sardinia. Most of the State of Presidi is conquered by Karl VI, which is not recognized by king Felipe II of Spain.
- 1711: The Rákóczi uprising is defeated and Habsburg rule is restored. After the death of emperor Joseph his brother Karl VI becomes emperor.
- 1713: The Treaty of Utrecht ends the war of the Spanish succesion. Karl VI becomes king of Naples and king of Sardinia, as well as ruler of the Spanish Netherlands.
- 1714: The Treaties of Rastatt and Baden ends the War of the Spanish Succession. It outlines the frontiers between France and the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1716: The Ottoman Empire declares war on Austria. Austria conquers and establishes the Banat of Temeswar.
- 1718: King Felipe V of Spain claims as grandson of Louis XIV the French throne. This leads to the War of the Quadruple Alliance with an alliance of France, Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, England and Savoy.
- 1718: The war with the Ottoman Empire ends with the Treaty of Passarowitz. The Ottomans lose the Banat and Smyrna. Austria creates the Kingdom of Serbia as a crownland.
- 1720: The war with the alliance ends with victory of the alliance, confirmed with the Treaty of The Hague. Karl VI becomes also king of Sicily but has to cede Sardinia to Savoy.
- 1728: Novellara is directly ruled by the Habsburg Monarchy.
- 1733: After the death of Friedrich August Austria supports his son Friedrich August II in the War of the Polish Succession against Stanisław Leszczyński to become king of Poland. Friedrich August II wins this war and becomes king in 1734.
- 1735: Karl VI becomes duke of Parma and Piacenza in exchange for his loss of Naples and Sicily, confirmed in the Treaty of Vienna in 1736 by duke Carlo I who becomes king Naples and Sicily.
- 1736: This is confirmed at the Treaty of Vienna where duke Carlo I of Parma and Piacenza succeeds Karl VI as king of Naples and Sicily, ceding Parma and his claim to Tuscany to Karl VI.
- 1737: Austria joins Russia in the war with the Ottoman Empire. Novellara becomes part of Modena.
- 1739: Russia defeats the Ottomans. The Treaty of Niš (1739) ends the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. At the same time the Ottomans defeat the Austrians and in the Treaty of Belgrade the Kingdom of Serbia is abolished and returned to the Ottoman Empire.
- 1740: After the death of Karl VI his daughter, Maria Theresia, becomes archduchess and ruler of Austria. Her succession is disputed and this dispute leads to War of the Austrian Succession. She is supported by among others Great Britain, Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Netherlands and Russia. Her opponents include France, Spain, Prussia (until 1745), Bavaria (until 1745), Saxony](until 1742), Poland-Lithuania (until 1742) and Naples. Modena and Reggio are as part of the War of the Austrian Succession occupied by Austria.
- 1741: Elector Karl Albrecht of Bavaria is elected anti-king of Bohemia and claims power in Austria.
- 1742: Karl Albrecht is elected Holy Roman Emperor. The Treaty of Berlin ends the War of the Austrian Succession over Silesia. Austria cedes most of Silesia to Prussia.
- 1743: Maria Theresia defeats Karl Albrecht.
- 1745: After the death of Karl Albrecht, the husband of Maria Theresia, Franz Stefan, becomes emperor.
- 1746: Austria conquers Genoa
- 1748: The Treaty of Aachen ends the War of the Austrian Succession. The Republic of Genoa and the duchies of Modena and Reggio are restored.
- 1756: Austria's desire to recover Silesia from Prussia leads France and Austria to put aside their rivalry. A Seven Years' War involving most European great power and affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India and the Philippines commences between two coalitions, led by the Great Britain (incl. Prussia, Portugal, Brunswick-Lüneburg and other small German states) on one side and led by France (incl. Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain and Sweden on the other.
- 1763: The war ends with a Status quo ante bellum in Europe. The Treaty of Hubertusburg arranges the peace between Prussia and Austria and its ally Saxony.
- 1772:: The Russian victory over the Bar Confederation leads to the first partition of Poland and Lithuania. Austria annexes part of Poland.
- 1777: When Karl Theodor of Palatinate becomes elector of Bavaria, this is disputed by emperor Joseph II. This leads in 1778 to a war between Austria and the allies Bavaria, Saxony and Prussia.
- 1779: The war ends negative for Austria in the Treaty of Teschen.
- 1788: In order to support Russia and a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire, Austria declares war on the Ottoman Empire and occcupies a part of Serbia.
- 1790: The United Belgian States secede from the Austrian Netherlands. Austrian rule is restored the same year.
- 1791: With the Treaty of Sistova the last war between Austria and the Ottoman Empire ends in favour of Austria. Austria returns it part of Serbia to the Ottoman Empire.
- 1792: The French Assembly declares the War of the First Coalition on emperor Franz II. France invades the Austrian Netherlands. Prussia allies with Austria. A Prussian army is defeated at Valmy. France occupies the Austrian Netherlands and parts of the Holy Roman Empire. With the Treaty of Sistova the last war between Austria and the Ottoman Empire ends in favour of Austria. Austria returns it part of Serbia to the Ottoman Empire.
- 1795: In a reaction to the Kościuszko uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide the country between themselves. France annexes the Austrian Netherlands.
- 1796: As army commander during the War of the First Coalition Napoléon Bonaparte defeats at Montenottel an Austrian-Sardinian army, followed by a defeat at Lodi of an Austrian army, both in Northern Italy.
- 1797: The Treaty of Campo Formio makes an end to the War of the First Coalition against the French revolutionary regime. Austria annexes Venice.
- 1799: Archduke Franz II conquers Milan.
- 1800: Milan is restored to the Cisalpine Republic. Lucca is occupied by the Habsburg Monarchy.
- 1801: The Treaty of Lunéville confirms the French victory of the War of the Second Coalition with Austria and Russia, marking the end of the war with only the United Kingdom left fighting France. The Luccese Republic is restored.
- 1803: Austria loses Freiburg and Breisgau to Baden. Brixen and Trent are mediatized to Austrian Tyrol.
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Electorate of Salzburg
- 1803: Salzburg is secularized, Ferdinand becomes elector of Salzburg.
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Empire of Austria
- 1804: Franz II becomes emperor of Austria, being at the same time emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Kingdom of Bavaria
- 1805: Tyrol becomes part of Bavaria.
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- 1805: Salzburg is annexed to Austria.
- 1806: The Holy Roman Empire is dissolved as a consequence of the Treaty of Pressburg. Franz II abdicates as Holy Roman Emperor.
- 1807: Austria crushes a rebellion in Syrmia.
- 1808: Another rebellion is surpressed.
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- 1809: Salzburg is annexed to Bavaria. A rebellion in Tyrol against French occupation forces is crushed after two months with the execution of its main leader Andreas Hofer.
- 1810: Part of South Tyrol falls to Italy.
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- 1814: A coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain and a number of German states finally defeats France. In the Treaty of Fontainebleau Russia, Prussia and Austria accept Napoleon's abdication as Emperor of France, and allow him to remain emperor at Elba. Austrian rule in Tyrol and Salzburg is restored. Austria occupies Lucca and Piombino until 1815.
- 1815: In the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, Austria, France, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Sweden and the United Kingdom agree on the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the re-division of Europe. Its provisions include that Austria regains control of Tyrol and Salzburg, the Illyrian Provinces and Dalmatia, including Cattaro. Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows Louis XVIII and restores the empire. He is defeated at Waterloo by the allied forces and abdicates. Austria joins partially the German Confederation. Franz II becomes also king of Lombardy–Venetia, making it one of the constituent states of the Austrian Empire.
- 1819: Hohengeroldseck is ceded to Baden.
- {1846: A Polish uprising of nobles is defeated by an Austrian supported peasant uprising. Austria annexes Cracow.
- 1848: As a result of the March revolutions, the Austrian part of the empire gets a parliament and a minister-president. After uprisings in the Austrian possessions in Italy, king Carlo Alberto of Sardinia, allied with Tuscany, the Two Sicilies and the Papal States, decides to exploit the apparently favorable moment and declares war on Austria. After initial victories, the Papal States and the Two Sicilies withdraw from the alliance. Venice secedes from Austria and is reincorporated in 1849. In a revolution Hungary tries to secede from Austria. It establishes a provisional parliament. National minorities inside Hungary as well as the Austrian government resist the revolution. In Cisleithania, the Austrian part of the monarchy, an Imperial Diet is elected. After a defeated revolution, Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Austria occupy Wallachia.
- 1849: A separatist government is formed in Hungary. The revolution is defeated. The same year Sardinia surrenders after the defeat at Novara. The Imperial Diet is dissolved.
- 1852: The function of minister-president is abolished.
- 1856: The participation in the occupation of Wallachia ends.
- 1859: Sardinia, support by France, defeats Austria-Hungary. Lombardy becomes part of Sardinia.
- 1861: Austria gets a bicameral parliament, the Imperial Council with a indirectly elected House of Deputies and a House of Lords consisting out of clergy and nobility.
- 1864: After king Christian IX of Denmark lost the Second Schleswig War, the Treaty of Vienna cedes Schleswig, Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria.
- 1866: Austria and Prussia, both with their allies commence the Austro-Prussian War. Austria loses the war and with the Peace of Prague the German Confederation is dissolved. Schleswig and Holstein are annexed to Prussia.
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Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy
- 1867: Emperor Franz Joseph makes Austria a constitutional dual monarchy as the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy. The House of Deputies is elected for the Austrian part of the empire. The government is responsible to the parliament.
- 1878: Austria-Hungary conquers Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- 1907: The House of Deputies is for the first time elected in multi-party elections on a universal male suffrage.
- 1914: In Serajevo Gavrilo Princip assassinates archduke Franz Ferdinand. In reaction to the assassination Austria-Hungary declares war, World War I, on Serbia. Germany attacks France, Belgium and Luxembourg. The United Kingdom declares war on Germany. Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. The Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers alliance of Austria-Hungary and Germany. Montenegro and Japan join the Allied Powers. World War I is a fact.
- 1915: Bulgaria joins the Central Powers. Italy joins the allied powers.
- 1916: Austria-Hungary occupies Montenegro.
- 1917: The United States and Greece join the allied powers.
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Republic of German-Austria
- 1918: Russia pulls out of the war with the second Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The same year Austria-Hungary and the other Central Powers are defeated. Austria-Hungary is divided. The Austrian members of the former parliament constitute themselves as the provisional parliament and declare that Austria is a republic as German-Austria. It claims and partially controls parts of Bohemia and Moravia. Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, Western Ukraine, Banat, Komancza, the Lemko Republic and Prekmurje secede,(some of them unrecognized) and other parts are ceded to the newly formed Poland, Romania (Transylvania) and Italy (Trentino-South Tyrol, Gorizia, Trieste and Istria).
- 1919: The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye between France, the United Kingdom and Italy and other allied powers with Germany-Austria ends the war with the formal dissolution of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. The same year the linguistically mixed regions of Styria and Carinthia are divided between Austria and Yugoslavia.
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Republic of Austria
- 1919: A constituent parliament is elected in free multi-party elections on a universal suffrage. German-Austria becomes a federal republic as Austria with a bicameral Parliament consisting out of an elected National Council elected in free multi-party elections and a Federal Council with representatives of each province. It withdraws its claims on parts of Bohemia and Moravia. Parliament elects a president and the government is responsible to the parliament. The government is headed by the chancelor.
- 1920: Austria joins the League of Nations.
- 1921: After the collapse of Austria-Hungary, a region east of the Leitha, part of Hungary since the 900s is fixed to become part of Austria. Hungarians in the region refuse to accept cession of the Leitha Banat to Austria and establish the unrecognized Leitha Banat. The same year the Leitha Banat, without the city of Sopron, is incorporated as Burgenland into Austria. Sopron becomes part of Hungary.
- 1933: Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss suspends parliament and becomes dictator of Austri.
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Federal State of Austria
- 1934: Dollfuss suppresses the social democrats and makes Austria a clerico-fascist corporative republic.
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German Empire
- 1938: Under German pressure Austria becomes a national-socialist dictatorship that joins Nazi Germany within two days.
- 1939: Austria gets involved in World War II as part of Nazi-Germany.
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| Republic of Austria
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