User:Electionworld/sandbox/Estonia

Multiple timeline of Estonia

This scheme is a multiple timelime of the history of Estonia, part of the series of Series of multiple timelines of European countries and territories.

Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines

The Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik) is a republic with a parliament, the State Assembly, elected in free multi-party elections, that elects the president, and a government responsible to the parliament. Estonia is member of the European Union.

1st centuries AD: In present-day Estonia, populated by the Finno-Ugric tribes of the Livonians and the Estonians, political and administrative subdivisions emerge. These divisions gradually develop in the era before the Livonian Crusade into counties. 1198: Sweden and Denmark start a crusade to defeat the pagans in present-day Estonia and Latvia. State of the Teutonic Order 1237: The Livonian Order is part of the Teutonic Order. Kingdom of Denmark 1219: King Valdemar II of Denmark establishes the Duchy of Estonia as a dominion of the Danish Crown. He bares the title of duke of Estonia. Bishopric of Dorpat 1224: Bishop Hermann I. von Buxthoeven becomes ruler of Dorpat. Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek 1228: Bishop Gottfried becomes ruler of Ösel-Wiek. 1345: An uprising by the indigenous Estonian population is surpressed. 1345: An uprising by the indigenous Estonian population is surpressed. 1345: An uprising by the indigenous Estonian population is surpressed. 1346: King Valdemar IV of Denmark sells Estonia to the Teutonic Order. Livonian Order 1410: The Teutonic and Livonian orders are defeated at Grunwald by Lithuania and allies. The Livonian Order is separated from the Teutonic Order. 1542: Bishop Johann IV of Münchhausen of →Courland becomes also prince-bishop of Ösel-Wiek. Tsardom of Russia 1558: Russia commences the Livonian War to conquer present-day Estonia and Latvia against Poland-Lithuania, Sweden and Denmark. The Bishopric of Dorpat is destroyed by Russia. Russian troops deport the last bishop Hermann Wesel into the interior of Russia. 1559: After the reformation bishop Johann V von Münchhausen who is also bishop of Courland, sells his lands to king Frederik II of Denmark. He gives Courland and Ösel-Wiek to his brother Magnus, who becomes bishop of Courland and Ösel-Wiek. Kingdom of Sweden 1561: The Livonian Order loses Estonia to king Erik XIV of Sweden, who becomes duke of Estonia and appoints a governor-general. Kingdom of Denmark 1572: Magnus loses Ösel-Wiek, which is added to Denmark. 1583: In the Treaty of Plussa the victory in the Livonian War of the Swedish king Johann III over tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich, a.k.a. Ivan the Terrible, in Livonia is confirmed with a truce. 1590: Tsar Boris Godunov of Russia invades Swedish Estonia. 1595: The Treaty of Teusina restored to Russia all territory ceded in 1583 to Sweden except for Narva. Russia renounces all claims on Estonia. 1600: King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland claims the Swedish throne and commences war over control of Livonia and Estonia. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1582: Dorpat becomes part of Poland-Lithuania. 1601: Dorpat is occupied by Sweden. 1601-1603: Dorpat is reconquered. 1610: After the victory of Poland-Lithuania over Russia and Sweden, Sweden declares war, the Ingrian War, against the new rulers in Russia. 1617: The Polish-Swedish War recommences, but ends in 1618 with another truce. The Treaty of Stolbovo ends the Ingrian War between Sweden and Russia. Russia loses Ingria and is stripped of of its access to the Baltic Sea. 1621: After a Swedish attack on Livonia and Riga the war recommences. 1625: Sweden conquers Dorpat. 1629: After Poland defeated at Trzciana the Swedes, the Truce of Altmark ends the hostilities between Sweden and Poland-Lithuania. Most of Livonia goes to Sweden. 1645: With the Treaty of Brömsebro the Torstenson War between Sweden and Denmark ends and Denmark cedes Ösel-Wiek to Sweden. 1656: Russia starts a war with Sweden, allied with Brandenburg-Prussia and invades Livonia. 1658: With the Treaty of Valiesar Sweden allows Russia to keep conquered Livonian territories. 1660: The Treaty of Oliva confirms the Swedish victory in the Second Northern War between Sweden, Brandenburg-Prussia and Poland-Lithuania. 1661: In the Treaty of Cardis the Second Northern War between Russia and Sweden ends and Russia returns the conquered territories. 1700: Tsar Pyotr of Russia leads a coalition with Denmark, Saxony and Poland-Lithuania to contest in the Great Northern War the supremacy of Sweden in Northern Europe. During the war Great Britain, Brunswick-Lüneburg (1715) and Prussia join the coalition. Tsardom of Russia 1710: The Swedes in Estonia surrender in the Swedish-Russian Great Northern War and Estonia is conquered by Russia. Russian Empire 1721: Pyotr proclaims himself emperor of All Russia. With the Treaty of Nystad the annexation of Estonia (including Dorpat and Ösel-Wiek) is confirmed. Russia establishes the Governorate of Estonia. South Estonia is part of the Governorate of Livonia. 1819: Serfdom is abolished. 1889: A policy of russification starts: Baltic German legal and educational institutions are abolished or transformed into Russian. 1905: Various Estonian political parties come to existence. 1914: After user:electionworld/sandbox/Austria#1914 declares war on Serbia, Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. World War I is a fact. Russian Republic 1917: After the revolutions commence in Russia, several entities are established on the territory of Russia. The Estonian Provincial Assembly declares itself the sovereign power on Estonia and calls for the elections of the Estonian Constituent Assembly. Republic of Estonia 1918: Russia pulls out of the war with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Assembly elects the Estonian Salvation Committee and issues the Estonian Declaration of Independence. A provisional government is formed. Russia allows the election of a Constitutional Assembly. In these elections separatist parties win an absolute majority. The assembly is not allowed to convene. As a contra-government the United Baltic Duchy is established as a German client state. At the same time the Soviet Republic of Naissaar Is established. Later that year Estonia incorporates Naissaar. The same year Germany and the other Central Powers are defeated. A war between the Estonians and Russia commences. 1919: Estonia introduces universal suffrage in the free multi-party election for the constituent assembly. 1920: The German-Balts and Russia are defeated. The new constitution provides for a parliament, the State Assembly, elected in free multi-party elections on a universal suffrage, which appoints the state elder as head of state and the ministers, all responsible to the parliament. The constitution is radically parliamentarian in character, and the state elder can be voted out of office at any time. Since the party system is fragmented, the state elder has to form coalitions. 1934: After a referendum the constitution is changed. It establishes a more authoritarian state order by introducing an executive state elder with a separate prime minister, and reducing the size and power of the State Assembly. Konstantin Päts becomes prime minister and fulfills the function of state elder. To prevent the Estonian Freedom Fighters Movement (EVL) to come to power, Päts takes power, suspends the constitution, disbands the State Council and takes the office as state elder, establishing a dictatorship. He bans all parties. 1938: A new constitution establishes a bicameral parliament, a chamber elected and a chamber out of appointed specialist. Only one party and independents can take part in the elections. The function of president is created, elected by an electoral college. 1939: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Estonia is forced to accept Soviet bases in their countries. Eenpalu is succeeded by Jüri Uluots (PER). Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic 1940: Estonia is occupied by the Soviet Union that creates a Soviet puppet state. The Soviet Union force the appointment of a communist-dominated puppet government. Union of Socialist Soviet Republics 1940: Estonia becomes a constituent state of the Soviet Union. German Empire 1941: Nazi Germany invades as part of World War II the Soviet Union and conquer part of the union, including Estonia. It creates the Reich Commissariat of Eastland and establishes the Estonian Self-Administration. 1943: German forces are defeated at Stalingrad, marking the beginning of the Nazi-German collapse in the Soviet Union. 1944: In resistance to the German occupation, the National Committee of the Republic of Estonia is established. Union of Socialist Soviet Republics 1944: The Germans are defeated and withdraw. An attempt to re-create the independent Republic of Estonia fails. The Soviet Union conquers Estonia. A rebellion starts, which lasts until the 1950s. 1990: The Congress of Estonia is established as an innovative grassroots parliament as a part of the process of regaining of independence from the Soviet Union. Shortly after the Estonian Supreme Soviet is elected in free elections. The Supreme Soviet renames Estonia into the Republic of Estonia. 1991: In a referendum independence is approved by a large majority of the voters. An attempt to overthrow Mikhael Gorbachev by a communist group is defeated. It marks the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union. The Warsaw Pact and the Comecon are disbanded. Republic of Estonia 1991: The Estonian Supreme Soviet restores the independence of Estonia. An elected constituent assembly draws up a new constitution. The new constitution is approved in a referendum and comes into effect in 1992. The new constitution provides in a parliament elected in free multi-party elections, which elects the president, and a government responsible to the parliament. 1993: Estonia joins the Council of Europe. 2004: Estonia joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union.