Concerti grossi, Op. 3 (Handel)

The Concerti grossi, Op. 3, HWV 312–317, are six concerti grossi by George Frideric Handel compiled into a set and published by John Walsh in 1734. Musicologists now agree that Handel had no initial knowledge of the publishing. Instead, Walsh, seeking to take advantage of the commercial success of Corelli's Concerti grossi, Op. 6, simply combined several of Handel's already existing works and grouped them into six "concertos".

George Frideric Handel, by Philippe Mercier, c.1730

Movements

HWV	No.	Key	Movements
312	1	B-flat major	i. Allegro – ii. Largo – iii. Allegro
313	2	B-flat major	i. Vivace – ii. Largo – iii. Allegro – iv. Moderato – v. Allegro
314	3	G major	i. Larghetto, e staccato - Allegro – ii. Andante – iii. Allegro
315	4	F major	i. Andante - Allegro – ii. Andante – iii. Allegro – iv. Minuetto
316	5	D minor	i. Largo – ii. Fuga, allegro – iii. Adagio – iv. Allegro, ma non troppo – v. Allegro
317	6	D major	i. Vivace – ii. Allegro
Anh. B 319	4a or 4b	F major	i. Largo – ii. Allegro – iii. Largo – iv. Allegro

Musical structure

The structure of Op. 3 is somewhat unusual. The six concertos have anything between two and five movements, but only one of them contains the usual four movements. Only occasionally are the instrumental forces set in the traditional concerto grosso manner: a tutti group and a contrasting, soloistic concertino group. However, the concertos are filled with virtuoso solo passages for both the strings and the woodwinds, thus maintaining the form of the concerto grosso despite the lack of traditional contrasting forces.

No. 1, HWV 312

The first and probably earliest concerto of the set is scored for two recorders, two oboes, two bassoons, strings (with divided viola), and continuo. It is unusual in that only its first movement is in the tonic key of B-flat major—the other two are in the relative minor, G minor.

1. Allegro
2. Largo
3. Allegro

No. 2, HWV 313

The second concerto contains four movements in B-flat major and one (the second) in G minor. The opening movement of the five-movement concerto bears a close relationship to Handel's Brockes Passion of 1716. Unusually, two dance movements, a minuet, and a gavotte complete the concerto. The final gavotte bears a close resemblance to "The King Shall Rejoice" from Handel's Coronation Anthems. The concerto is scored for two oboes, one bassoon, strings, and continuo.

1. Vivace
2. Largo
3. Allegro
4. Moderato
5. Allegro

No. 3, HWV 314

The third concerto in G major is again in three movements (the opening Largo is too brief to be counted as a movement). There is little doubt that this concerto was compiled by Walsh from a number of pieces by Handel. The concerto is scored for one oboe (can also be replaced by a transverse flute), one bassoon, strings, and continuo.

1. Largo, e staccato — Allegro
2. Andante
3. Allegro

No. 4, HWV 315

The fourth concerto in F major is the only piece in the opus that follows a four movement framework. Although the layout of this work does not reflect the typical concerto grosso as the music was pulled straight from the 1716 overture to the 1715 opera Amadigi di Gaula, the piece uniquely displays many aspects of Handel's concerto grosso style. The piece is scored for two oboes, one bassoon, strings, and continuo.

1. Andante - Allegro
2. Andante
3. Allegro
4. Minuetto

Walsh also published a 'No. 4b' concerto erroneously under the name of Handel but it was withdrawn a few months later, possibly at Handel's request.

No. 5, HWV 316

Despite lack of division into tutti and concertino and the addition of an extra allegro movement at the very end, the fifth concerto in D minor follows the traditional Italian model most closely of all the Op. 3 works. Walsh at first only published the first two movements, but because the work had already been known in its entirety, it is probable that Handel requested it be published in full. The piece is scored for two oboes (originally one), one bassoon, strings, and continuo.

1. Largo
2. Fuga, allegro
3. Adagio
4. Allegro, ma non troppo
5. Allegro

No. 6, HWV 317

Autograph manuscript of pages 6–7 from the Vivace of HWV 317, British Library

The sixth and final concerto in D major has just two movements: a Vivace, the music of which is extracted from the 1723 opera Ottone; and an Allegro, which is also Handel's first published piece for organ and orchestra, and is taken from the overture to the 1712 opera Il pastor fido. The piece is scored for two oboes, one bassoon, strings, and continuo. The Allegro of the concerto was also announced 'commercially' by Walsh as part of the forthcoming edition of Handel's Op. 4: six concertos for chamber organ (or harpsichord).

1. Vivace
2. Allegro

Selected discography

• Six Concerti Grossi, Op.3, The Boyd Neel Orchestra, dir. Boyd Neel, Decca Records, 1955.
• Concerti grossi, Op. 3, Concentus Musicus Wien, dir. Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Das Alte Werk, 1981.
• 6 Concerto Grossi, Op.3, The English Concert, dir. Trevor Pinnock, Archiv Produktion, 1984.
• Concerti grossi, Op. 3, Handel and Haydn Society, dir. Christopher Hogwood, L'Oiseau-Lyre, 1989.
• Concerti Grossi, Op. 3, 1–6, Tafelmusik, dir. Jeanne Lamon, Sony Classical, 1993.
• Concerti grossi, Op. 3, The Brandenburg Consort, dir. Roy Goodman, Hyperion Records, 2001.
• Concerti grossi, Op. 3, The Academy of Ancient Music, dir. Richard Egarr, Harmonia Mundi, 2007.
• Concerti grossi, Op. 3, Les Musiciens du Louvre, dir. Marc Minkowski, Erato Records, 2010.
• Concerti grossi, Op. 3, Berliner Barock Solisten, dir. Reinhard Goebel, Hänssler Classic, 2019.
• Concerti grossi, Op. 3, Accademia Bizantina, dir. Ottavio Dantone, HDB Sonus, 2022.

See also

• Concerti grossi, Op. 6 (Handel)

References

• Best, Terence (1993). "Review of Six Concerti Grossi Op.3 by George Frideric Handel, The Brandenburg Consort, Roy Goodman and Tafelmusik, Jeanne Lamon" (PDF). Early Music. 21 (4): 649–652.
• Burrows, Donald (1993), Concerti Grossi Op 3, Tafelmusik, Jeanne Lamon (booklet), Sony Classical, pp. 7–9, 01-052553-10
• Burrows, Donald (1997), The Cambridge Companion to Handel, Cambridge Companions to Music, Cambridge University Press, pp. 193–207, ISBN 0521456134, "Handel as concerto composer", Chapter 13 by Donald Burrows
• Egarr, Richard (2007). "Concerti grossi Op 3, Sonata a 5 (booklet)" (PDF). Harmonia Mundi. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
• Goebel, Reinhard (2019), Concerti grossi, Op. 3, Berliner Barock Solisten (booklet) (PDF), translated by Janet and Michael Berridge, Hänssler Classic, pp. 9–15
• Goodman, Roy (2001). "Handel Concerti Grossi Op. 3 (booklet)" (PDF). Hyperion Records. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
• Johnston, Blair (2013). "Concerti Grossi (6), Op.3, HWV 312–17". Allmusic.
• Sadie, Stanley (1972). Handel Concertos. BBC Music Guides. BBC. pp. 10–20. ISBN 0563103493.

External links

• Concerto grosso, Op. 3, No. 4 in F major, HWV Anh. B 319, copyist Richard Fawcett (?), Corpus Christi College, Oxford
• 6 Concerti Grossi, Op.3 at IMSLP