The Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz (Arabic: المملكة الحجازية الهاشمية, Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāziyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah) was a state in the Hejaz region of Western Asia that included the western portion of the Arabian Peninsula that was ruled by the Hashemite dynasty. It was self-proclaimed as a kingdom in June 1916 during the First World War, to be independent from the Ottoman Empire, on the basis of an alliance with the British Empire to drive the Ottoman Army from the Arabian Peninsula during the Arab Revolt.
Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz المملكة الحجازية الهاشمية Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāzyah Al-Hāshimīyah | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1916–1925 | |||||||||||
 Coat of arms
(1920–1925) | |||||||||||
 Kingdom of Hejaz (red) within modern-day Saudi Arabia and Jordan | |||||||||||
| Capital | Mecca (1916–1924) Jeddah (1924–1925)[1] | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Arabic | ||||||||||
| Ethnic groups | Arabs | ||||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Hejazi | ||||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||||
| King | |||||||||||
• 1916–1924 | Hussein bin Ali | ||||||||||
• 1924–1925 | Ali bin Hussein | ||||||||||
| Historical era | World War I Interwar period | ||||||||||
| 10 June 1916 | |||||||||||
| 10 August 1920 | |||||||||||
• Foundation of the Sharifian Caliphate | 3 March 1924 | ||||||||||
| 19 December 1925 | |||||||||||
• Abdulaziz crowned King of Hejaz | 8 January 1926 | ||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||
• 1920 | 850,000 | ||||||||||
• 1925[1] | 900,000 | ||||||||||
| Currency | Hejazi riyal | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | Saudi Arabia Jordan | ||||||||||
The British government had promised Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz, a single independent Arab state that would include, in addition to the Hejaz region, modern-day Jordan, Iraq, and most of Syria, with the fate of the Palestine region (today's Israel and Palestine) being mentioned in more ambiguous terms. However, at the end of the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles turned Syria into a French League of Nations mandate and Iraq, Mandate Palestine and Transjordan into British mandates. Hashemite princes were installed as monarchs under the British mandates in Transjordan and Iraq; this became known as the Sharifian solution.
Relations with the British Empire further deteriorated when more Jews moved to Palestine, as the area was defined under the British rule. Hussein refused to ratify the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, and, in response to a 1921 British proposal to sign a treaty accepting the Mandate system, stated that he could not be expected to "affix his name to a document assigning Palestine to the Zionists and Syria to foreigners".[2] A further British attempt to reach a treaty failed in 1923–24 and negotiations were suspended in March 1924;[3] within six months the British withdrew their support in favour of their central Arabian ally Ibn Saud, who proceeded to conquer Hussein's kingdom.[4][5]
On 23 September 1932, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was unified with the other Saudi dominions, creating the unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[6][7]
Background
editIn 1908, the Young Turks took over the Ottoman Empire, and in 1909 when a counter-coup failed, the Young Turks "secularized" the government. Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, was appointed by the previous Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and did not favor the Young Turks; his opposition to the empire grew over time, culminating in the Arab Revolt.[8]
History
editIn their capacity as Caliphs, the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire would appoint an official known as the Sharif of Mecca. The role went to a member of the Hashemite family, but the Sultans typically promoted Hashemite intra-familial rivalries in their choice, preventing the building of a solid base of power in the Sharif.
With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the Sultan, Mehmed V, in his capacity as Caliph, declared a jihad against the Entente powers. The British in particular hoped to co-opt the Sharif as a weighty alternative religious figure backing them in the conflict. The British already had a series of treaties with other Arab leaders in the region and were also fearful that the Hejaz could be used as a base to attack their shipping to and from India.
The Sharif was cautious but, after discovering that the Ottomans planned to remove and possibly murder him, agreed to work with the British if they would support a wider Arab Revolt and the establishment of an independent Arab Kingdom — the British implied they would. After the Ottomans executed other Arab nationalist leaders in Damascus and Beirut, the Hejaz rose against and soundly defeated them, almost completely expelling them (Medina remaining under Ottoman control throughout).
In June 1916, Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, declared himself King of Hejaz as his Sharifian Army participated with other Arab Forces and the British Empire in expelling the Ottomans from the Arabian Peninsula.[9][10]
The US State Department quotes an aide-mémoire dated 24 October 1917 given by the Arab Bureau to the American Diplomatic Agency in Cairo confirming that
...Great Britain, France and Russia agreed to recognize the Sherif as lawful independent ruler of the Hedjaz and to use the title of "King of the Hedjaz" when addressing him, and a note to this effect was handed to him on 10 December 1916.[11]
The British, though, were compromised by their agreement to give the French control of Syria (comprising modern-day Syria and Lebanon) and did not, in Hussein's eyes, honour their commitments. Nevertheless, they did eventually create Hashemite-ruled kingdoms (in protectorate form) in Transjordan and in Iraq, as well as Hejaz. The changing boundaries of the Ottoman Hejaz Vilayet contributed to uncertainties between the neighbouring Hashemite kingdoms, particularly the competing claim with Transjordan over the inclusion of the sanjak of Ma'an, including the cities of Ma'an and Aqaba.
King Hussein refused to ratify the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, and in response to a 1921 British proposal to sign a treaty accepting the Mandate system stated that he could not be expected to "affix his name to a document assigning Palestine to the Zionists and Syria to foreigners."[2] A further British attempt to reach a treaty failed in 1923–24, and negotiations were suspended in March 1924;[3] within six months the British withdrew their support in favour of their central Arabian ally Ibn Saud, who proceeded to conquer Hussein's Kingdom.[4]
The League of Nations Covenant provided for membership to the signatories of the Peace Treaties; the Hejaz was one of two (the other one was the United States) that failed to ratify Versailles.[12][13]
Kings of Hejaz
edit| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hussein bin Ali
| 1 May 1854 – 4 June 1931 (aged 77) | 10 June 1916 | 3 October 1924 (abdicated) | Son of Ali bin Muhammad and Salha bint Gharam al-Shahar | Hashemite | |
Ali bin Hussein
| 1879 – 13 February 1935 (aged 55–59) | 3 October 1924 | 19 December 1925 (deposed) | Son of Hussein bin Ali and Abdiya bin Abdullah | Hashemite |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Ben Chaoon. "Saudi Arabia". WorldStatesmen.org. Ben M. Cahoon. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ a b Mousa 1978, p. 185.
- ^ a b Huneidi 2001, pp. 71–72.
- ^ a b Huneidi 2001, p. 72.
- ^ Mai Yamani (13 October 2009), Cradle of Islam: the Hijaz and the quest for an Arabian identity (Pbk. ed.), I.B. Tauris (published 2009), ISBN 978-1-84511-824-2
- ^ Madawi Al Rasheed. A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
- ^ A Brief overview of Hejaz – Hejaz history
- ^ Dividing the Middle East – The Great Loot – Extra History – #1, 2 May 2020, archived from the original on 17 November 2021, retrieved 24 March 2021
- ^ Randall Baker (1979), King Husain and the Kingdom of Hejaz, Cambridge, England. New York: Oleander Press, ISBN 978-0-900891-48-9
- ^ Joshua Teitelbaum (2001), The rise and fall of the Hashimite Kingdom of Arabia, New York University Press, ISBN 978-0-8147-8271-2
- ^ Division of Near Eastern Affairs (1931). Mandate for Palestine (PDF) (Report). United States State Department. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ^ Christian J Tams. "League of Nations, B.2.Membership". Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e519. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
- ^ LoN Hejaz, HC Deb 17 March 1930 vol 236 c1714.
Bibliography
edit- Mousa, Suleiman (1978). "A Matter of Principle: King Hussein of the Hijaz and the Arabs of Palestine". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 9 (2): 183–194. doi:10.1017/S0020743800000052. S2CID 163677445.
- Huneidi, Sahar, ed. (2001). A Broken Trust: Sir Herbert Samuel, Zionism and the Palestinians. I.B.Tauris. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-86064-172-5.
- Malik Dahlan (2018). The Hijaz: The First Islamic State. Oxford University Press. pp. 133–. ISBN 978-0-19-093501-6.