List of Allied convoys during World War II by region
(Redirected from List of World War II convoys)
This is a List of Allied convoys during World War II by region.
European Coastal Atlantic convoys
editCode prefix | Route | First sailing | Last sailing | Number of convoys | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BB | Belfast or River Clyde to Bristol Channel | 1940 from Belfast - 1945 from Clyde | 1943 from Belfast - 1945 from Clyde | ||
BC | Bristol Channel to Bay of Biscay | outward and return convoys used same number | |||
BD | White Sea to Dikson Island | September 1943 | |||
BK | White Sea to Kola Inlet | Summer 1941 | |||
BTC | Bristol Channel to River Thames | 1944 | 1945 | ||
CE | St. Helens Roads to Southend-on-Sea | ||||
CW | Southend-on-Sea to St. Helens Roads | ||||
DB | Dikson Island to White Sea | 1942 | |||
DF | River Clyde to Faroe Islands | military ferry service | |||
DS | River Clyde to Reykjavík | military ferry service | |||
EC | Southend-on-Sea to Oban via Firth of Forth | 1941 | 1941 | temporary substitution for EN convoys | |
EN | Methil, Fife to Oban via Loch Ewe | temporarily replaced by EC convoys during 1941 | |||
FD | Faroe Islands to River Clyde | military ferry | |||
FN | River Thames to Firth of Forth | ||||
FP[1] | Brest via British Isles to Norway | April 1940 | May 1940 | French and Polish troop convoys | |
FS | Firth of Forth to River Thames | 1939 | 1945 | ||
FS[2] | Brest via British Isles to Norway | April 1940 | May 1940 | French supply convoys | |
GREYBACK | Dieppe, Seine-Maritime to Newhaven, East Sussex | ferry service | |||
GS | Grimsby to Southend-on-Sea | 1940 | 1940 | ||
HM | Holyhead to Milford Haven | ||||
HN | Bergen to Methil, Fife | 1939 | 1940 | ||
HXA | Western Approaches to English Channel | 1939 | 1945 | English channel section of same numbered HX convoys – no sailings from 1940 to 1944 | |
KB | Kola Inlet to White Sea | ||||
KP | Kola Inlet to Pechengsky District | ||||
MH | Milford Haven to Holyhead | ||||
MT | Methil, Fife to River Tyne | ||||
NP | British Isles to Norway | April 1940 | May 1940 | troop convoys | |
OA | River Thames (or Methil, Fife after July 1940) to Liverpool | 7 September 1939 | 24 October 1940 | 234 | merged with OB convoy in the southwest approaches |
OB | Liverpool to the Atlantic Ocean | 7 September 1939 | 21 July 1941 | 345 | merged with OA convoy in the southwest approaches - ON and OS convoys replaced OB convoys |
ON | Methil, Fife to Bergen | 1939 | 1940 | ||
PW | Portsmouth to Wales | ||||
SD | Iceland to River Clyde | military ferry service | |||
SG | Southend-on-Sea to Grimsby | 1940 | 1940 | ||
SILVERTIP | Newhaven, East Sussex to Dieppe, Seine-Maritime | ferry service | |||
TBC | River Thames to Bristol Channel | 1944 | 1945 | ||
TM | British Isles to Norway | April 1940 | May 1940 | troop convoys | |
TP | Norway to British Isles | May 1940 | May 1940 | troop convoys | |
UR | Loch Ewe (later Belfast) to Reykjavík | ||||
WN | River Clyde, Oban and Loch Ewe to Firth of Forth | ||||
WP | Wales to Portsmouth |
North Atlantic convoys
editCode prefix | Route | First sailing | Last sailing | Number of convoys | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AT | United States to British Isles | March 1942 | 1945 | troopships | |
BHX | Bermuda to Liverpool | May 1940 | March 1941 | 97 (# 41-137) | sailed from Bermuda and merged with same number HX convoy at sea |
CK | Charleston, South Carolina to British Isles | 1944 | 1944 | rarely used | |
CT | British Isles to Canada | 1941 | 1941 | troopships | |
CU | Caribbean (later New York City) to Liverpool | 20 March 1943 | 30 May 1945 | 73 | 14-knot convoys of tankers with some fast cargo ships |
GUF | Mediterranean to Chesapeake Bay | 29 November 1942 | 16 April 1945 | 22 | faster ships |
GUS | Mediterranean to Chesapeake Bay | 21 December 1942 | 27 May 1945 | 92 | slower ships |
HG | Gibraltar to Liverpool | 26 September 1939 | 19 September 1942 | 89 | replaced by MKS convoys after Operation Torch |
HX | Halifax Harbour (later New York City) to Liverpool | 16 Sept 1939 | 23 May 1945 | 377 | 9-knot convoys for ships of sustained speeds less than 15 knots |
HXF | Halifax Harbour to Liverpool | 29 Sept 1939 | 12 February 1940 | 17 | fast sections of HX convoys |
JW | Iceland to White Sea | 25 December 1942 | 12 May 1945 | 17 (# 51-67) | replaced PQ convoys |
KJ | Kingston, Jamaica to United Kingdom | ||||
KMF | Firth of Clyde to Mediterranean | 26 October 1942 | 23 May 1945 | 45 | faster ships to the Mediterranean |
KMS | Liverpool to Mediterranean | 22 October 1942 | 27 April 1945 | 98 | slower ships to the Mediterranean - 1st 12 sailed independently, remainder sailed with OS convoys and detached west of Gibraltar |
MKF | Mediterranean to Firth of Clyde or Liverpool | 12 November 1942 | 4 June 1945 | 45 | faster ships from the Mediterranean |
MKS | Mediterranean to Liverpool | 12 November 1942 | 25 May 1945 | 103 | slower ships from the Mediterranean- 1st 11 sailed independently, remainder merged with SL convoys west of Gibraltar |
NA | Canada to British Isles | troopships | |||
OG | Liverpool to Gibraltar | 2 October 1939 | 17 October 1943 | 95 | early sailings every 5th merged OA/OB convoy became an OG convoy at sea - later OG convoys sailed from Liverpool |
ON | Liverpool to Halifax Harbour | 26 July 1941 | 27 May 1945 | 307 | replaced OB convoys for North American destinations - alternate convoys included slower ships until the ONS convoys started |
ONS | Liverpool to Halifax Harbour | 15 March 1943 | 21 May 1945 | 51 | slower ships westbound on the ON convoy route |
OS | Liverpool to Sierra Leone | 24 July 1941 | 27 May 1945 | 131 | replaced OB convoys for non-North American destinations - included KMS convoys detached west of Gibraltar |
PQ | Iceland to White Sea | 29 September 1941 | 2 September 1942 | 18 | replaced by JW convoys |
QP | White Sea to Iceland | 28 September 1941 | 17 November 1942 | 15 | replaced by RA convoys |
RA | White Sea to Scotland | 30 December 1942 | 23 May 1945 | 17 (# 51-67) | replaced QP convoys |
RB | United States to British Isles | September 1942 | September 1942 | 1 | small passenger steamers |
SC | Sydney, Nova Scotia (or Halifax Harbour or New York City) to Liverpool | 15 August 1940 | 26 May 1945 | 177 | 7-knot convoys of eastbound ships too slow for the 9-knot HX convoys |
SL | Sierra Leone to Liverpool | 14 September 1939 | 25 November 1944 | 178 | merged with MKS convoys west of Gibraltar |
TA | British Isles to United States | large troopships | |||
TC | Canada to British Isles | 1939 | 1941 | troopships carrying Canadian troops | |
TCU | Caribbean (later New York City) to Liverpool | 14-knot CU convoys of tankers and fast cargo ships with troopships | |||
TU | British Isles to United States | 1943 | 1944 | troopships | |
TUC | Liverpool to Caribbean (later New York City) | 14-knot UC convoys of tankers and fast cargo ships with some troopships | |||
UC | Liverpool to Caribbean (later New York City) | 15 February 1943 | 3 June 1945 | 71 | 14-knot convoys of tankers with some fast cargo ships |
UGF | Chesapeake Bay to Mediterranean | 24 October 1942 | 8 April 1945 | 22 | faster ships - (UGF-1) was the invasion force for Operation Torch |
UGS | Chesapeake Bay to Mediterranean | 13 November 1942 | 28 May 1945 | 95 | slower ships |
UT | United States to British Isles | 1943 | 1944 | troopships |
North American coastal and Caribbean convoys
editMediterranean and North African coastal convoys
editCode prefix | Route | First sailing | Last sailing | Number of convoys | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AC | Alexandria to Tobruk | 1941 | 1941 | ||
AG | Alexandria to Greece | 1941 | 1941 | ||
AH | Augusta, Sicily to heel of Italy | September 1943 | |||
AN | Alexandria to Piraeus | 1940 | 1941 | ||
AP | British Isles to Egypt | summer 1940 | summer 1940 | troopships | |
ARM | local Mediterranean | little used | |||
AS | Piraeus to Alexandria | 1940 | 1941 | ||
AT | Alexandria to Tobruk | late 1941 | |||
Blue | Port Said to Gibraltar | 1939 | 1939 | ||
BS | Brest, France to Casablanca | September 1939 | June 1940 | French convoys | |
CG | Casablanca to Gibraltar | ||||
CNF | convoys for Allied invasion of Sicily | special designation | |||
CRD | Casablanca to Dakar | ||||
CT | Corsica to Bizerte via Sardinia | 1944 | 1944 | ||
CV | Tobruk to Malta | 1944 | 1944 | rarely used | |
D | Dakar to Casablanca | ||||
DR | Dakar to Gibraltar | 1944 | 1944 | ||
DRC | Dakar to Casablanca | ||||
ET | North Africa to Gibraltar | November 1942 | early 1943 | ||
GC | Gibraltar to Casablanca | ||||
GM | Gibraltar to Malta | ||||
Green | Gibraltar to Port Said | late 1939 | late 1939 | ||
GTX | Gibraltar to Alexandria via Tripoli | 1943 | 1943 | ||
GUF | Oran or Naples to Chesapeake Bay | faster ships | |||
GUS | Port Said to Chesapeake Bay | slower ships | |||
HA | heel of Italy to Augusta, Sicily | 1943 | |||
HP | heel of Italy to Piraeus | ||||
IXF | Taranto and Naples to Alexandria and Port Said | ||||
K | Casablanca to Brest, France | French convoys - sometimes prefixed F or S | |||
KS | Casablanca to Brest, France | French convoys | |||
LE | Port Said to Haifa | ||||
LW | Haifa to Port Said | ||||
ME | Malta to Alexandria and Port Said | ||||
MO | Marseilles to North Africa | ||||
Ms | Marseilles to Naples | 1944 | 1945 | ||
MW | Alexandria to Malta | ||||
NCF | fast convoys for Allied invasion of Sicily | 1943 | 1943 | ||
NCS | slow convoys for Allied invasion of Sicily | 1943 | 1943 | ||
NP | Turkey to Port Said | ||||
NSF | North Africa to Naples | troopships | |||
NV | Naples to Augusta, Sicily | ||||
OM | Oran to Marseilles | 1944 | 1944 | ||
PH | Piraeus to heel of Italy | ||||
PN | Port Said to Turkey | ||||
PR | Piraeus to Dardanelles | 1945 | 1945 | ||
Red | Gibraltar to far east | 1939 | 1940 | ||
PR | Dardanelles to Piraeus | 1945 | 1945 | ||
SBF | assault convoys for Allied invasion of Sicily | 1943 | 1943 | ||
SBM | assault convoys for Allied invasion of Sicily | 1943 | 1943 | ||
SM | Naples to Marseilles | ||||
SNF | Naples to North Africa | fast troopships | |||
SR | Freetown to Gibraltar | 1943 | 1944 | ||
TA | Tobruk to Alexandria | ||||
TC | Tunisia to Corsica | 1943 | 1944 | ||
TE | Gibraltar to North Africa | 1943 | 1943 | ||
TJF | assault convoys for Allied invasion of Sicily | 1943 | 1943 | ||
TJM | assault convoys for Allied invasion of Sicily | 1943 | 1943 | ||
TJS | assault convoys for Allied invasion of Sicily | 1943 | 1943 | ||
TSF | assault convoys for Naples landings | ||||
TSM | assault convoys for Naples landings | ||||
TSS | assault convoys for Naples landings | ||||
TV | Tripoli to Malta | ||||
TX | Tripoli to Alexandria | ||||
UGF | Chesapeake Bay to Gibraltar (later Naples) | November 1942 | May 1945 | faster ships (UGF 1 was the Operation Torch invasion convoy) | |
UGS | Chesapeake Bay to Gibraltar (later Port Said) | November 1942 | May 1945 | slower ships | |
VC | Malta to Tobruk | ||||
VN | Augusta, Sicily or Malta to Naples (OR) Naples to Livorno | ||||
VT | Malta to Tripoli | ||||
WX | western desert ports to Alexandria | ||||
XIF | Alexandria and Port Said to Taranto and Naples | ||||
XT | Alexandria to Tripoli | ||||
XTG | Alexandria to Gibraltar via Tripoli | 1943 | 1943 | ||
XW | Alexandria to western desert ports |
South Atlantic convoys
editCode prefix | South Atlantic routes | First sailing | Last sailing | Number of convoys | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AS | United States to Suez Canal | 1942 | 1942 | via Freetown | |
BF | Bahia to Freetown | 1943 | USN escorts | ||
BRN | Bahia to Recife northward | late 1942 | |||
BT | Bahia to Trinidad | November 1942 | July 1943 | ||
CF | Cape Town to British Isles via west Africa | little used | |||
CN | Cape Town northward to dispersal | ||||
DBF | Dakar to Freetown via Bathurst (Banjul) Gambia | 1943 | 1943 | ||
DSF | Dakar to Freetown | ||||
DSL | Dakar to Freetown and Lagos | ||||
DSP | Dakar to Freetown and Pointe-Noire | ||||
DST | Dakar to Freetown and Sekondi-Takoradi | ||||
E | Trinidad to dispersal southward | ||||
FB | Freetown to Bahia | ||||
FFT | Freetown to Trinidad | 1942 | 1943 | ||
FJ | Florianópolis to Rio de Janeiro | ||||
FSD | Freetown to Dakar | 1944 | 1944 | small craft | |
JF | Rio de Janeiro to Florianópolis | ||||
JR | Rio de Janeiro to Recife | ||||
JT | Rio de Janeiro to Trinidad | 1943 | 1945 | ||
LGE | Lagos eastbound | local west African traffic | |||
LGW | Lagos westbound | local west African traffic | |||
LM | Lagos to Matadi | ||||
LS | Lagos to Freetown | ||||
LSD | Lagos to Dakar via Freetown | ||||
LTS | Lagos to Freetown via Sekondi-Takoradi | ||||
NC | Walvis Bay to Cape Town | ||||
OSS | Freetown southward | southward extension of the corresponding OS convoy | |||
OT | Trinidad to North Africa | ||||
PGE | Pointe-Noire southward | local traffic | |||
PAD | Pointe-Noire to Dakar via Freetown | ||||
PT | Paramaribo to Trinidad | ||||
PTS | Pointe-Noire to Freetown via Sekondi-Takoradi | ||||
RJ | Recife to Rio de Janeiro | ||||
RT | Cape Town to Freetown (OR) Recife to Trinidad | 1941 (African) 1943 (South American) | 1941 | ||
SJ | Santos, São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro | ||||
ST | Freetown to Sekondi-Takoradi | ||||
STC | Freetown to Cape Town via Sekondi-Takoradi | ||||
STL | Freetown to Lagos via Sekondi-Takoradi | ||||
STP | Freetown to Pointe-Noire via Sekondi-Takoradi | ||||
STW | Freetown to Walvis Bay via Sekondi-Takoradi | ||||
TB | Trinidad to Bahia | ||||
TF | Trinidad to Freetown | ||||
TGE | Sekondi-Takoradi and Lagos eastward to dispersal | ||||
TJ | Trinidad to Rio de Janeiro | ||||
TLDM | Sekondi-Takoradi to Matadi via Lagos and Douala | ||||
TO | North Africa to Caribbean | ||||
TP | Trinidad to Paramaribo | ||||
TR | Trinidad to Recife | ||||
TRINIDAD | Trinidad to dispersal southeast | ||||
TS | Sekondi-Takoradi to Freetown | ||||
TSD | Sekondi-Takoradi to Dakar via Freetown | ||||
TV | Trinidad eastward to dispersal | ||||
WTS | Walvis Bay to Freetown via Sekondi-Takoradi |
Indian Ocean convoys
editCode Prefix | Indian Ocean routes | First sailing | Last sailing | Number of convoys | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AB | Aden to Mumbai | November 1942 | |||
ABF | Aden to Mumbai | fast troopship convoys | |||
AJ | Aden to Colombo | ||||
AK | Aden to Kilindini Harbour | ||||
AKD | Aden to Durban via Kilindini Harbour | September 1943 | |||
AM | Chittagong to Chennai | ||||
AP | Aden to Persian Gulf | Late 1942 | |||
AS | United States to Suez Canal | March 1942 | via Freetown | ||
BA | Mumbai to Aden | May 1941 | November 1942 | ||
BAF | Mumbai to Aden | fast troopships | |||
BC | Beira, Mozambique to Durban (OR) Mumbai to Colombo | July 1942 from Beira - September 1943 from Mumbai | September 1942 from Beira | ||
BK | Mumbai to Karachi | 1943 | 1943 | little used | |
BM | Mumbai to Singapore (or Colombo after January 1942) | ||||
BN | Mumbai to Suez Canal | 1940 | 1941 | ||
BP | Mumbai to Persian Gulf | ||||
BS | Suez Canal to Aden | 1940 | 1941 | ||
C | Colombo to dispersal | 1942 | 1942 | ||
CA | Cape Town southward to dispersal | ||||
CB | Durban to Beira, Mozambique | ||||
CD | Cape Town to Durban | ||||
CF | Colombo to Fremantle, Western Australia | occasional use | |||
CH | Chittagong to Kolkata | ||||
CJ | Kolkata to Colombo | ||||
CM | Cape Town to Aden | military convoys via Kilindini Harbour | |||
CX | Colombo to Addu Atoll | {return Addu Atoll to Colombo convoys used same CX designation} | |||
DC | Durban to Cape Town | ||||
DK | Durban to Kilindini Harbour | ||||
DKA | Durban to Aden via Kilindini Harbour | ||||
DLM | Durban to Maputo | ||||
DM | Durban to Malaya | 1941 | 1942 | 3 | |
DN | Durban northwards to dispersal | ||||
HB | Australia to India | 1945 | 1945 | troopships | |
HC | Kolkata to Chittagong | ||||
JA | Colombo to Aden | ||||
JC | Colombo to Kolkata | ||||
JM | India to Madagascar via Kilindini Harbour | 1943 | 1943 | ||
JMG | assault convoy to Malaya | September 1945 | 1 | ||
JS | Colombo to Singapore | November 1941 | February 1942 | ||
KA | Kilindini Harbour to Aden | ||||
KB | Karachi to Mumbai | ||||
KD | Kilindini Harbour to Durban | ||||
KM | Kilindini Harbour to Madagascar | ||||
KP | Karachi to Persian Gulf | ||||
KR | Kolkata and Rakhine State ports to Yangon | 1945 | 1945 | ||
LMD | Maputo to Durban | ||||
MA | Kilindini Harbour to Aden | ||||
MC | Aden to Cape Town via Kilindini Harbour and Durban | ||||
MD | Madagascar to Durban | 1 | |||
MK | Madagascar to Kilindini Harbour | ||||
MN | Mauritius to Seychelles | ||||
MR | Chennai to Yangon | ||||
OW | Australia to India | ||||
PA | Persian Gulf to Aden | ||||
PB | Persian Gulf to Mumbai | ||||
RK | Colombo to Kilindini Harbour (OR) Yangon to Kolkata via Rakhine State | 1944 from Colombo, 1945 from Rangoon | 1944 from Colombo, 1945 from Rangoon | ||
RM | Yangon to Colombo via Chennai | ||||
SD | Seychelles to Madagascar | ||||
SJ | Singapore to Colombo | November 1941 | February 1942 | ||
SM | Jakarta to Fremantle, Western Australia | ||||
SR | Kolkata to Yangon | 1941 | 1942 | ||
SU | Suez Canal to Australia | 1940 | 1941 | ||
SW | Suez Canal to Kilindini Harbour or Durban | 1940 | 1941 | ||
US | Australia to Suez Canal | ||||
WO | India to Australia | troopships | |||
WS | British Isles to Suez Canal and Mumbai | troopships; WS convoys on at least one occasion [WS30, 1943] routed via Freetown and Durban |
Pacific convoys
editNormandy invasion convoys
editCode prefix | Normandy invasion convoys | First sailing | Last sailing | Number of convoys | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATM | Antwerp to River Thames | late 1944 | 1945 | ||
BEC | Bristol Channel to France | June 1944 | October 1944 | ||
COC | Plymouth to Brittany | late 1944 | early 1945 | ||
EBC | Bristol Channel to France | June 1944 | October 1944 | ||
EBM | Bristol Channel to France | June 1944 | June 1944 | 1 | motor transport convoy |
ECM | Falmouth, Cornwall to France | June 1944 | early July 1944 | ||
ECP | Portland Harbour and Solent to Baie de la Seine | June 1944 | October 1944 | personnel convoys | |
EMM | Belfast to France | June 1944 | July 1944 | 2 | |
EMP | Belfast to France | July 1944 | July 1944 | 2 | |
EPM | Portland Harbour to France via Solent | July 1944 | September 1944 | motor transport convoys | |
EPP | Portland Harbour to France via Solent | July 1944 | September 1944 | personnel convoys | |
ETC | River Thames to France | June 1944 | October 1944 | ||
ETM | River Thames to France | June 1944 | October 1944 | motor transport convoys | |
EWC | Spithead to Normandy | June 1944 | June 1944 | ||
EWL | Isle of Wight to France | June 1944 | June 1944 | mainly landings ships and landing craft | |
EWM | Isle of Wight to France | September 1944 | October 1944 | motor transport convoys | |
EWP | Isle of Wight to France | personnel convoys | |||
EXP | June 1944 | October 1944 | invasion convoys | ||
FBC | Baie de la Seine to Bristol Channel | June 1944 | October 1944 | ||
FC | France to western England | June 1944 | July 1944 | ||
FCP | France to western England | June 1944 | July 1944 | personnel convoys | |
FPM | France to Portland Harbour | motor transport convoys | |||
FPP | France to Portland Harbour | July 1944 | August 1944 | personnel convoys | |
FTC | France to River Thames | 1944 | 1944 | ||
FTM | France to River Thames | 1944 | 1944 | motor transport convoys | |
FWC | France to Isle of Wight | June 1944 | |||
FWL | France to Isle of Wight | 1944 | 1944 | landing craft convoys | |
FWM | France to Isle of Wight | June 1944 | July 1944 | motor transport convoys | |
FWP | France to Isle of Wight | June 1944 | September 1944 | personnel convoys | |
FXP | France to British Isles | June 1944 | October 1944 | ||
LU | Humber to Elbe | May 1945 | May 1945 | ||
MTC | Baie de la Seine to Southend-on-Sea | replaced FTC | |||
MTM | Baie de la Seine to Southend-on-Sea | replaced FTM | |||
NAP | Dover to France | December 1944 | December 1944 | ||
NR | Norway to Methil, Fife | 1945 | 1945 | ||
RN | Methil, Fife to Norway | May 1945 | May 1945 | ||
TAC | River Thames to Ostend | 1945 | 1945 | ||
TACA | River Thames to Antwerp | replaced by TAM | |||
TAM | River Thames to Antwerp | replaced TACA | |||
TAP | River Thames to France | 1945 | 1945 | ||
TMC | River Thames to France | June 1944 | October 1944 | ||
TMM | River Thames to France | June 1944 | October 1944 | motor transport convoys | |
UL | Elbe to Humber | May 1945 | May 1945 | ||
WAP | June 1944 | October 1944 | invasion convoys | ||
WDC | September 1944 | December 1944 | invasion convoys | ||
WEC | Isle of Wight to France | December 1944 | May 1945 | ||
WEL | Isle of Wight to France | 1944 | 1945 | landing craft | |
WEP | Isle of Wight to Cherbourg-Octeville | December 1944 | December 1944 | ||
WFM | October 1944 | November 1944 | invasion convoys | ||
WMP | Isle of Wight to Arromanches-les-Bains | November 1944 | December 1944 | ||
WNC | Isle of Wight to Le Havre | December 1944 | May 1945 | ||
WNL | Isle of Wight to France | April 1945 | May 1945 | ||
WVP | Isle of Wight to France | December 1944 | May 1945 |
References
edit- Hague, Arnold (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-019-3.