This is a list of volcanoes that have had large explosive eruptions during the Holocene (since about 11,650 years Before Present), with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or higher, or a plume height of at least 30 km. To date, there have been no eruptions with a confirmed VEI of 8 in the Holocene; and only a few VEI-7 eruptions are thought to have occurred during this time: the most recent was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora. This is not a complete list.
Common Era (CE)
editVEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot |
Material volume (km3) | Date | Tephra or eruption name | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk | DRE | |||||
5 | Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai | Tonga-Kermadec Islands volcanic arc | [1] | 6–10[2] | 7.1January 15, 2022 | 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami |
5 | Puyehue-Cordón Caulle | Andean Volcanic Belt | [3] | 0.76–1.26Unknown | June 4, 2011 | 2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption |
5 | Mount Hudson | Andean Volcanic Belt | [4] | 4.3–7.6[5] | 1.6–2.7August 8, 1991 | |
6 | Mount Pinatubo[6] | Luzon Volcanic Arc | [7] | 10[8] | 4.8–6.0June 15, 1991 | 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo |
5 | El Chichón[6] | Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc | 2.2 | [9] | 1.1April 4, 1982 | Tephra unit A |
5 | Mount St. Helens[6] | Cascade Volcanic Arc | [10] | 1.1[11] | 0.5May 18, 1980 | 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens |
5 | Mount Agung | Sunda Arc, Bali | 1 | Unknown | March 17, 1963 | |
5 | Bezymianny[a] | Kamchatka | 1.9 | Unknown | March 30, 1956 | |
5 | Kharimkotan | Kuril Islands | 1 | Unknown | 1933 | |
5 | Quizapú | Andean Volcanic Belt | 9.5 | [14] | 7–10April 10–21, 1932 | |
5 | Submarine volcano NNE of Iriomote Island | Japan | 1 | Unknown | 1924-10-31 | |
6 | Novarupta[6] | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 26–30 | [15] | 13–14June 6, 1912 | |
5 | Ksudach | Kamchatka | 1.75 | Unknown | 1907-03-28 | |
6 | Santa María[6] | Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala | 10.7–11.4 | [15] | 6.4October 24, 1902 | 1902 eruption of Santa María |
5 | Mount Tarawera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 2 | Unknown | June 10–15, 1886 | 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera |
6 | Krakatoa[6] | Sunda Arc | 18–25 | [16] | 9.0August 26, 1883 | 1883 eruption of Krakatoa |
5 | Askja | Iceland | 1.83 | Unknown | March 28, 1875 | |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | 2 | Unknown | February 18, 1854 | |
5 | Mount Agung | Sunda Arc, Bali | 1 | Unknown | 1843 | |
5 | Cosigüina | Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua | 4.25 | Unknown | January 20, 1835 | |
5 | Mount Galunggung | Sunda Arc, Java | 2 | Unknown | October 8, 1822 | |
7 | Mount Tambora[6] | Sunda Arc, Sumbawa | 144–213 | [17] | 37–50April 10, 1815 | 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora |
6? | Between Indonesia and Tonga[b] | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | c.1808 | Undocumented 1808 eruption[19] |
5 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 1.5 | Unknown | c.1800 | T (Goat Rocks) |
5 | Katla | Iceland | 1 | Unknown | 1755-10-17 | |
5 | Mount Tarumae | Hokkaidō | 4 | Unknown | 1739-08-18 | Ta-a |
5 | Katla | Iceland | 1 | Unknown | 1721-05-11 | |
5 | Mount Fuji | Honshū | 1.7 | Unknown | December 16, 1707 | Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji |
5 | Tangkoko | Sangihe Volcanic Arc | 1 | Unknown | 1680 | |
5 | Mount Gamkonora | Halmahera Volcanic Arc | 1 | Unknown | 1673-05-20 | |
5 | Mount Tarumae | Hokkaidō | 2.8 | Unknown | 1667-09-24 | Ta-b |
5 | Mount Usu | Hokkaidō | 2.78 | Unknown | 1663-08-16 | |
6 | Long Island, PNG | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 21 | [20] | 12c.1660 | Tibito tephra |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | Unknown | 1652 CE ±11 | SH1 |
5 | Mount Melibengoy[21] | Mindanao, Philippines | 1 | Unknown | December 26, 1640 | |
5 | Komagatake | Hokkaidō | 2.9 | Unknown | 1640-07-31 | Ko-d |
5 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 1.1 | Unknown | 1631-12-16 | |
5 | Furnas | São Miguel Island, Azores | 2.1 | Unknown | 1630-09-03 | |
5 | Katla | Iceland | 1 | Unknown | 1625-09-02 | |
6 | Huaynaputina | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | 34–35 | [22][23] | 12.2February 19, 1600 | |
5 | Raung | Sunda Arc, Java | 1 | Unknown | 1593 CE | |
5 | Kelud | Sunda Arc, Java | 1 | Unknown | c.1586 | |
6 | Billy Mitchell | Bougainville & Solomon Is. | 13.5 | Unknown | c.1580 | BM2 |
5 | Água de Pau | São Miguel Island, Azores | 1.3 | Unknown | 1563-06-28 / 1563-07-26 | |
5 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 1.5 | Unknown | c.1482 | We (Kalama) |
5 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 7.7 | Unknown | c.1480 | Wn (Kalama) |
6 | Bárðarbunga | Iceland | 10 | Unknown | c.1477 | Veidivatnahraun |
6 | Öræfajökull | Iceland | 10 | Unknown | June 5, 1362 | |
6 | Quilotoa | Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone | 21 | Unknown | c.1280 | |
5 | Katla | Iceland | 1 | 1262 CE | ||
7 | Mount Samalas | Lombok Island | 81–92 | [24] | 33–40c.1257 | 1257 Samalas eruption[c] |
5 | Mount Asama | Honshū | 1.3 | Unknown | August 29, 1108 | Tennin eruption (1108) |
5 | Hekla | Iceland | 1.2 | Unknown | c.1104 | H1 tephra |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 1034 CE ±11 | SH2 | |
5 | Billy Mitchell | Bougainville & Solomon Is. | 7 | 1030 CE | BM1 | |
6 | Baekdu Mountain[6] | Balhae (China – North Korea border) | 40–98 | [26] | 10–64c.946 | Millennium eruption Baegdusan-Tomakomai Tephra |
5 | Towada[27] | Honshū | 6.54 | Unknown | c.915 | Eruption episode A |
6 | Mount Churchill | eastern Alaska | 50 | 847 CE ±1 | WRAe | |
6 | Rabaul | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 24 | Unknown | c.683 | Rabaul Pyroclastics |
6 | Dakataua | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 10 | 653 CE ±18 | Dk | |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 650 CE ±40 | SH3 | |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 600 CE | ||
5 | Mount Haruna | Honshū | 1.6 | 550 CE ±10 | Futatsudake-Ikaho eruption | |
6-7 | Unknown source | Unknown[d] | Unknown | Unknown | c.536 | Volcanic winter of 536 |
5 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 1.2 | Unknown | c.472 | Pollena |
6 | Lake Ilopango | Central America Volcanic Arc, El Salvador | 104–207 | [28][29] | 44–95c.430 | Tierra Blanca Joven eruption |
5 | Akutan | Aleutian Arc | 1 | 340 | Akutan tephra | |
7 | Taupō Volcano[6] | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 110 | Unknown | [e] | c.232Hatepe eruption |
5 | Masaya[6] | Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua | 6.6 | 150 | Masaya Tuff | |
5 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 3.25 | Unknown | [f] | c.79Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 |
6 | Ambrym | Vanuatu | 70 | Unknown | c.50 | Ambrym Pyroclastic Series |
Before Common Era (BCE)
editVEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot |
Material volume (km3) | Date | Age (ka)[30] |
Tephra or eruption name | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk | DRE | ||||||
6 | Okmok Caldera | Umnak, Aleutian Arc | [31] | 25+[32] | 15+43 BCE | 2 | Okmok II |
5 | Etna | Campanian volcanic arc | 1 | Unknown | 122 BCE | 2.1 | S flank, summit (Cratere del Piano caldera) |
6 | Raoul Island | Kermadec Islands | 28.8 | Unknown | 250 BCE | 2.2 | Fleetwood |
5 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 1.2 | Unknown | 530 BCE | 2.5 | Ps/Pu (Pine Creek) |
5 | Mount Tarumae | Hokkaidō | 3.3 | 550 BCE | Ta-c | ||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | 1 | 780 BCE | SH5 | ||
5 | Mount Fuji | Honshū | 1 | 930 BCE | Upper SE flank, Tephra layer Zu | ||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | > 1 | 950 BCE | |||
6 | Mount Pinatubo | Luzon Volcanic Arc | 12.5 | Unknown | 1050 BCE | 3 | Maraunot eruptive period |
5 | Hekla | Iceland | 7.5 | 1100 BCE ±50 | H3 tephra | ||
5 | Mount Tarawera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 8 | 1310 BCE ±12 | Kaharoa eruption | ||
5 | Mount Fuji | Honshū | 1 | 1350 BCE | Tephra layer Os | ||
5 | Avachinsky | Kamchatka | 1.75 | Unknown | 1350 BCE | 3.3 | Tephra layer IIAV3 |
6 | Taupō Volcano | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 17 | Unknown | 1460 BCE | 3.4 | Waimihia eruption |
5 | Avachinsky | Kamchatka | ≥ 3.6 | Unknown | 1500 BCE | 3.5 | Tephra layer AV1 |
5 | Hayes Volcano | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 8.1 | 1550 BCE | Hayes Tephra set H | ||
6 | Youngest Caldera, Santorini | South Aegean Volcanic Arc | [33] | 34.51610 BCE | 3.6 | Minoan eruption | |
6 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 15.3 | Unknown | 1860 BCE | 3.8 | Yn (Smith Creek) |
6 | Mount Hudson | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone | 12 | Unknown | 1890 BCE | 3.8 | |
5 | Mount Dana | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 1 | 1890 BCE | 1890 BCE eruption | ||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | > 1 | 2000 BCE | SHsp | ||
6-7 | Deception Island[34] | South Shetland Islands | Unknown | 30-60 | 1960 BCE | 4 | Outer Coast Tuff |
6 | Long Island, PNG | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | > 10 | Unknown | 2040 BCE | 4 | biliau beds |
5 | Rungwe | Great Rift Valley, Tanzania | 2.2 | 2050 BCE | Rungwe pumice | ||
5 | Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima | Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc | 1.2 | 2050 BCE | Mitsune-7 scoria | ||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | > 1 | 2100 BCE | SHsp | ||
7 | Paektu Mountain | Balhae (China – North Korea border) | Unknown | Unknown | 2264 BCE? | 4.2–5.1[35] | Tianwenfeng eruption |
7 | Cerro Blanco (Argentina) | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | 172 | [36] | 8–832300 BCE | 4.3 | |
5 | Hekla | Iceland | 5.6 | 2310 BCE ±20 | H4 tephra | ||
5 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 1.2 | Unknown | 2340 BCE | 4.3 | Yb (Smith Creek) |
5 | Piton de la Fournaise | Réunion | 1.8 | 2700 BCE | Bellecombe Ash Member | ||
5 | Ilyinsky | Kamchatka | 1.3 | 2850 BCE | ZLT-tephra; IL-tephra | ||
5 | Água de Pau | São Miguel Island, Azores | 5.4 | 2990 BCE | Fogo A | ||
5 | Lake Numazawa[27] | Honshū | 4.71 | 3400 BCE | |||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 3500 BCE | |||
6 | Mount Pinatubo | Luzon Volcanic Arc | 12? | Unknown | 3550 BCE | 5.5 | Crow Valley eruptive period |
7 | Taal Volcano | Luzon Volcanic Arc | 150> | [37] | 903580 BCE | 5.5 | Taal scoria pyroclastic flow |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 3650 BCE | |||
5 | Kaguyak | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 3.9 | 3850 BCE | Caldera formation | ||
6 | Masaya Volcano | Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua | 14.8 | Unknown | 4050 BCE | 6 | |
5 | Towada | Honshū | 9.18 | 4150 BCE | eruption episode C | ||
5 | Apoyeque | Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua | 1.9 | 4160 BCE ±30 | Laguna Xiloá | ||
5 | Avachinsky | Kamchatka | ≥ 4 | Unknown | 4340 BCE | 6.3 | Tephra layer IAv12; AV4 |
6-7 | Macauley Island | Kermadec Islands | ⩽ 100 | Unknown | 4360 BCE | 6.3 | |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 4400 BCE | |||
5 | Komagatake | Hokkaidō | 3 | 4600 BCE ±50 | Ko-g | ||
5 | Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima | Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc | 1.2 | 4650 BCE | Mitsune-5 scoria | ||
6 | Mount Hudson | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone | 18 | Unknown | 4750 BCE | 6.7 | |
5 | Ksudach | Kamchatka | 7.5 | 4900 BCE | KS2 | ||
5 | Tavui | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 5.75 | 4946 BCE ±40 | Raluan Pyroclastics | ||
5 | Hekla | Iceland | 1.7 | 5150 BCE | H5 tephra | ||
5 | Ksudach | Kamchatka | 3 | 5200 BCE | KS3 | ||
5 | Ichinsky | Kamchatka | 2.5 | 5400 BCE | |||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | 1.2 | 5500 BCE | |||
6 | Lake Mashū | Hokkaidō | 18.6 | Unknown | 5550 BCE | 7.5 | Ma-f/g/h/i/j |
6 | Khangar | Kamchatka | 15 | Unknown | 5700 BCE | 7.7 | KHG tephra |
5 | Avachinsky | Kamchatka | 9 | Unknown | 5980 BCE | 7.9 | Tephra layer IAv2 |
6 | Menengai | East African Rift | 70 | Unknown | 6050 BCE | 8 | |
5 | Mount Tarawera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1.2 | 6060 BCE ±50 | Haroharo (Te Horoa & other domes) | ||
5 | Makushin Volcano | Unalaska, Aleutian Arc | 7.5 | 6100 BCE ±50 | |||
6 | Karkar Island | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 20 | Unknown | 6318 BCE | 8.3 | Wadau deposit |
5 | Kizimen | Kamchatka | 4.9 | 6400 BCE ±50 | KZII | ||
6 | Karymsky | Kamchatka | 14.5 | Unknown | 6600 BCE | 8.6 | Tephra layer KRM |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | 1 | 6800 BCE | |||
5 | Mount Tarumae | Hokkaidō | 1.9 | 6950 BCE | Ta-d | ||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 7150 BCE | |||
5 | Towada | Honshū | 2.5 | 7250 BCE | eruption episode E | ||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 1 | 7300 BCE | |||
6 | Mount Pinatubo | Luzon Volcanic Arc | ⩾10 | Unknown | 7460 BCE | 9.4 | Tayawan caldera, Pasbul eruptive period |
5 | Mount Tarawera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 7560 BCE ±18 | Lake Rotoma | |||
6 | Água de Pau | São Miguel Island, Azores | 11.5 | Unknown | 8000 BCE | 10 | Inner Caldera Formation |
7 | Semisopochnoi Island | Aleutian Arc | 120 | Unknown | 8000 BCE | 10 | |
5 | Kizimen | Kamchatka | 4 | 8050 BCE | KZI | ||
6 | Grímsvötn | Iceland | 15 | Unknown | 8230 BCE | 10.2 | Saksunarvatn tephra |
5 | Lake Ngozi | Great Rift Valley, Tanzania | 7 | 8250 BCE | Kitulo pumice | ||
5 | Towada | Honshū | 1.3 | 8250 BCE | eruption episode F | ||
6 | Longonot | Great Rift Valley, Kenya | 50 | Unknown | 8910 BCE | 10.9 | |
5 | Mount Tongariro | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1 | 9350 BCE | |||
5 | Mount Tongariro | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1 | 9450 BCE | Poutu Lapilli (Mangamate) | ||
5 | Mount Tongariro | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1 | 9650 BCE |
Exact year unknown
editVEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot |
Material volume bulk (km3) |
Date (earliest est.) |
Date (latest est.) |
Tephra or eruption name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | Sakurajima | Kyūshū | 1 | c.1471 | c.1476 | |
5 | Mount Pinatubo | Luzon Volcanic Arc | 1 | c.1400 | c.1500 | Buag eruptive period |
5 | El Chichón | Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc | 2.8 | c.1260 | c.1460 | |
5 | Ubinas | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | 2.8 | c.1000 | c.1164 | |
5 | Lake Mashū | Hokkaidō | 4.6 | c.980 | c.1180 | Ma-b |
5 | Puyehue | Andean Volcanic Belt | 4.32 | c.785 | c.935 | MH tephra |
6 | Ceboruco | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 10.95 | c.730 | c.1130 | Jala Pumice |
5 | El Chichón | Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc | > 1 | c.680 | c.880 | tephra unit D |
6 | Pago | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 20 | c.635 | c.785 | Witori-Galilo tephra |
5 | Pago | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 6 | c.600 | c.780 | Witori-Kimbe 4 tephra |
5 | Opala | Kamchatka | 3.7 | c.560 | c.660 | Baranii Amphitheatre crater |
5 | Pago | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 6 | c.210 | c.410 | Witori-Kimbe 3 tephra |
6 | Mount Churchill | eastern Alaska | 10 | c.145 | c.345 | WRAn |
6 | Ksudach | Kamchatka | 18.5 | c.140 | c.340 | KS1 |
5 | Furnas | São Miguel Island, Azores | 1.54 | 20 BCE | c.180 | Tephra layer C |
6 | Apoyeque | Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua | 18 | 150 BCE | c.50 | |
5 | Masaya[6] | Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua | 3.4 | 270 BCE | 70 BCE | Masaya Tuff |
5 | Popocatépetl | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 3.2 | 500 BCE | c.100 | I.A1 Yellow Pumice |
5 | Mount Meager massif | Garibaldi Volcanic Belt | ⩾ 1 | 610 BCE | 210 BCE | Bridge River eruption |
5 | Mount Tongariro | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1.2 | 750 BCE | 350 BCE | |
5 | Khodutka | Kamchatka | 1.25 | 1030 BCE | 830 BCE | KHD tephra |
5 | Yantarni Volcano | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 1 | 1300 BCE | 300 BCE | |
6 | Pago | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 30 | 1530 BCE | 1210 BCE | Witori-Kimbe 2 tephra |
5 | Etna | Campanian volcanic arc | 1 | 1550 BCE | 1450 BCE | |
6 | Mount Aniakchak | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 50 | 1636 BCE | 1446 BCE | Aniakch |
5 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 3.5 | 1870 BCE | 1670 BCE | Ye (Smith Creek) ak II |
5 | Villarrica | Andean Volcanic Belt | 3.3 | 2010 BCE | 1610 BCE | Pucón Ignimbrite |
6 | Black Peak | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 30 | 2050 BCE | 1750 BCE | |
5 | El Chichón | Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc | 2 | 2130 BCE | 1930 BCE | Unit K (SI; Espindola 2000) Unit E (Macias 1997) |
5 | Mount Galunggung | Sunda Arc, Java | 1 | 2400 BCE | 2100 BCE | |
6 | Mount Veniaminof | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | > 50 | 2455 BCE | 2153 BCE | V2 |
6 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 2.0 | 2460 BCE | 2380 BCE | Avellino eruption |
5 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | 1.8 | 2650 BCE | 1650 BCE | Agnano Monte Spina |
5 | Lake Ikeda | Kyūshū | 2.3 | 2765 BCE | 2615 BCE | Ikeda-ko caldera, Tephra layer Ikp |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | > 1 | 2920 BCE | 2320 BCE | SHdv |
5-6 | Fisher Caldera | Unimak, Aleutian Arc | 5.5 (DRE) | 3245 BCE | 3095 BCE | Turquoise Cone |
5 | Chaitén | Andean Volcanic Belt | 4.7 | 3320 BCE | 2880 BCE | Cha2/Mic2 tephra |
5 | Avachinsky | Kamchatka | 1.5 | 3350 BCE | 3050 BCE | Tephra layer IAv20; AV3 |
5 | Mount Tarawera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 6 | 3621 BCE | 3431 BCE | Whakatane tephra |
5 | Popocatépetl | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | ⩾ 5 | 4000 BCE | 3400 BCE | I.A1 Yellow Pumice |
5 | Apoyeque | Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua | 1 | 4050 BCE | 1050 BCE | W Chiltepe Peninsula, Mateare Tephra |
6 | Pago | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 10 | 4210 BCE | 3790 BCE | Witori-Kimbe 1 tephra |
5 | Hekla | Iceland | 1 | 4210 BCE | 4010 BCE | Hekla Ö tephra |
5 | Mayor Island / Tūhua | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1.6 | 5260 BCE | 4860 BCE | Taratimi Bay |
5 | Puyehue | Andean Volcanic Belt | 1.66 | 5230 BCE | 4930 BCE | PU-2 tephra |
7 | Kikai Caldera | Ryukyu Islands | [g] | 170–1855353 BCE | 5215 BCE | Akahoya eruption |
7 | Crater Lake (as Mount Mazama) |
Cascade Volcanic Arc | [h] | 1205832 BCE | 5734 BCE | Mazama Tephra |
5-6 | Crater Lake | Cascade Volcanic Arc | > 9 | 5950 BCE | 5850 BCE | Lower Pumice, Llao Rock |
6 | Mount Aniakchak | Aleutian Arc | 30 | 7550 BCE | 5050 BCE | Aniakchak I |
6 | Tao-Rusyr Caldera | Onekotan, Kuril Islands | 55 | 6438 BCE | 6258 BCE | |
7 | Kurile Lake | Kamchatka | 155 | 6462 BCE | 6416 BCE | Ilinsky eruption |
5 | Pico de Orizaba | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 1 | 6860 BCE | 6560 BCE | Upper Citlaltépetl ignimbrite |
5-6 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 5.1 | 7040 BCE | 6840 BCE | Mercato eruption |
6 | Okmok Caldera | Umnak, Aleutian Arc | 75 | 8456 BCE | 6096 BCE | Okmok I |
6 | Morne Trois Pitons | Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc | 58 | 7535 BCE | 7347 BCE | PPR3 - Link fall |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 7550 BCE | 7250 BCE | |
5 | Calbuco | Southern Chile & Argentina | 1 | 7585 BCE | 5935 BCE | Ca8 tephra layer |
5 | Chaitén | Andean Volcanic Belt | 3.54 | 7950 BCE | 7550 BCE | Cha1 tephra |
5 | Roundtop Volcano | Unimak, Aleutian Arc | 7 | 8100 BCE | 7100 BCE | |
6 | Ulleung | South Korea | 28.5 | [40] | 8305 BCE[40] | 8227 BCEUlleungdo-Oki tephra |
5 | Taupō Volcano | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 4.8 | 8330 BCE | 7930 BCE | Unit E (Opepe Tephra) |
5 | Calbuco | Southern Chile & Argentina | 1 | 8615 BCE | 8305 BCE | Ca1 tephra layer |
6 | Lvinaya Past | Kuril Islands | 75 | 8756 BCE | 8614 BCE | |
6 | Aira | Kyūshū | 12 | 9050 BCE | 7050 BCE | Wakamiko Caldera |
5 | Askja | Iceland | 3.45 | 9110 BCE | 8710 BCE | Dyngjufjöll Tephra |
7 | Fisher Caldera | Unimak, Aleutian Arc | [i] | 1429114 BCE | 8330 BCE | Fisher Tuff |
5 | Taupō Volcano | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1 | 9315 BCE | 9165 BCE | 4 km W of Te Kohaiakahu Point, Unit C (Poronui) |
5 | Taupō Volcano | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1.4 | 9660 BCE | 9260 BCE | |
5 | Hijiori | Honshū | 2.3 | 10050 BCE | 9050 BCE | Obanazawa Pumice |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Similar in scale to Mount St. Helens in 1980.[12][13]
- ^ At least three different volcanic eruptions contributed to the sulfate spike[18]
- ^ May have triggered the Little Ice Age[25]
- ^ Radical and far-ranging global effects. At least three separate eruptions contributed to the sulfate spike and climatic impact.
- ^ Sources give either ±5 or ±10
- ^ First definite record of a volcanic eruption written by Pliny the Younger in 79 AD.
- ^ 70–80 DRE[38]
- ^ 61 DRE[39]
- ^ 10–100 DRE[41]
References
edit- ^ "Tonga volcano triggered seafloor debris stampede". BBC News. 2023-09-08. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
- ^ Cronin, Shane (12 January 2023). "A year on, we know why the Tongan eruption was so violent. It's a wake-up call to watch other submarine volcanoes". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
- ^ Pistolesi, Marco; Cioni, Raffaello; Bonadonna, Costanza; Elissondo, Manuela; Baumann, Valerie; Bertagnini, Antonella; Chiari, Laura; Gonzales, Rafael; Rosi, Mauro; Francalanci, Lorella (2015-01-22). "Complex dynamics of small-moderate volcanic events: the example of the 2011 rhyolitic Cordón Caulle eruption, Chile". Bulletin of Volcanology. 77 (1): 3. Bibcode:2015BVol...77....3P. doi:10.1007/s00445-014-0898-3. hdl:11568/800962. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 128420641.
- ^ Kratzmann, David, et al. (2009) "Compositional variations and magma mixing in the 1991 eruptions of Hudson volcano, Chile" Bulletin of Volcanology 71(4): pp. 419–439, p.419, doi:10.1007/s00445-008-0234-x
- ^ Scasso, Roberto A.; Corbella, Hugo; Tiberi, Pedro (1994-05-01). "Sedimentological analysis of the tephra from the 12–15 August 1991 eruption of Hudson volcano". Bulletin of Volcanology. 56 (2): 121–132. Bibcode:1994BVol...56..121S. doi:10.1007/BF00304107. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 129044198.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 230–259. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra. S2CID 131663534.
- ^ "Mt. Pinatubo, Luzon, Philippines". National Geophysical Data Center (U.S. NOAA). Retrieved December 2, 2007.
- ^ Wiesner, Martin G.; Wetzel, Andreas; Catane, Sandra G.; Listanco, Eddie L.; Mirabueno, Hannah T. (2004-03-01). "Grain size, areal thickness distribution and controls on sedimentation of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo tephra layer in the South China Sea". Bulletin of Volcanology. 66 (3): 226–242. Bibcode:2004BVol...66..226W. doi:10.1007/s00445-003-0306-x. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 128818475.
- ^ Carey, Steven; Sigurdsson, Haraldur (1986-06-01). "The 1982 eruptions of El Chichon volcano, Mexico (2): Observations and numerical modelling of tephra-fall distribution". Bulletin of Volcanology. 48 (2): 127–141. Bibcode:1986BVol...48..127C. doi:10.1007/BF01046547. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 128515240.
- ^ "Mount St. Helens – From the 1980 eruption to 2000". United States Geological Survey. 2000. Fact Sheet 036-00. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
- ^ Carey, S.; Gardner, J.; Sigurdsson, H. (1995-07-01). "The intensity and magnitude of Holocene plinian eruptions from Mount St. Helens volcano". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. Models of Magnetic Processes and Volcanic Eruptions. 66 (1): 185–202. Bibcode:1995JVGR...66..185C. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(94)00059-P. ISSN 0377-0273.
- ^ Gorshkov, G. S. (December 1959). "Gigantic eruption of the volcano bezymianny" (PDF). Bulletin Volcanologique. 20 (1): 77–109. Bibcode:1959BVol...20...77G. doi:10.1007/BF02596572. S2CID 129408765.
- ^ Kirianov, Vladimir Yu (1994). "Volcanic Ash in Kamchatka as a Source of Potential Hazard to Air Traffic" (PDF). In Casadevall, Thomas J. (ed.). Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. Vol. 2047. p. 60.
- ^ Rebolledo, Alejandro; Castruccio, Angelo; Aravena, Álvaro (2022). "Effusive–explosive transition on eruptions at Quizapu volcano: Re-analysis of the 1846-1847 and 1932 eruptions and conduit flow modeling". IAVCEI Scientific Assembly 2023: 883.
- ^ a b Hildreth, Wes; Fierstein, Judy (2012). The Novarupta-Katmai Eruption of 1912—Largest Eruption of the Twentieth Century: Centennial Perspectives. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1791, 259 p.
- ^ Self, Stephen (1992-10-01). "Krakatau revisited: The course of events and interpretation of the 1883 eruption". GeoJournal. 28 (2): 109–121. doi:10.1007/BF00177223. ISSN 1572-9893. S2CID 189890473.
- ^ Kandlbauer, J.; Sparks, R.S.J. (2014). "New estimates of the 1815 Tambora eruption volume". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 286: 93–100. Bibcode:2014JVGR..286...93K. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.08.020.
- ^ Plunkett, Gill; Sigl, Michael; McConnell, Joseph R.; Pilcher, Jonathan R.; Chellman, Nathan J. (2023-02-01). "The significance of volcanic ash in Greenland ice cores during the Common Era". Quaternary Science Reviews. 301: 107936. Bibcode:2023QSRv..30107936P. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107936. ISSN 0277-3791. S2CID 181849906.
- ^ South Dakota State University (December 7, 2009). "Undocumented volcano contributed to extremely cold decade from 1810-1819". ScienceDaily.
- ^ Blong, Russell J.; Kurbatov, Andrei V. (2020). "Steps and missteps on the path to a 1665–1668 CE date for the VEI 6 eruption of Long Island, Papua New Guinea". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 395: 106828. Bibcode:2020JVGR..39506828B. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106828. S2CID 216171098.
- ^ Briffa, K. R.; Jones, P. D.; Schweingruber, F. H.; Osborn, T. J. (1998-06-04). "Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years". Nature. 393 (6684): 450–455. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..450B. doi:10.1038/30943. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4392636.
- ^ Prival, J.-M.; Thouret, J.-C.; Japura, S.; Gurioli, L.; Bonadonna, C.; Mariño, J.; Cueva, K. (2019-12-18). "New insights into eruption source parameters of the 1600 CE Huaynaputina Plinian eruption, Peru". Bulletin of Volcanology. 82 (1): 7. Bibcode:2019BVol...82....7P. doi:10.1007/s00445-019-1340-7. hdl:20.500.12544/2478. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 209392997.
- ^ Adams, Nancy K.; de Silva, Shanaka L.; Self, Stephen; Salas, Guido; Schubring, Steven; Permenter, Jason L.; Arbesman, Kendra (2001-04-01). "The physical volcanology of the 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina, southern Peru". Bulletin of Volcanology. 62 (8): 493–518. Bibcode:2001BVol...62..493A. doi:10.1007/s004450000105. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 129649755.
- ^ Vidal, Céline M.; Komorowski, Jean-Christophe; Métrich, Nicole; Pratomo, Indyo; Kartadinata, Nugraha; Prambada, Oktory; Michel, Agnès; Carazzo, Guillaume; Lavigne, Franck; Rodysill, Jessica; Fontijn, Karen; Surono (2015). "Dynamics of the major plinian eruption of Samalas in 1257 A.D. (Lombok, Indonesia)". Bulletin of Volcanology. 77 (9): 73. Bibcode:2015BVol...77...73V. doi:10.1007/s00445-015-0960-9. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 127929333.
- ^ Klemetti, Erik (September 30, 2013). "Samalas in Indonesia Identified as Source of the 1257 A.D. 'Missing' Eruption". WIRED. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014.
- ^ Yang, Qingyuan; Jenkins, Susanna F.; Lerner, Geoffrey A.; Li, Weiran; Suzuki, Takehiko; McLean, Danielle; Derkachev, A. N.; Utkin, I. V.; Wei, Haiquan; Xu, Jiandong; Pan, Bo (2021-10-23). "The Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan Tianchi Volcano is VEI 6, not 7". Bulletin of Volcanology. 83 (11): 74. Bibcode:2021BVol...83...74Y. doi:10.1007/s00445-021-01487-8. hdl:10356/160061. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 239461051.
- ^ a b Yamamoto, Takahiro (2014). "Cumulative volume step-diagrams for eruptive magmas from major Quaternary volcanoes in Japan". gsj.jp (in Japanese). National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
- ^ Smith, Victoria C.; Costa, Antonio; Aguirre-Díaz, Gerardo; Pedrazzi, Dario; Scifo, Andrea; Plunkett, Gill; Poret, Mattieu; Tournigand, Pierre-Yves; Miles, Dan; Dee, Michael W.; McConnell, Joseph R.; Sunyé-Puchol, Ivan; Harris, Pablo Dávila; Sigl, Michael; Pilcher, Jonathan R. (2020-10-20). "The magnitude and impact of the 431 CE Tierra Blanca Joven eruption of Ilopango, El Salvador". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (42): 26061–26068. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11726061S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2003008117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7584997. PMID 32989145.
- ^ Dull, Robert A.; Southon, John R.; Kutterolf, Steffen; Anchukaitis, Kevin J.; Freundt, Armin; Wahl, David B.; Sheets, Payson; Amaroli, Paul; Hernandez, Walter; Wiemann, Michael C.; Oppenheimer, Clive (2019). "Radiocarbon and geologic evidence reveal Ilopango volcano as source of the colossal 'mystery' eruption of 539/40 CE". Quaternary Science Reviews. 222: 105855. Bibcode:2019QSRv..22205855D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.07.037. S2CID 202190161.
- ^ start from 1950 CE
- ^ Burgisser, Alain (2005-07-01). "Physical volcanology of the 2,050 bp caldera-forming eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska". Bulletin of Volcanology. 67 (6): 497–525. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0391-5. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 53577642.
- ^ Larsen, Jessica F.; Neal, Christina; Schaefer, Janet; Beget, Jim; Nye, Chris (2007), Eichelberger, John; Gordeev, Evgenii; Izbekov, Pavel; Kasahara, Minoru (eds.), "Late Pleistocene and Holocene caldera-forming eruptions of Okmok Caldera, Aleutian Islands, Alaska", Geophysical Monograph Series, 172, Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union: 343–364, Bibcode:2007GMS...172..343L, doi:10.1029/172gm24, ISBN 978-0-87590-436-8, retrieved 2023-01-22
- ^ Karstens, Jens; Preine, Jonas; Crutchley, Gareth J.; Kutterolf, Steffen; van der Bilt, Willem G. M.; Hooft, Emilie E. E.; Druitt, Timothy H.; Schmid, Florian; Cederstrøm, Jan Magne; Hübscher, Christian; Nomikou, Paraskevi; Carey, Steven; Kühn, Michel; Elger, Judith; Berndt, Christian (2023-04-29). "Revised Minoan eruption volume as benchmark for large volcanic eruptions". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 2497. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.2497K. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38176-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10148807. PMID 37120623.
- ^ Antoniades, Dermot; Giralt, Santiago; Geyer, Adelina; Álvarez-Valero, Antonio M.; Pla-Rabes, Sergi; Granados, Ignacio; Liu, Emma J.; Toro, Manuel; Smellie, John L.; Oliva, Marc (22 November 2018). "The timing and widespread effects of the largest Holocene volcanic eruption in Antarctica". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 17279. Bibcode:2018NatSR...817279A. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35460-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6250685. PMID 30467408.
- ^ Bo Pan; Shanaka L. de Silva; Jiandong Xu; Songjun Liu; Dan Xu (2020). "Late Pleistocene to present day eruptive history of the Changbaishan-Tianchi Volcano, China/DPRK: New field, geochronological and chemical constraints". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 399: 106870. Bibcode:2020JVGR..39906870P. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106870. S2CID 218936429.
- ^ Báez, W.; Bustos, E.; Chiodi, A.; Reckziegel, F.; Arnosio, M.; de Silva, S.; Giordano, G.; Viramonte, J.G.; Sampietro-Vattuone, M.M.; Peña-Monné, J.L. (2020). "Eruptive style and flow dynamics of the pyroclastic density currents related to the Holocene Cerro Blanco eruption (Southern Puna plateau, Argentina)". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 98: 102482. Bibcode:2020JSAES..9802482B. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102482. S2CID 212955749.
- ^ Withoos, Yannick (2022): A study of the stratigraphy, lithofacies and geochemistry of Taal Caldera Volcano, Philippines, and its implications for the understanding of flooded caldera volcanoes. University of Leicester. Thesis. doi:10.25392/leicester.data.20342964.v1
- ^ Maeno, F.; Taniguchi, H. (2007). "Spatiotemporal evolution of a marine caldera-forming eruption, generating a low-aspect ratio pyroclastic flow, 7.3 ka, Kikai caldera, Japan: Implication from near-vent eruptive deposits". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 167 (1–4): 212–238. Bibcode:2007JVGR..167..212M. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.05.003.
- ^ Buckland, Hannah M.; Cashman, Katharine V.; Engwell, Samantha L.; Rust, Alison C. (2020-02-06). "Sources of uncertainty in the Mazama isopachs and the implications for interpreting distal tephra deposits from large magnitude eruptions". Bulletin of Volcanology. 82 (3): 23. Bibcode:2020BVol...82...23B. doi:10.1007/s00445-020-1362-1. hdl:1983/7066de89-c67e-4dc8-8c33-335fb23d5f9c. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 211038738.
- ^ a b Victoria C. Smith; et al. (2013-05-01). "Identification and correlation of visible tephras in the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sedimentary archive, Japan: chronostratigraphic markers for synchronising of east Asian/west Pacific palaeoclimatic records across the last 150 ka". Quaternary Science Reviews. 67: 121–137. Bibcode:2013QSRv...67..121S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.026.
- ^ Stelling, Pete; Gardner, James E.; Begét, James (2005). "Eruptive history of Fisher Caldera, Alaska, USA". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 139 (3–4): 163–183. Bibcode:2005JVGR..139..163S. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.08.006.