Bandwings, or band-winged grasshoppers, are the subfamily Oedipodinae[1] of grasshoppers classified under the family Acrididae. They have a worldwide distribution and were originally elevated to full family status as the Oedipodidae.[2] Many species primarily inhabit xeric weedy fields, and some are considered to be important locusts:
- Locusta migratoria: the migratory locust
- Chortoicetes terminifera: the Australian plague locust
- Locustana pardalina the brown locust
Bandwings | |
---|---|
Austroicetes vulgaris | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Orthoptera |
Suborder: | Caelifera |
Family: | Acrididae |
Subfamily: | Oedipodinae Walker, 1871 |
Tribes | |
See text | |
Synonyms | |
Locustidae Kirby, 1825 |
These grasshoppers often have colorful hindwings that may be yellow or red and edged with black. Others have black hindwings with pale edges, and a few species (including the most economically important ones) have clear hindwings. The arolium is extremely small or absent.
Defense
editWhen bandwings feel safe, they appear drab. When they feel threatened, they leap out to reveal bold and bright colors. Some predators might even mistake the blue-winged grasshopper for a butterfly. But when the predator looks for the grasshopper, it is hiding in the grass. Bandwings continue this process if the predator tries to attack them.
Tribes and genera
editThe Orthoptera Species File lists the following:[3]
Tribe Acrotylini
editAuth. Shumakov 1963; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia
Tribe Anconiini
editAuth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic)
- Anconia Scudder, 1876
Tribe Arphiini
editAuth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America
- Arphia Stål, 1873
- Lactista Saussure, 1884 (synonym Rehnita[4])
- Leuronotina Hebard, 1932
- Tomonotus Saussure, 1861
Tribe Bryodemini
editAuth. Bei-Bienko 1930; distribution: mostly central Asia
- Andrea Mishchenko, 1989
- Angaracris Bei-Bienko, 1930
- Bryodema Fieber, 1853
- Bryodemacris Benediktov, 1998
- Bryodemella Yin, 1982 (Eastern Europe and temperate Asia)
- Compsorhipis Saussure, 1889
- Uvaroviola Bei-Bienko, 1930
Tribe Chortophagini
editAuth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America
- Chimarocephala Scudder, 1875
- Chortophaga Saussure, 1884
- Encoptolophus Scudder, 1875
- Nebulatettix Gómez, Lightfoot & Miller, 2012
- Shotwellia Gurney, 1940
Tribe Epacromiini
editAuth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia through to New Caledonia
- Aiolopus Fieber, 1853
- Demirsoyus Sirin & Çiplak, 2004
- Epacromius Uvarov, 1942
- Heteropternis Stål, 1873
- Hilethera Uvarov, 1923
- Jasomenia Bolívar, 1914
- Paracinema Fischer, 1853
- Parahilethera Zheng & Ren, 2007
- Platypygius Uvarov, 1942
Tribe Hippiscini
editAuth. Otte, 1984; distribution: Americas
- Agymnastus Scudder, 1897
- Camnula Stål, 1873
- Cratypedes Scudder, 1876
- Hadrotettix Scudder, 1876
- Heliastus Saussure, 1884
- Hippiscus Saussure, 1861 (monotypic)
- Leprus Saussure, 1861
- Pardalophora Saussure, 1884
- Sticthippus Scudder, 1892
- Xanthippus Saussure, 1884
Tribe Locustini
editAuth. Kirby, 1825; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia
- subtribe Locustina Kirby, 1825
- Locusta Linnaeus, 1758 (monotypic)
- Oedaleus Fieber, 1853
- Psophus Fieber, 1853 - monotypic Psophus stridulus
- subtribe undetermined
- Brunnerella Saussure, 1888
- Chifanicus Benediktov, 2001
- Gastrimargus Saussure, 1884
- Grammoscapha Uvarov, 1942
- Locustana Uvarov, 1921
- Pternoscirta Saussure, 1884
- Ptetica Saussure, 1884
- Pycnodictya Stål, 1873
- Pyrgodera Fischer von Waldheim, 1846
- Scintharista Saussure, 1884
Tribe Macherocerini
editAuth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic)
- Machaerocera Saussure, 1859
Tribe Oedipodini
editAuth. Walker, 1871; distribution: N. Africa, Europe, Asia
- Celes Saussure, 1884
- Mioscirtus Saussure, 1888
- Ochyracris Zheng, 1991
- Oedipoda Latreille, 1829
- Oedipodacris Willemse, 1932
Tribe Parapleurini
editAuth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893[5] (synonym Parapleuri); distribution: N. America, Europe, Asia
- Ceracris Walker, 1870
- Ceracrisoides Liu, 1985
- Formosacris Willemse, 1951
- Mecostethus Fieber, 1852
- Parapleurodes Ramme, 1941
- Stethophyma Fischer, 1853
- Yiacris Zheng & Chen, 1993
Tribe Psinidiini
editAuth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America
- Derotmema Scudder, 1876
- Hippopedon Saussure, 1861 (synonym Platylactista[6])
- Mestobregma Scudder, 1876
- Metator McNeill, 1901
- Psinidia Stål, 1873
- Trachyrhachys Scudder, 1876
- Trepidulus McNeill, 1901
Tribe Sphingonotini
editAuth. Johnston, 1956; distribution: worldwide, esp. Africa, Europe, Asia
- Conipoda Saussure, 1884
- Cophotylus Krauss, 1902
- Eusphingoderus Bei-Bienko, 1950
- Eusphingonotus Bey-Bienko, 1950
- Heliopteryx Uvarov, 1914
- Helioscirtus Saussure, 1884
- Hyalorrhipis Saussure, 1884
- Microtes Scudder, 1900
- Phaeonotus Popov, 1951
- Pseudoceles Bolívar, 1899
- Quadriverticis Zheng, 1999
- Sphingoderus Bei-Bienko, 1950
- Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852 - type species: Sphingonotus caerulans[7]
- Tetramerotropis Saussure, 1888
- Thalpomena Saussure, 1884
- Vosseleriana Uvarov, 1924
Tribe Trilophidiini
editAuth. Shumakov 1963; distribution: Africa, Asia (monotypic tribe)
- Trilophidia Stål, 1873
Tribe Trimerotropini
editAuth. Blatchley, 1920; distribution: Americas
- Circotettix Scudder, 1876
- Conozoa Saussure, 1884
- Dissosteira Scudder, 1876
- Spharagemon Scudder, 1875
- Trimerotropis Stål, 1873
Tribe Tropidolophini
editAuth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic tribe)
- Tropidolophus Thomas, 1873 - monotypic Tropidolophus formosus
Genera incertae sedis
edit- Angaracrisoides Gong & Zheng, 2003
- Asphingoderus Bei-Bienko, 1950
- Atympanum Yin, 1982
- Aulocaroides Werner, 1913
- Aurilobulus Yin, 1979
- Austroicetes Uvarov, 1925
- Brancsikellus Berg, 1899
- Chloebora Saussure, 1884
- Chondronotulus Uvarov, 1956
- Chortoicetes Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
- Crinita Dirsh, 1949
- Cyanicaudata Yin, 1979
- Diraneura Scudder, 1897
- Dittopternis Saussure, 1884
- Elmisia Dirsh, 1949
- Eokingdonella Yin, 1984
- Eremoscopus Bei-Bienko, 1951
- Eurysternacris Chopard, 1947
- Fitzgeraldia Uvarov, 1952
- Flatovertex Zheng, 1981
- Granada Koçak & Kemal, 2008
- Homoeopternis Uvarov, 1953
- Humbe Bolívar, 1882
- Jinabia Uvarov, 1952
- Kinshaties Zheng, 1977
- Leptopternis Saussure, 1884
- Mecistopteryx Saussure, 1888
- Morphacris Walker, 1870
- Nepalacris Balderson & Yin, 1987
- Oreacris Bolívar, 1911
- Promesosternus Yin, 1982
- Pseudaiolopus Hollis, 1967
- Pycnocrania Uvarov, 1941
- Pycnodella Descamps, 1965
- Pycnodictya Stål, 1873
- Pycnostictus Saussure, 1884
- Qualetta Sjöstedt, 1921
- Rashidia Uvarov, 1933
- Tibetacris Chen, 1964
- Tmetonota Saussure, 1884
- Zimbabwea Miller, 1949
- †Mioedipoda Stidham & Stidham, 2000
- †Nymphacrida Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
- †Oedemastopoda Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
The genus Cibolacris was originally placed in Oedipodinae, and later moved to Gomphocerinae. The genus Stethophyma is traditionally included in Oedipodinae, but North American authors in particular sometimes place it in the Gomphocerinae or Acridinae. Some authors place all members of Oedipodinae within the subfamily Acridinae, and there has been much confusion and debate about the limits and relationships of the two subfamilies.[8] [9][10][11]
References
edit- ^ Orthoptera Species File (retrieved 28 January 2018)
- ^ Walker F (1871) Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum Supplement: 102
- ^ *Orthoptera Species File (retrieved 1 December 2018)
- ^ Hippopedon at Orthoptera Species File Online
- ^ Parapleurini at Orthoptera Species File Online
- ^ Lactista at Orthoptera Species File Online
- ^ Sphingonotus at Orthoptera species File Online
- ^ Cibolacris at Orthoptera Species File Online
- ^ Oedipodinae at Orthoptera Species File Online
- ^ Daniel Otte, 1982, 'The North American Grasshoppers, Volume 1: Acrididae: Gomphocerinae and Acridinae', Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674626607
- ^ DCF Rentz, RC Lewis, YN Su & MS Upton, 2003, 'A Guide to Australian Grasshoppers and Locusts', Natural History Publications (Borneo). ISBN 983-812-074-X , ISBN 978-983-812-074-6
External links
editData related to Oedipodinae at Wikispecies
Media related to Oedipodinae at Wikimedia Commons