Examine individual changes

'{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}} {{Infobox information appliance | name = Apple II Plus | logo = | image = [[File:Apple II Plus.jpg|250px]] | caption = Apple II Plus with no connections | developer = | manufacturer = [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer, Inc.]] | family = [[Apple II series]] | type = | generation = | releasedate = {{start date and age|1979|6}}<ref name="a2h-06"/> | lifespan = | price = $1195 (${{inflation|US|1195|1979}} accounting for inflation) | discontinued = {{End date|1982|12}}<ref name="a2h-06"/> | unitssold = | unitsshipped = | media = | os = [[Apple DOS]] (originally optional; later stock)<br/>[[Apple Pascal]] (optional)<br/>[[Apple ProDOS]] (optional) | power = | cpu = [[MOS Technology 6502]] | storage = [[Disk II]] (5.25", 140KB, Apple, later stock)<br/>[[Apple ProFile|ProFile]] (5MB/10MB, Apple)<br/>[[Macintosh External Disk Drive#Apple UniDisk 3.5|UniDisk 3.5]] (3.5", 800KB, Apple) | memory = 16KB, 32KB, 48KB, or 64KB | display = [[NTSC]] video out (built-in [[RCA connector]]) | graphics = Lo-res (40&times;48, 16-color)<br/>Hi-res (280&times;192, 6 color) | sound = 1-bit speaker (built-in)<br/>1-bit cassette input (built-in [[microphone jack]])<br/>1-bit cassette output (built-in [[headphone jack]]) | input = Upper-case keyboard, 52 keys | controllers = [[Paddle (game controller)|Paddles]] (Apple and third party)<br/>[[Joystick]] (Apple and third party)<br/>[[Apple Mouse]] (Apple)<br/>[[KoalaPad]] [[graphics pad]]/[[touchpad]] (third party) | camera = | touchpad = [[KoalaPad]] [[graphics pad]]/[[touchpad]] (third party) | connectivity = [[Parallel port]] card (Apple and third party); [[Serial port]] card (Apple and third party) | service = <!-- online service/s offered --> | dimensions = | weight = | topgame = | compatibility = [[Apple II]] (if Language Card installed) | predecessor = [[Apple II]] | successor = [[Apple IIe]] and [[Apple III]] | related = [[Applesoft BASIC]] | website = }} [[File:Bell and Howell Apple II.jpg|thumb|Bell & Howell Apple II Plus]] The '''Apple II Plus''' (stylized as '''Apple ][+''') is the second model of the [[Apple II series]] of [[personal computer]]s produced by [[Apple Computer, Inc.]] It was sold from June 1979 to December 1982.<ref name="a2h-06">{{cite web | url = http://apple2history.org/history/ah06/ | title = 6 - The Apple II Plus | first = Steven | last = Weyhrich | work = Apple II History | date = November 24, 2010 | accessdate = December 3, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606021306/http://apple2history.org/history/ah06/|archivedate=June 16, 2018 }}</ref>Approximately 250,000 II Pluses were sold during its four years in production before being replaced by the IIe in 1983. ==Features== ===Memory=== The Apple II Plus shipped with 16&nbsp;KB, 32&nbsp;KB or 48&nbsp;KB of main RAM, expandable to 64&nbsp;KB by means of the Language Card, an expansion card that could be installed in the computer's slot 0. The Apple's [[MOS Technology 6502|6502]] microprocessor could support a maximum of 64&nbsp;KB of [[address space]], and a machine with 48KB RAM reached this limit because of the additional 12&nbsp;KB of read-only memory and 4&nbsp;KB of I/O addresses. For this reason, the extra RAM in the language card was [[bank switching|bank-switched]] over the machine's built-in ROM, allowing code loaded into the additional memory to be used as if it actually were ROM. Users could thus load Integer BASIC into the language card from disk and switch between the [[Integer BASIC|Integer]] and [[Applesoft BASIC|Applesoft]] dialects of BASIC with [[Apple DOS|DOS 3.3]]'s <tt>INT</tt> and <tt>FP</tt> commands just as if they had the BASIC ROM expansion card. The Language Card was also required to use [[LOGO programming language|LOGO]], [[Apple Pascal]], and [[FORTRAN|FORTRAN 77]]. Apple Pascal and FORTRAN ran under a non-DOS operating system based on [[UCSD p-System|UCSD P-System]], which had its own disk format and included a "[[virtual machine]]" that allowed it to run on many different types of hardware. First year Apple II Pluses retained the original Apple II's jumper blocks to select the RAM size, but a drop in memory prices during 1980 resulted in all machines being shipped with 48k and the jumper blocks being removed. ===CP/M=== Shortly after the introduction of the II Plus in 1979, [[Microsoft]] came out with the SoftCard, an expansion card for the Apple II line that allowed the use of [[CP/M]] and contained its own [[Z80]] CPU and 64k of memory. The SoftCard was extremely popular and Microsoft's single most successful product for two years, although on the downside, it was limited to using the Apple II's GCR disk format and thus CP/M software either had to be obtained on Apple format disks or transferred via serial link from a different machine running CP/M. The SoftCard shipped with CP/M 2.2 and a special version of MBASIC that supported a subset of Applesoft BASIC's graphics commands. Other third party CP/M cards for the Apple II offered additional memory, CP/M 3.0, and CPU speeds up to 8Mhz. ===Onboard Applesoft BASIC=== The II Plus had Applesoft rather than Integer BASIC in ROM and will attempt to boot from disk on power up. If no system disk is present, it will just spin Drive 0 endlessly until the user presses Ctrl+Reset to enter BASIC. If DOS has not been booted up, the user will only be able to load and save files to cassette from BASIC. The II Plus had a revised version of BASIC known as Applesoft II which incorporated most of the functionality from Integer BASIC, including HGR graphics commands. Integer BASIC is not present in ROM on the II Plus and is instead loaded by DOS 3.x on boot up into the RAM at $D000. Normally, this region is occupied by the Applesoft ROM and by typing "INT", the ROM is banked out and replaced by the RAM containing Integer BASIC. Typing "FP" from Integer BASIC will then swap Applesoft back in. ===Substitute lowercase functionality=== Like the [[Apple II]], the Apple II Plus has no [[lowercase]] functionality. All letters from the keyboard are upper-case, there is no [[caps lock]] key, and there are no lowercase letters in the text-mode [[computer font|font]] stored in the computer's [[Read-only Memory|ROM]]. To display lowercase letters, some applications run in the slower ''hi-res graphics mode'' and use a custom font, rather than running in the fast ''text mode'' using the font in ROM. Other programs, primarily those where both capitalization and text movement were important, such as [[word processor]]s, use inverse text mode to represent text that would be uppercase when printed. Alternatively, users can install a custom ROM chip that contained lowercase letters in the font, or purchase one of several third-party ''80-column cards'' that enable a text mode that can display 80-column, upper- and lower-case text. The [[Videx]] Videoterm and its many clones were especially popular. For lowercase input, since it is not possible to detect whether the keyboard's Shift keys are in use, the common "shift-key mod" connects the Shift key to one of the pins on the motherboard's [[paddle (game controller)|paddle]] connector. Compatible applications, including nearly all [[word processor]]s, can then detect whether the shift key was being pressed. This modification involves adding wires inside the Apple II; Apple distributed literature on how to build it, however, assuring readers that it was "the most simple and least expensive addition anyone could do".<ref name="apple19880930">{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/II_II-Shift-Key_Modification#page/n0/mode/2up |title=Apple II and II Plus: Shift-Key Modification |date=1988-09-30 |series=Tech Info Library |publisher=Apple Computer, Inc.}}</ref> Most applications that support lower-case letters can also use the ESC key as a substitute lowercase toggle if the modification is not installed. ===Repeat key=== The Apple II Plus, like its predecessor the Apple II, had a repeat key built into its keyboard. The key was labeled "REPT" and was located just to the left of the "RETURN" key.<ref>{{cite book|last=Espinosa|first=Christopher|authorlink=|title=Apple II Reference Manual| publisher=Apple Computer, Inc.|year=1979|location=|pages=7|url=|doi=|id=|isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://apple2history.org/museum/books_manuals/a2refman.html|title= Apple II History Museum - Books: Manuals|accessdate=October 15, 2009|last=Weyhrich|first=Steven}}</ref> The II Plus was the last Apple Computer to have this key, as later Apple computers would incorporate the ability to hold down a key for a period of time to repeat the key. ===Electromagnetic shielding=== The II Plus had a plastic case with a brass mesh running along the inside of the case. This mesh helped cut [[electromagnetic interference]] from being emitted from the computer, keeping the machine in compliance with newly-implemented FCC regulations covering microcomputers. Small grids of plastic pins, and sometimes [[Velcro|Velcro® Brand Fasteners]], were used to hold the case's top onto the computer. This was in comparison to the original II which lacked RF shielding and was often unusable with certain TVs and monitors (Apple recommended Sony TVs as they had better RF insulation than other brands). ==Variants== ===Apple II Europlus and J-Plus=== After the success of the first Apple II in the United States, Apple expanded its market to include [[Europe]] and the [[Far East]] in 1978, with the '''Apple II Europlus''' (Europe) and the '''Apple II J-Plus''' (Japan). In these models, Apple made the necessary hardware, software and [[firmware]] changes in order to comply with standards outside of the US. The [[power supply]] was modified to accept the local voltage, and in the European model the video output signal was changed from color [[NTSC]] to monochrome [[PAL]] by changing some [[jumper (computing)|jumper]]s on the motherboard and using a slightly different frequency [[crystal oscillator]] — an extra video card (which only worked in slot 7) was needed for color [[PAL]] graphics, since the simple tricks Wozniak had used to generate a pseudo-NTSC signal with minimal hardware did not carry over to the more complex PAL system. In the Japanese version of the international Apple, the character ROM and the keyboard layout were changed to allow for [[Katakana]] writing (full [[Kanji]] support was clearly beyond the capabilities of the machine), but in most other countries the international Apple was sold with an unmodified American keyboard; thus the German model still lacked the [[Umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]]s, for example, and had a [[QWERTY]] layout instead of the standard German [[QWERTZ]]. For the most part, the Apple II Europlus and J-Plus were identical to the Apple II Plus and software compatibility was near 100%. Production of the Europlus ended in 1983. ===ITT 2020=== {{main|ITT 2020}} The ITT 2020 was an Apple II clone manufactured by ITT under license from Apple Computer (the first licensed clone), specifically for the European market. In contrast to the Apple II Europlus, the ITT 2020 supported full PAL color graphics ===Bell & Howell=== The Apple II Plus was also sold by [[Bell & Howell]] specifically to educational markets under special license from Apple. The normal consumer Apple II Plus was not [[UL (safety organization)|UL]]-listed because the top could be opened; the B&H model was the same as the consumer version sold by Apple except that it came in a black case, which could not be as easily opened, and a special [[Audiovisual|A/V]] package allowing it to be sold as audio/visual equipment. Bell & Howell packaged the unit with optional "back packs" that offered various inputs and outputs for A/V equipment to easily interface with the II Plus.<ref>[http://www.macgeek.org/museum/bhapple2plus/ Apple II Plus - Bell & Howell Model]</ref> This was the only black computer Apple would manufacture until the [[Macintosh TV]] in 1993. ===Military applications=== A [[TEMPEST]]-approved version of the Apple II Plus was created in 1980 by the [[Georgia Tech Research Institute]] for [[U.S. Army]] [[FORSCOM]], and used as a component in the earliest versions of the Microfix system. Fielded in 1982, the Microfix system was the first tactical system using video disc ([[Laserdisc]]) map technology providing zoom and scroll over map imagery coupled with a point database of intelligence data such as [[order of battle]], airfields, roadways, and bridges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://training.esri.com/campus/library/Bibliography/RecordDetail.cfm?ID=16159 |title=The development of small computer geographic analysis systems for military applications |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724182533/http://training.esri.com/campus/library/Bibliography/RecordDetail.cfm?ID=16159 |archivedate=July 24, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.falconview.org/trac/FalconView/raw-attachment/wiki/Presentations/Moving_Maps.pdf|title= Moving Maps: Evolution in GIS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm34_3.pdf|title=U.S. Army Field Manual 34-3, Intelligence Analysis}}</ref> {{Timeline of Apple II Family|headerextension==}} ==See also== *[[Apple II series]] *[[List of Apple II games]] *[[List of publications and periodicals devoted to the Apple II]] *[[Apple II peripheral cards]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category|Apple II}} *[http://www.vintage-computer.com/apple_ii_plus.shtml Vintage Computers - Apple II Plus] *[http://www.reactivemicro.com/ ReactiveMicro.com] &mdash; The last remaining Apple II hardware production company (cloned items) {{Apple hardware before 1998}} [[Category:Apple II computers|Plus]] [[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1979]]'