[go: nahoru, domu]
Wikipedia

Universal Monsters

(Redirected from Universal Classic Monsters)

The Universal Classic Monsters (also known as Universal Monsters and Universal Studios Monsters) media franchise includes characters based on a series of horror films produced by Universal Pictures and released between 1913-1956.

Universal Classic Monsters
Official franchise logo
Production
company
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date
1913-present
CountryUnited States

While the early installments were initially created as stand-alone films based on published novels, their financial and critical success resulted in various cross-over releases. Following the positive response to various viewings of these movies via television redistribution which began airing in the 1950s, the studio began developing the characters for other media. In the 1990s, it became priority for Universal to promote their catalogue with official packaging that presented the movies with the official franchise title. Through a number of VHS editions, their popularity continued into contemporary entertainment. This included additional development through modern-filmmaking adaptations such as Stephen Sommers' The Mummy (1999) and Van Helsing (2004).

Modern analyses describes the titular characters as "pop culture icons".[1]

History

edit

Universal's early horror films were adaptations of work from familiar authors and texts to give their films a prestige appeal. These included Dracula (1931), whose success led to the production of other works such as Frankenstein (1931).[2][3] Frankenstein's ending was changed by studio head Carl Laemmle Jr., who wanted Universal to be able deploy key characters from the film into subsequent Universal productions.[3] Following the release of other Universal films such as The Mummy (1932) and Bride of Frankenstein (1935) there was a dry spell of horror films.[4][5][6][7] Universal only returned to the style following a successful theatrical re-release of Dracula and Frankenstein which led to new works starting with Son of Frankenstein (1939).[4][5][6]

 
Film poster for Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948). Author Megan De Bruin-Molé said that it was one of the many 1940s films from Universal whose narrative suggested a world where all the characters from their earlier horror films may dwell.

Universal would only introduce a few new monsters in the 1940s, with the most famous being Lon Chaney Jr. as The Wolf Man.[8] The decade had Universal's horror output include many remakes and sequels, with films often directly reusing old sets, footage, and narratives to replicate moments in their earlier horror productions.[9]

Universal's first transmedia properties were from the 1940s and 1950s with the films Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943), House of Frankenstein (1944) and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).[10] In these films, the monsters from the studio's earlier films "team up" against various characters. Author Megan De Bruin-Molé suggested that the Universal Classic Monsters films exist as a loose mash-up, which allowed for Dracula to exist and be watched separately from Frankenstein but allowed their characters to be systemically and consistently brought together and developed in other films and media.[11] These productions made were often crossovers and sequels, such as Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943), House of Frankenstein and several occurrences in comedy films of Abbott and Costello meeting the monster starting with Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein and ending with Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy (1955).[11][12] De Bruin-Molé wrote that this approach from Universal was for commercial marketing terms, as it would establish the company as the "real" home of horror and that their films contain a world where potentially all monsters may dwell.[13] The sole new monster movies Universal produced in the 1950s were the Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954) and The Mummy (1959) which was co-produced with the British Hammer Film Productions.[14]

Towards the 1960s the Universal monsters grew beyond film and became more consistently transmedial. Initially, this began in 1957 when Universal struck a ten-year television deal with Screen Gems to distribute 52 of their own titles.[14] These television screenings and the films being included on Mel Jass' Mel's Matinee Movie (1958-1979) would also prove to be popular, with the director Stephen Sommers, director of The Mummy (1999) stating that his introduction to the series was on Jass's program.[15] Universal became part of Music Corporation of America (MCA) in 1962. By 1964, Universal Studios tours would eventually include appearances from Frankenstein's monster.[16] Several products based on the characters from Universal's film series were released, ranging from plastic model kits, Halloween masks, figures, plush dolls, toys, drinking glasses, coloring books and postage stamps. While some of these objects bare similarity to the actors who portray them, others are more generic interpretations.[17] Other mediums featured the Universal monsters in tandem, such as Bobby "Boris" Pickett's 1962 popular song "Monster Mash" and the television series The Munsters (1964) which was based on the Universal characters likeness.[16]

In 1990, Universal was part of a merger between Matsushita, now known as Panasonic, and several other corporations. Between 1991 and 1995, Universal released VHS home video editions from their catalogue of horror films. This was the first time these films were packed together as "Classic Monster" line with a newly designed logo.[16] Prior to this home video series, the Universal films that featured multiple monsters were called "Super-Shocker[s]" or "monster rallies".[18] Louis Feola was the head of Worldwide Home Video for Universal Studios said the most important thing was the packaging of their sales, and that it "probably our single biggest priority and has been for a number of years", and that it was key to make the series of films "look like a line".[19][20] He added in a 1999 interview that creating the series was to "reinvigorate and re-market" the Universal catalog, specifically with their series of Dracula, Frankenstein, The Invisible Man, The Phantom of the Opera, The Wolf Man, and The Mummy.[20]

The 1990s also saw a trend in the merchandising of Universal Monsters material as part of a trend for the decade of recycling and reinventing old material from the past.[16] This led to the release of Sommer's The Mummy and a "monster rally"-styled film with Van Helsing (2004).[21] Merchandizing of the characters in formats such as clothing and board games has continued into the 21st century.[22][23] The franchise will be featured in the Dark Universe portion of Universal's upcoming Orlando theme park, Universal Epic Universe.[24]

Films

edit
Film U.S. release date Director(s) Screenwriter(s) Story by Producer(s)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde March 6, 1913 (1913-03-06) Herbert Brenon Carl Laemmle
The Hunchback of Notre Dame September 2, 1923 (1923-09-02) Wallace Worsley Edward T. Lowe, Jr. & Perley Poore Sheehan
The Phantom of the Opera November 25, 1925 (1925-11-25) Rupert Julian and Lon Chaney and Edward Sedgwick and Ernst Laemmle & Frank McCormick Walter Anthony, Elliott J. Clawson, Bernard McConville, Frank M. McCormack, Tom Reed, Raymond L. Schrock, Jasper Spearing & Richard Wallace
Dracula February 14, 1931 (1931-02-14) Tod Browning Garrett Fort Tod Browning and Carl Laemmle, Jr.
Drácula April 24, 1931 (1931-04-24) George Melford Baltasar Fernández Cué and Garret Fort Garret Fort Carl Laemmle Jr. and Paul Kohner
Frankenstein November 21, 1931 (1931-11-21) James Whale Francis Edward Faragoh & Garrett Fort John L. Balderston Carl Laemmle Jr.
The Mummy December 22, 1932 (1932-12-22) Karl Freund John L. Balderston Nina Wilcox Putnam & Richard Schayer
The Invisible Man November 13, 1933 (1933-11-13) James Whale R. C. Sherriff
The Bride of Frankenstein April 20, 1935 (1935-04-20) James Whale William Hurlbut William Hurlbut & John L. Balderston
Werewolf of London May 13, 1935 (1935-05-13) Stuart Walker John Colton, Robert Harris, Harvey Gates, Edmund Pearson, James Mulhauser & Aben Kandel Robert Harris Stanley Bergerman
Dracula's Daughter May 11, 1936 (1936-05-11) Lambert Hillyer Garrett Fort Oliver Jeffries E. M. Asher
Son of Frankenstein January 13, 1939 (1939-01-13) Rowland V. Lee Wyllis Cooper Rowland V. Lee
The Invisible Man Returns January 12, 1940 (1940-01-12) Joe May Kurt Siodmak & Lester Cole Kurt Siodmak & Joe May Ken Goldsmith
The Mummy's Hand November 20, 1940 (1940-11-20) Christy Cabanne Griffin Jay and Maxwell Shane Ben Pivar
The Invisible Woman December 12, 1940 (1940-12-12) A. Edward Sutherland Robert Lees, Frederic I. Rinaldo & Gertrude Purcell Curt Siodmak & Joe May Burt Kelly
The Wolf Man December 12, 1941 (1941-12-12) George Waggner Curt Siodmak George Waggner
The Ghost of Frankenstein March 13, 1942 (1942-03-13) Erle C. Kenton W. Scott Darling Eric Taylor
Invisible Agent April 17, 1942 (1942-04-17) Edwin L. Marin Curtis Siodmak Frank Lloyd
The Mummy's Tomb October 23, 1942 (1942-10-23) Harold Young Griffin Jay & Henry Sucher Neil P. Varnick Ben Pivar
Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man March 5, 1943 (1943-03-05) Roy William Neill Curt Siodmak George Waggner
Phantom of the Opera August 12, 1943 (1943-08-12) Arthur Lubin Samuel Hoffenstein & Eric Taylor John Jacoby
Son of Dracula November 5, 1943 (1943-11-05) Robert Siodmak Eric Taylor Curtis Siodmak Ford Beebe and Donald H. Brown
The Invisible Man's Revenge June 9, 1944 (1944-06-09) Ford Beebe Bertram Millhauser Ford Beebe
The Mummy's Ghost July 7, 1944 (1944-07-07) Reginald LeBorg Griffin Jay, Henry Sucher & Brenda Weisberg Griffin Jay & Henry Sucher Ben Pivar
The Mummy's Curse December 22, 1944 (1944-12-22) Leslie Goodwins Bernard Schubert Leon Abrams & Dwight V. Babcock Oliver Drake
The House of Frankenstein February 16, 1945 (1945-02-16) Erle C. Kenton Edward T. Lowe Curt Siodmak Paul Malvern
House of Dracula June 29, 1945 (1945-06-29) Eric C. Kenton Edward T. Lowe Dwight V. Babcock & George Bricker
She-Wolf of London March 29, 1946 (1946-03-29) Jean Yarbrough George Bricker Dwight V. Babcock Ben Pivar
Bud Abbott and Lou Costello meet Frankenstein May 17, 1946 (1946-05-17) Charles T. Barton Robert Lees, Frederic I. Rinaldo & John Grant Robert Arthur
Bud Abbott and Lou Costello Meet the Invisible Man March 19, 1951 (1951-03-19) Charles Lamont Robert Lees, Frederic I. Rinaldo & John Grant Hugh Wedlock Jr. & Howard Snyder Howard Christie
Bud Abbott and Lou Constello Meet
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 		August 12, 1953 (1953-08-12) Charles Lamont Lee Loeb & John Grant Sidney Fields & Grant Garrett
Creature from the Black Lagoon February 12, 1954 (1954-02-12) Jack Arnold Harry Essex & Arthur Ross Maurice Zimm William Alland
Bud Abbott and Lou Costello Meet
The Creature from the Black Lagoon 		February 21, 1954 (1954-02-21) Sid Smith & Edward Sobol John Grant Edward Sobol[25]
Bud Abbott and Lou Costello Meet
The Mummy 		May 23, 1955 (1955-05-23) Charles Lamont John Grant Lee Loeb Howard Christie
The Creature Walks Among Us April 26, 1956 (1956-04-26) John Sherwood Arthur Ross William Alland

Main cast and characters

edit

This table includes the Universal Monster characters and their respective actors for each movie in the franchise. Additional characters include recurring primary characters of the Universal Studios Monsters franchise.

Character Decade
1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s
Dr. Henry Jekyll
Mr. Edward Hyde[26][27] 		King Baggot[a] Boris Karloff[b]
Quasimodo
The Hunchback[28] 		Lon Chaney[c]
The Phantom of the Opera[28] Lon Chaney[d] Claude Rains[e]
Count Dracula[28] Bela Lugosi[f]
Carlos Villar[g] 		John Carradine[h]
Bela Lugosi[i]
Frankenstein's Monster[28] Boris Karloff[j] Lon Chaney Jr.[k]
Bela Lugosi[l]
Glenn Strange[m]
Imhotep
The Mummy[29] 		Boris Karloff[n]
Dr. Jack Griffin
The Invisible Man[29] 		Claude Rains[o] Referenced
Bride of Frankenstein[28] Elsa Lanchester[p]
Dr. Wilfred Glenn
Werewolf of London[29] 		Henry Hull[q]
Countess Marya Zaleska
Dracula's Daughter[29] 		Gloria Holden[r]
Geoffrey Radcliffe
The Invisible Man[29] 		Vincent Price[s]
Kharis
The Mummy[29] 		Lon Chaney Jr.[t]
Kitty Carol
The Invisible Woman[29] 		Virginia Bruce[u]
Lawrence "Larry" Talbot
The Wolf Man[28] 		Lon Chaney Jr.[v]
Frank "Raymond" Griffin
The Invisible Man[29] 		Jon Hall[w]
Count Alucard
Son of Dracula[29] 		Lon Chaney Jr.[x]
Robert Griffin
The Invisible Man[29] 		Jon Hall[y]
Phyllis Allenby
She-Wolf of London[29] 		June Lockhart[z]
Gill-Man
The Creature[28] 		Ben Chapman[aa]
Tom Hennesy[ab]
Don Megowan[ac]
Klaris
The Mummy[29] 		Eddie Parker[ad]

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Baggot portrayed the character in the silent movie, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913).
  2. ^ Karloff portrayed the character in Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953).
  3. ^ Chaney portrayed the character in the silent movie, The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923).
  4. ^ Chaney portrayed the character in the silent movie, The Phantom of the Opera (1925) where the character is named Erik.
  5. ^ Rains portrayed the character in the remake, Phantom of the Opera (1943) where the character is named Erique Claudin.
  6. ^ Lugosi portrayed the character in Dracula (1931).
  7. ^ Villar portrayed the character in the Spanish-language version of the movie, Drácula (1931) where the character is named Conde Drácula.[29]
  8. ^ Carradine portrayed the character in House of Frankenstein (1944), and House of Dracula (1945).
  9. ^ Lugosi reprised the role in Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).
  10. ^ Karloff portrayed the character in Frankenstein (1931), The Bride of Frankenstein (1935), and Son of Frankenstein (1939).
  11. ^ Chaney Jr. portrayed the character in The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942).
  12. ^ Lugosi portrayed the character in Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943).
  13. ^ Strange portrayed the character in House of Frankenstein (1944), House of Dracula (1945), and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).
  14. ^ Karloff portrayed the character in The Mummy (1932).
  15. ^ Rains portrayed the character in The Invisible Man (1933).
  16. ^ Lanchester portrayed the character in The Bride of Frankenstein (1935).
  17. ^ Hull portrayed the character in Werewolf of London (1935).
  18. ^ Holden portrayed the character in Dracula's Daughter (1936).
  19. ^ Price portrayed the character in The Invisible Man Returns (1940); he later reprised the role in Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).
  20. ^ Chaney Jr. portrayed the character in The Mummy's Hand (1940), The Mummy's Tomb (1942), The Mummy's Ghost (1944), and The Mummy's Curse (1944).
  21. ^ Bruce portrayed the character in The Invisible Woman (1940).
  22. ^ Chaney Jr. portrayed the character in The Wolf Man (1941), Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943), House of Frankenstein (1944), House of Dracula (1945), and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).
  23. ^ Hall portrayed the character in Invisible Agent (1942).
  24. ^ Chaney Jr. portrayed the character in Son of Dracula (1943).
  25. ^ Hall played another character in The Invisible Man's Revenge (1944).
  26. ^ Lockhart portrayed the character in She-Wolf of London (1946).
  27. ^ Chapman portrayed the character in Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954); Ricou Browning served as the underwater stunt double.
  28. ^ Hennesy portrayed the character in Revenge of the Creature (1955), while Browning once again served as the underwater stunt double.
  29. ^ Megowan portrayed the character in The Creature Walks Among Us (1956), while Browning again served as the underwater stunt double.
  30. ^ Parker portrayed the character in Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy (1955).

Other media

edit

Home video releases

edit
Universal Studios Monsters films
Year Title The Classic Collection
(1991–94) 		Classic Monster Collection
(1999) 		The Legacy Collection
(2004) 		Essential Collection
(2012) 		Complete Collection
(2018) 		Ref(s)
1931 Dracula Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [30][31][32][33][34][35]
Dracula (Spanish) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [30][31][32][33][34][36]
Frankenstein Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [37][38][39][33][34][40]
1932 Murders in the Rue Morgue Yes No No No No [41][42]
The Mummy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [43][44][45][33][34][4]
Island of Lost Souls[a] Yes No No No No [47][48]
1933 The Invisible Man Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [49][50][51][33][34][52]
1934 The Black Cat Yes No No No No [53][52]
1935 The Bride of Frankenstein Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [54][55][39][33][34][5]
Werewolf of London Yes No Yes No Yes [56][57][34][58]
The Raven Yes No No No No [59][60]
1936 Dracula's Daughter Yes No Yes No Yes [61][32][34][62]
1939 Son of Frankenstein Yes No Yes No Yes [63][39][34][64]
Tower of London Yes No No No No [65][66]
1940 The Invisible Man Returns Yes No Yes No Yes [67][51][34][68]
The Mummy's Hand Yes No Yes No Yes [69][45][34][70]
The Invisible Woman Yes No Yes No Yes [71][51][34][72]
1941 The Monster and the Girl[a] Yes No No No No [73][74]
Man-Made Monster Yes No No No No [75][76]
The Wolf Man Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [77][78][57][33][34][79]
1942 The Ghost of Frankenstein Yes No Yes No Yes [80][39][34][81]
Invisible Agent Yes No Yes No Yes [82][51][34][83]
The Mummy's Tomb Yes No Yes No Yes [84][45][34][85]
1943 Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man Yes No Yes No Yes [86][57][34][87]
Captive Wild Woman Yes No No No No [88][89]
Phantom of the Opera Yes Yes No Yes Yes [90][91][33][34][92]
Son of Dracula Yes No Yes No Yes [93][32][34][94]
The Mad Ghoul Yes No No No No [95][96]
1944 The Invisible Man's Revenge Yes No Yes No Yes [97][51][34][98]
The Mummy's Ghost Yes No Yes No Yes [99][45][34][100]
House of Frankenstein Yes No Yes No Yes [101][39][34][102]
The Mummy's Curse Yes No Yes No Yes [103][45][34][104]
1945 House of Dracula Yes No Yes No Yes [105][32][34][106]
1946 House of Horrors Yes No No No No [107][108]
She-Wolf of London No No Yes No Yes [57][34][109]
1948 Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein No No No No Yes [34][110]
1951 Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man No No No No Yes [34][111]
1954 Creature from the Black Lagoon Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [112][113][114][33][34][115]
1955 Revenge of the Creature Yes No Yes No Yes [116][114][34][117]
Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy No No No No Yes [34][118]
1956 The Creature Walks Among Us Yes No Yes No Yes [119][114][34][120]
  1. ^ a b Although originally produced and released by Paramount Pictures, Universal obtained the rights to the film in 1958 and branded it with Universal Studios Monsters in its 1991 home video release.[46]

Comics

edit
Dark Horse Comics

Dark Horse Comics released comic adaptions of several of the films, featuring four one-shots and one collected edition, in 1993 and in 2006, respectively.[121][122]

Dark Horse Universal Classic Monsters one-shots
Title Creatives Publication Date
Writer Artist(s) Editor Designer
Universal Monsters: Frankenstein[123] Den Beauvais Den Beauvais Dan Thorsland Scott Tice May 1, 1993
Universal Monsters: Creature from the Black Lagoon[124] Steve Moncuse Arthur Adams (Penciller, Cover); Terry Austin (Inker); Lois Buhalis (Letterer); Matt Hollingsworth (Colorist); Terry Austin (Cover) Dan Thorsland Scott Tice August 1, 1993
Universal Monsters: Dracula[125] Dan Vado Jonathon D. Smith (Artist, Cover); Clem Robins (Letterer) Dan Thorsland Scott Tice October 1, 1993
Universal Monsters: The Mummy[126] Dan Jolley Tony Harris (Artist, Cover); Lois Buhalis (Letterer); Matt Hollingsworth (Colorist) Dan Thorsland Scott Tice November 1, 1993
Universal Monsters: Cavalcade of Horror[127] Collected edition of the above; Eric Powell (Cover) January 11, 2006
Skybound Entertainment

Skybound Entertainment, an Image Comics company, is recently publishing a new series of Universal Monsters comic books.

Skybound Entertainment Universal Classic Monsters mini-series
Title Issue(s) Creative team Release schedule
Writer(s) Artist(s) Colorist(s) Premiere date Finale date
Universal Monsters: Dracula[128][129] 1–4 James Tynion IV Martin Simmonds October 25, 2023 January 24, 2024
Universal Monsters: Creature from the Black Lagoon Lives![130] Dan Watters
Ram V 		Matthew Roberts Dave Stewart April 24, 2024 July 24, 2024
Universal Monsters: Frankenstein[131] Michael Walsh Toni Marie Griiffin August 28, 2024 TBA

References

edit
  1. ^ Jones 2012.
  2. ^ Mank 1981, p. 13.
  3. ^ a b De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 5.
  4. ^ a b c Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 63.
  5. ^ a b c Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 120.
  6. ^ a b Chibnall & Petley 2002, p. 59.
  7. ^ Worland 2007, p. 68.
  8. ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 8.
  9. ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 12.
  10. ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 3.
  11. ^ a b De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 6.
  12. ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 9.
  13. ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 11.
  14. ^ a b De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 13.
  15. ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 14.
  16. ^ a b c d De Bruin-Molé 2022, pp. 14–15.
  17. ^ Rue Morgue 2015, p. 110.
  18. ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 4.
  19. ^ McCullaugh 1992, p. 63.
  20. ^ a b Bessman 1999.
  21. ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, pp. 15–16.
  22. ^ "Unique Vintage Launches Universal Monsters Collection". Licesnse Global. August 19, 2020.
  23. ^ Kondrad, Jeremy (July 10, 2019). "Universal Monsters Ravensburger Game Horrified Coming August 1st". Bleedingcool. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  24. ^ Stella, Alicia (26 December 2022). "Everything We Know About Epic Universe - Universal Monsters". Theme Park Stop.
  25. ^ "Abbott & Costello Meet the Creature from the Black Lagoon". YouTube. 8 October 2011.
  26. ^ Fink, Richard & Amanda Minchin (February 1, 2024). "Dark Universe: All the Canceled Films Planned". MovieWeb. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  27. ^ Damaske, Damion (August 5, 2021). "Meet the original Dark Universe monsters!". JoBlo. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Frasure, Kevin (June 10, 2022). "Top 10 Classic Universal Monster Movies as Rated by Rotten Tomatoes". Collider. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Crow, David (October 28, 2023). "All Universal Monsters Movies Ranked". Den of Geek. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  30. ^ a b Dracula (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  31. ^ a b Dracula (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
  32. ^ a b c d e Dracula: The Legacy Collection (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 2004.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i Universal Classic Monsters: The Essential Collection (Blu-ray). Universal Pictures Home Entertainment. 2012.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Universal Classic Monsters: Complete 30-Film Collection (Blu-ray). Universal Pictures Home Entertainment. 2018.
  35. ^ Rhodes 2014, p. 245.
  36. ^ Rhodes 2014, p. 282.
  37. ^ Frankenstein (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  38. ^ Frankenstein (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
  39. ^ a b c d e Frankenstein: The Legacy Collection (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 2004.
  40. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 38.
  41. ^ Murders in the Rue Morgue (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  42. ^ Mank 2010, p. 105.
  43. ^ The Mummy (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  44. ^ The Mummy (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
  45. ^ a b c d e The Mummy: The Legacy Collection (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 2004.
  46. ^ McDougal, Dennis (2001). The Last Mogul: Lew Wasserman, MCA, and the Hidden History of Hollywood (pp. 231–232). Da Capo Press.
  47. ^ Island of Lost Souls (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  48. ^ "At the Theatres This Week". Arizona Daily Star. December 18, 1932. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  49. ^ The Invisible Man (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  50. ^ The Invisible Man (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
  51. ^ a b c d e The Invisible Man: The Legacy Collection (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 2004.
  52. ^ a b Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 78.
  53. ^ The Black Cat (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  54. ^ Bride of Frankenstein (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  55. ^ Bride of Frankenstein (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
  56. ^ Werewolf of London (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  57. ^ a b c d The Wolf Man: The Legacy Collection (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 2004.
  58. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 129.
  59. ^ The Raven (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  60. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 138.
  61. ^ Dracula's Daughter (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  62. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 162.
  63. ^ Son of Frankenstein (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  64. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 182.
  65. ^ Tower of London (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  66. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 200.
  67. ^ The Invisible Man Returns (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  68. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 207.
  69. ^ The Mummy's Hand (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  70. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 229.
  71. ^ The Invisible Woman (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  72. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 237.
  73. ^ The Monster and the Girl (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  74. ^ "The Monster and the Girl". American Film Institute. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  75. ^ Man-Made Monster (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  76. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 241.
  77. ^ The Wolf Man (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  78. ^ The Wolf Man (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
  79. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 261.
  80. ^ The Ghost of Frankenstein (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  81. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 275.
  82. ^ Invisible Agent (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  83. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 294.
  84. ^ The Mummy's Tomb (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  85. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 305.
  86. ^ Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  87. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 322.
  88. ^ Captive Wild Woman (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  89. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 337.
  90. ^ Phantom of the Opera (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  91. ^ Phantom of the Opera (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
  92. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 345.
  93. ^ Son of Dracula (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  94. ^ Kiss 2019, p. 95.
  95. ^ The Mad Ghoul (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  96. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 373.
  97. ^ The Invisible Man's Revenge (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  98. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 400.
  99. ^ The Mummy's Ghost (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  100. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 417.
  101. ^ House of Frankenstein (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  102. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 447.
  103. ^ The Mummy's Curse (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  104. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 456.
  105. ^ House of Dracula (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  106. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 501.
  107. ^ House of Horrors (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  108. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 525.
  109. ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 539.
  110. ^ "Bud Abbott and Lou Costello Meet Frankenstein". American Film Institute. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  111. ^ "Abbott and Costello Meet The Invisible Man". American Film Institute. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  112. ^ Creature from the Black Lagoon (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  113. ^ Creature from the Black Lagoon (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
  114. ^ a b c Creature from the Black Lagoon: The Legacy Collection (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 2004.
  115. ^ "Creature from the Black Lagoon". American Film Institute. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  116. ^ Revenge of the Creature (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  117. ^ "Revenge of the Creature". American Film Institute. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  118. ^ "Abbott and Costello Meet The Mummy". American Film Institute. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  119. ^ The Creature Walks Among Us (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
  120. ^ "The Creature Walks Among Us". American Film Institute. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  121. ^ "Search :: Dark Horse Comics". www.darkhorse.com. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  122. ^ "Search :: Dark Horse Comics". www.darkhorse.com. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  123. ^ "Universal Monsters: Frankenstein :: Profile :: Dark Horse Comics". www.darkhorse.com. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  124. ^ "Universal Monsters: Creature from the Black Lagoon :: Profile :: Dark Horse Comics". www.darkhorse.com. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  125. ^ "Universal Monsters: Dracula :: Profile :: Dark Horse Comics". www.darkhorse.com. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  126. ^ "Universal Monsters: The Mummy :: Profile :: Dark Horse Comics". www.darkhorse.com. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  127. ^ "Universal Monsters: Cavalcade of Horror TPB Collection :: Profile :: Dark Horse Comics". www.darkhorse.com. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  128. ^ Salmon, Will (2023-07-18). "Dracula bites back in the first of a new series of Universal Monsters comics from Skybound". gamesradar. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
  129. ^ First Comics News (2023-07-14). "James Tynion IV & Martin Simmonds Launch Universal Monsters: Dracula Comic Book Series". Retrieved 2023-08-21.
  130. ^ Kit, Borys (2024-01-12). "'Creature from the Black Lagoon' Comic Book Coming from Robert Kirkman's Skybound Entertainment (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
  131. ^ Schedeen, Jesse (2024-02-29). "Universal Monsters: Frankenstein Reimagines the Iconic Movie Monster". IGN. Retrieved 2024-02-29.

Sources

edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Monsters&oldid=1240616816"