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{{Short description|Town in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{en-NZUse dmy dates|date=AprilFebruary 20202023}}
{{Moreuse footnotesNew Zealand English|date=MayApril 20122020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ōpōtiki
Line 7:
| native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
| settlement_type = [[Urban areas of New Zealand|Minor urban area]]
| total_type = District
| image_skyline = Opotiki Church Street.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Church Street, Ōpōtiki
| image_map = Opotiki{{infobox DC.PNGmapframe|coord={{coord|38|00|15|S|177|17|14|E}}|zoom=9}}
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{coord|38|00|15|S|177|17|14|E|region:NZ-BOP|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|38|0.5|S|177|17|E|region:NZ-BOP|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[New Zealand]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bay of Plenty Region|Bay of Plenty]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|Territorial authority]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ōpōtiki District]]
| subdivision_type3 = WardsWard
| subdivision_name3 = Waioeka-Waiotahe<br>CoastŌpōtiki Ward
| leader_title = MayorTerritorial authority
| leader_name = Lyn[[Ōpōtiki RiestererDistrict Council]]
| leader_title1 = DeputyRegional Mayorcouncil
| leader_name1 = Shona[[Bay Browneof Plenty Regional Council]]
| seat_type = [[New Zealand electorates|Electorates]]
| seat = {{ubl|[[East Coast (New Zealand electorate)|East Coast]]|[[Waiariki (New Zealand electorate)|Waiariki]] ([[Māori electorates|Māori]])}}
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}}
| population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}}
Line 36 ⟶ 38:
| postal_code = 3122
| website = [http://www.odc.govt.nz/ The council's site]
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Area"/>
| area_urban_km2 = 8.59
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
}}
'''Ōpōtiki''' ({{IPAc-en|ɔː|p|ɔː|ˈ|t|ɪ|k|i}}; (from ''Ōpōtiki-Mai-Tawhiti''),<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.linz.govt.nz/news/2019-08/%C5%8Dp%C5%8Dtiki-district-pet-fish-afar | title=Ōpōtiki District – the pet fish from afar}}</ref> more commonly spelled '''Opotiki''', is a small town in the eastern [[Bay of Plenty]] in the [[North Island]] of New Zealand. It houses the headquarters of the '''[[Ōpōtiki District Council''']], the [[mayor of Ōpōtiki]] and comes under the [[Bay of Plenty]] Regional Council]].
 
== Geography ==
The town of Ōpōtiki is situated exactly on [[38th parallel south|latitude 38° South]]. The climate is temperate. Summer temperatures reach the mid-20s (Celsius, mid-70s Fahrenheit) on the coast and encourage a continuation of the beach culture of the [[Bay of Plenty]]. Winter days are often cloudless, the daytime temperature never drops below freezing but there may be a mild frost at night. Winter snow falls along the crest of the ranges, and on the higher peaks (over 1000 m) may remain for a few weeks. Rain occurs at any season. Severe localised rainstorms ('cloudbursts') may occur in the high country and have caused flash flooding including past inundations of Ōpōtiki township.<ref>Heginbotham & Esler p. 379-381 give a useful scientific summary.</ref>
 
==Demographics==
Ōpōtiki covers {{Convert|8.59|km2||abbr=on}}<ref name="Area">{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787| access-date=21 April 2024|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref> and had an estimated population of {{NZ population data 2018|Opotiki|y}} as of {{NZ population data 2018|||y|y||,}} with a population density of {{Decimals|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Opotiki|y}}|R}}/8.59|0}} people per km<sup>2</sup>.
Ōpōtiki has a large Māori population that exceeds 50%, making it one of the few towns in New Zealand to be predominantly populated by Māori (along with [[Wairoa]] and [[Kawerau]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/84484733/which-is-new-zealands-whitest-region|title=Which is New Zealand's whitest region?|date=23 September 2018|first=Laura|last=McQuillan|publisher=Stuff}}</ref>
 
{{Historical populations|2006|84,973443|2013|84,436071|2018|94,276806|percentages=pagr|align=left|source=<ref name="Census 2018"/>}}
OpotikiBefore Districtthe 2023 census, the town had a larger boundary, covering {{Convert|10.15|km2||abbr=on}}.<ref name="Area"/> Using that boundary, Ōpōtiki had a population of 94,276806 at the [[2018 New Zealand census]], an increase of 840735 people (1018.01%) since the [[2013 New Zealand census|2013 census]], and an increase of 303363 people (38.42%) since the [[2006 New Zealand census|2006 census]]. There were 31,222539 households., Therecomprising were 42,563337 males and 42,713472 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.9795 males per female. Of the, totalwith population1, 2,097221 people (2225.64%) were aged up tounder 15 years, 1,596921 (1719.2%) wereaged 15 to 29, 31,927920 (4240.30%) wereaged 30 to 64, and 1,659744 (1715.95%) wereaged 65 or older. Figures may not add up to the total due to rounding.
 
Ethnicities were 5046.57% European/[[Pākehā]], 6367.79% [[Māori people|Māori]], 34.52% [[Pasifika New Zealanders|Pacific peoples]], 23.87% [[Asian New Zealanders|Asian]], and 1.01% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
 
The percentage of people born overseas was 8.2, compared with 27.1% nationally.
 
Although some people objectedchose not to givinganswer theirthe religioncensus's question about religious affiliation, 4241.19% had no religion, 3230.27% were [[Christianity in New Zealand|Christian]], and18.0% 19had [[Māori religion|Māori religious beliefs]], 0.6% were [[Hinduism in New Zealand|Hindu]], 0.3% were [[Islam in New Zealand|Muslim]], 0.1% were [[Buddhism in New Zealand|Buddhist]] and 2.1% had other religions.
 
Of those at least 15 years old, 789303 (118.05%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,944029 (2728.17%) people had no formal qualifications. The174 medianpeople income(4.9%) wasearned over $2270,400000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 31,108530 (4342.37%) people were employed full-time, 1,041480 (1413.54%) were part-time, and 525300 (78.34%) were unemployed.<ref name="Census 2018">{{NZ census 2018|Opotiki DistrictWoodlands (027204300)|opotiki-district|Opotiki Districtand Ōpōtiki (204400)}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
===Iwi===
|+Individual statistical areas in 2018
[[Iwi]] based within the district are:
|-
* [[Te Whakatōhea]] from Ohiwa Harbour to Opape, including Ōpōtiki township.
!Name !! Area<br/>(km<sup>2</sup>) !! Population !! Density<br/>(per km<sup>2</sup>) || Households !! Median age !! Median<br/>income
* [[Ngāitai]] are based in Tōrere.
|-
* [[Te Whānau-ā-Apanui]] and hapu Te Ehutu cover the area from Hawai to Potaka.
| Woodlands || style="text-align:right;"|4.47 || style="text-align:right;"|1,047 || style="text-align:right;"|234 || style="text-align:right;"|396 || 46.6 years || $27,500<ref>{{NZ census place summary 2018|woodlands|Woodlands}}</ref>
|-
| Ōpōtiki || style="text-align:right;"|5.68 || style="text-align:right;"|3,759 || style="text-align:right;"|662 || style="text-align:right;"|1,143 || 31.9 years || $20,000<ref>{{NZ census place summary 2018|opotiki|Ōpōtiki}}</ref>
|-
! New Zealand !! !! !! !! !! 37.4 years !! style="text-align:left;"| $31,800
|}
 
==Natural historyAmenities==
===Geography<ref>Heginbotham & Esler p. 379-381 give a useful scientific summary.</ref>===
The Ōpōtiki district is bounded on one long side by the eastern half of the [[Bay of Plenty]] [[embayment]] of the [[Pacific Ocean]] and on the other long side by the [[Raukumara Range|Raukumara mountain range]] which rises to 1754&nbsp;m (5755&nbsp;ft) at [[Mount Hikurangi, Gisborne|Mt. Hikurangi]]. The district is predominantly steep hills dissected by fast-flowing rivers, the largest being the [[Motu River|Motu]]. The coastal riverine floodplains (‘flats’) and terraces (‘tablelands’) provide the only flat land. Ōpōtiki township is situated on the largest flat at the conjunction of two of these, the [[Otara River]] and the [[Waioeka River]]. Sandy beaches, lower hills and larger flats are characteristic of the southwest area of the district; pebbly or rocky beaches and high hills coming right down to the sea are characteristic of the northeast. Current human population is therefore concentrated in the coastal southwest. The district has a land area of 3,104.54&nbsp;km² (1,198.67 sq mi).
 
===Marae===
The town of Ōpōtiki is situated exactly on [[38th parallel south|latitude 38° South]]. The climate is temperate. Summer temperatures reach the mid-20s (Celsius, mid-70s Fahrenheit) on the coast and encourage a continuation of the beach culture of the [[Bay of Plenty]]. Winter days are often cloudless, the daytime temperature never drops below freezing but there may be a mild frost at night. Winter snow falls along the crest of the ranges, and on the higher peaks (over 1000 m) may remain for a few weeks. Rain occurs at any season. Severe localised rainstorms ('cloudbursts') may occur in the high country and have caused flash flooding including past inundations of Ōpōtiki township.
Ōpōtiki contains three marae:
 
* Maromahue Marae and Te Poho o Kahungunu meeting house is a traditional meeting place of the [[Whakatōhea]] [[hapū]] of [[Te Ūpokorehe]].<ref name="tkmentry">{{cite web|title=Te Kāhui Māngai directory|url= http://www.tkm.govt.nz/ |website=tkm.govt.nz|publisher=[[Te Puni Kōkiri]]}}</ref><ref name="maorimaps">{{cite web |title=Māori Maps |url=https://maorimaps.com/map |website=maorimaps.com |publisher=Te Potiki National Trust}}</ref> In October 2020, the Government committed $364,597 from the [[Provincial Growth Fund]] to upgrade the marae, creating 16 jobs.<ref name="maraepgf">{{cite web |title=Marae Announcements |url=https://www.growregions.govt.nz/assets/funding-announcements/marae-announcements.xlsx |website=growregions.govt.nz |publisher=[[Provincial Growth Fund]] |format=Excel |date=9 October 2020}}</ref>
===Geology<ref>The basic Mesozoic geology is described in Suggate et al. vol. 2 p. 368-375. But geological research is constantly progressing, and this now somewhat dated (although still fairly correct) description should be read along with numerous papers which have appeared since then in the ''NZ Journal of Geology & Geophysics'', as well as in other publications e.g. J.S. Crampton, ''Inoceramid bivalves from the late Cretaceous of New Zealand'' (Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Limited, 1996) which updates the paleontology.</ref>===
* Te Rere Marae and Te Iringa meeting house is a meeting place of the Whakatōhea hapū of [[Ngāti Ngahere]].<ref name="tkmentry" /><ref name="maorimaps" /> In October 2020, the Government committed $744,574 to upgrade it and two other marae, creating 30 jobs.<ref name="maraepgf" />
* Rongopopoia Marae, also known as Te Kahikatea Marae, is a meeting place of the [[Tūhoe]] hapū of [[Upokorehe]].<ref name="tkmentry" /><ref name="maorimaps" />
 
===Museum===
Geologically the district is predominantly [[greywacke]] of Late [[Jurassic]] to Late [[Cretaceous]] age, draped by wind-blown [[loess]] during the [[Pleistocene]] Ice Ages and more recently covered in volcanic ash and pumice from the [[Rotorua]] and [[Taupō]] volcanic centres. The active volcano [[Whakaari/White Island]] lies offshore<ref>[http://www.geonet.org.nz/volcano/activity/white-island/ Check current activity at]</ref> and represents a [[tsunami]] risk. Earthquakes are also a risk, but the district lies just off to the east of major fault lines and the risk is less than in other nearby areas. There are no valuable mineral resources, although the greywacke contains rare decapitated [[guyot]]s which have been mined in the past for gold and copper.
 
Opotiki Heritage and Agricultural Society runs a museum in Ōpōtiki.<ref name="nzmuseums-Opotiki Heritage and Agricultural Society">{{cite web |title=Opotiki Heritage and Agricultural Society on NZ Museums |url=https://www.nzmuseums.co.nz/collections/3227/opotiki-heritage-and-agricultural-society |website=nzmuseums.co.nz |publisher=[[Te Papa]]}}</ref> It opened in 2001.<ref name="efisher">{{cite news |last1=Fisher |first1=Elaine |title=Town spirit brings history alive |url=https://www.pressreader.com/new-zealand/bay-of-plenty-times/20091006/282746287821074 |agency=[[Bay of Plenty Times]] |publisher=APN News & Media |date=6 October 2009}}</ref>
===Botany<ref>A detailed description of the botany has been given by Heginbotham & Esler. Best read with updates provided in Beadel et al. which also covers mountain areas omitted by the earlier paper.</ref>===
 
== Transport and infrastructure ==
Natural vegetation is preserved in many parts of the district because of the unsuitability of steep land for cultivation. The district is at a natural geographic and climatic boundary. It is the southern limit for [[mangrove]]s (''[[Avicennia]] resinifera'') on this side of the [[North Island]] of [[New Zealand]], the southern limit for the coastal tree taraire (''Beilschmiedia taraire''),<ref>Heginbotham & Esler p. 383 list others.</ref> and the mountains are the furthest north for many New Zealand alpine plants (''[[Ranunculus]] insignis'', ''Ourisia caespitosa'' etc.<ref>Beadel et al., in alphabetical checklist.</ref>). A remnant sea-level stand of an alpine southern beech (''[[Nothofagus]] solandri'') exists at the head of Ohiwa Harbour,<ref>Heginbotham & Esler p. 394.</ref> a drowned Ice Ages valley system.
Ōpōtiki is situated at the northern junction of [[State Highway 2 (New Zealand)|State Highway 2]] and [[State Highway 35 (New Zealand)|State Highway 35]]. To the west, State Highway 2 connects Ōpotiki to Whakatāne, Rotorua and Tauranga. To the south and east, State Highway 2 provides a direct inland route to Gisborne, while State Highway 35 follows the coast via [[Te Araroa (town)|Te Araroa]].
 
Coastal shipping used Opotiki Harbour until the mid-1960s. As of 2023, a project is underway to reconstruct the harbour, including the wharf and harbour entrance.
Coastal forest consists of [[pōhutukawa]] trees, [[nikau]] palms, and many small shrubs belonging to genera such as ''[[Pseudopanax]]'', ''[[Coprosma]]'' etc. Of particular note are a daisy-flowered shrub ''[[Olearia]] pachyphylla'' endemic to the district, and the rare large-flowered broom ''Carmichaelia williamsii''.<ref>Heginbotham & Esler p. 387 state it may now be extinct elsewhere on mainland NZ.</ref>
 
Horizon Networks owns and operates the electricity distribution network in Ōpōtiki, with electricity fed from [[Transpower New Zealand|Transpower]]'s national grid at its Waiotahi substation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Network Coverage|url=https://www.horizonnetworks.nz/network-coverage|url-status=|access-date=3 March 2021|website=Horizon Networks}}</ref>
Further inland is temperate rainforest. The canopy is dominated by tall trees such as [[Tawa (tree)|tawa]], [[puriri]] and pukatea heavily populated by [[epiphyte]]s (ferns, lily and orchid families) and [[liana]]s which include a pandanaceous climber ([[kiekie (plant)|kiekie]]). The understory contains many ferns of various sizes including tree ferns up to 10 m high, the giant stinging nettle ''[[Urtica ferox]]'' and the extremely poisonous [[Tutu (plant)|tutu]] shrub.
 
Natural gas arrived in Ōpōtiki in 1984, as part of the construction of the Kawerau to Gisborne high-pressure pipeline. Today, [[First Gas]] owns and operates both the high-pressure pipeline and the local distribution network supplying the town.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Network – First Gas|url=https://firstgas.co.nz/about-us/our-network/|access-date=2 March 2021|website=firstgas.co.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Story of Gas in New Zealand|url=https://www.gasindustry.co.nz/nz-gas-story|access-date=2 March 2021|website=www.gasindustry.co.nz|language=en}}</ref>
In mountainous areas the rainforest gives way to less dense ''[[Nothofagus]]'' beech forest. The understory is dominated by ''Gahnia'' sedges with sparse shrubs such as the foul-smelling ''[[Coprosma]] foetidissima''. Above the treeline there is tough-leaved ''[[Olearia]]'' shrub and alpine [[herbfield]]. The diminutive alpine [[Tutu (plant)|tutu]] shrub ''[[Coriaria pottsiana]]'' is endemic to the district.
 
The lower river valleys and adjacent tablelands provide productive farming areas whilst exotic plantings for commercial timber (mainly [[pinus radiata]]) occur on the fringes of the hill country.
 
===Zoology===
Introduced animal species considered to be pests ([[deer]], [[pig]], [[goat]], [[Common brushtail possum|possum]]) are common in the forested areas and feral sheep and cattle can be found as ‘escapees’ from adjacent farmland. In the developed areas, birdlife is a mix of introduced pastoral species from Britain ([[Common blackbird|blackbird]], [[song thrush]], various [[finch]]es, sparrows, pheasant, mallard duck), California quail, and native species such as [[Tui (bird)|tui]], [[fantail]], grey warbler, waxeye, kingfisher, [[pukeko]].
 
In the forested areas the birdlife is mainly native species which in addition to the above include wood pigeon ([[kererū]]), blue duck ([[whio]]), [[Anthornis melanura|bellbird]], [[morepork]] (native owl). In the past the rare [[North Island kōkako]] (a blue-wattled bird) has been sighted.<ref>Phillipps, p. 142-144, mentions kokako in the context of possible sightings of the extinct [[huia]].</ref>
 
Indigenous freshwater fish, apart from eels, are all small species and are caught as ‘whitebait’ in season. Introduced [[trout]] are found in some rivers. The district is rich in sea life such as molluscs ([[Paphies australis|pipi]], tuatua, [[Sea urchin|kina]], scallop), crayfish, edible fish such as [[Australasian snapper|snapper]], [[kahawai]] and [[sea robin|gurnard]]. Commercial aquaculture is beginning (mussel, oyster).
 
==Human history==
===Early Māori history===
The first known inhabitants of the district were probably members of the [[Toi (name)|Tini o Toi]] people, who apparently derived from the [[Tākitimu]] [[waka (canoe)|waka]] which came to the [[Whakatāne]] area from [[Taranaki Region|Taranaki]]. There followed, perhaps a few generations later, the [[Tainui]] and [[Te Arawa]] people, from the first of which the present Ngaitai tribe claim direct descent. Also in this period were migrations by the Nukutere waka from Taranaki, and the Rangimatoru waka.<ref>Lyall, p.1-37. See also Halbert p. 37-46.</ref>
 
Several more generations later, the [[Mātaatua]] people arrived at [[Whakatāne]] from a place called Parinuitera, which could be either [[Young Nick's Head]] or a place on [[Mercury Islands|Ahuahu (Great Mercury Island)]]. The present-day [[Te Whakatōhea]] and [[Te Whānau-ā-Apanui]] iwi claim descent from the intermarriage of Mātaatua with earlier migrants. The overland migration called Te Heke o Te Rangihouhiri, which eventually resulted in the [[Ngāi Te Rangi]] tribe of [[Tauranga]], also contributed to the population.
 
One of the earliest Whakatōhea ancestors, Tarawa, deliberately concealed his origins and claimed to have swum to the district from across the sea, supported by supernatural fish he called his pets or children (‘pōtiki’). Coming ashore just west of Ōpōtiki, he installed his pets into a spring, which thereby became imbued with his [[mana]]. The spring ‘o pōtiki mai tawhiti’ (‘of the children from faraway’) became famous, and the short form of the name later came to be applied to the district as a whole. Ōpōtiki therefore means ''(the place) of children''.<ref>Lyall, p. 2; Walker, p.11-12.</ref>
 
===Late eighteenth to early nineteenth century===
[[File:Opotiki Church.jpg|thumb|Hiona St Stephen's Anglican Church, completed by Reverend Carl Volkner in the 1860s.]]
The first contact between local Māori and Europeans was in 1769 when [[James Cook|Captain James Cook]] passed down the [[Bay of Plenty]] coast. Early in the nineteenth century a few European and American traders and whalers began to visit.<ref>Lyall ch. 20.</ref>
 
The 1820s saw numerous well-armed [[Musket Wars|invasions]] by [[Ngāpuhi]] war parties from [[Northland Region|Northland]]. Although the Ōpōtiki iwi had begun to acquire firearms by that time, they were outgunned and had to retreat from the coast to the rugged forested interior.<ref>Lyall, ch. 21.</ref>
 
The 1830s to 1840s were more peaceful and the tribes again returned to the coast to take advantage of trading opportunities with trading and whaling ships. Māori Christian missionaries began to instruct in literacy and religion. In 1840 the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] was taken around to be signed, establishing British sovereignty in name at least.<ref>Lyall, p. 151.</ref> John A Wilson a lay missionary of the [[Church Missionary Society]] established the Ōpōtiki mission in 1840.<ref name="LMR1874">{{cite book |last1= Rogers |first1= Lawrence M. |authorlink1= |title= Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams|url= |format= |accessdate= |year=1973 |publisher=Pegasus Press |location= |language= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |page= |pages= |chapter= |quote= |ref= |bibcode= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first = | last = |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, October 1842 |work= Anxiety of a New Zealander of Rank for the Word of God|accessdate=11 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1842_10/10| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]] |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Jan1844">{{cite web |first = | last = |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, January 1845 |work= Missionary Tour in the Eastern District of New Zealand|accessdate=13 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1845_01/13| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]] |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Soon after French missionaries moved into the area. At this period, the village at Ōpōtiki was known as [[Pā (Māori)|Pā]] [[Kowhai]]. There were other important villages at Tunapāhore and Te Kaha.
 
The 1850s and early 1860s saw continued development. The Māori tribes took up European agricultural methods and crops, primarily wheat, pigs and peaches, which were traded with [[Auckland]].<ref>Walker, p. 63-69.</ref> There were still only a few Westerners living in the district, fewer still of whom were British by birth. Among these foreigners were Dr Albert Agassiz (1840–1910), distant cousin of the famous Swiss/American scientist [[Louis Agassiz]], and [[Carl Sylvius Völkner|Carl Völkner]], a German missionary who had gone over to the [[Church of England|Anglican Church]].
 
===Warfare===
The British [[invasion of the Waikato]] resulted in the Whakatōhea iwi lending their support to anti-British forces. In 1864 a war party was sent to assist the related [[Ngāi Te Rangi]] tribe, who had defeated the British at [[Gate Pā]], but while making their way along the coast the war party was attacked by combined British and [[Te Arawa]] forces. The paramount chief of the Whakatōhea, Te Aporotanga, was taken prisoner and then executed by the wife of an Arawa chief who had been killed in the battle. While this action was compatible with ancient Māori custom, the fighting had hitherto been conducted according to [[Gate Pā|Christianized rules of engagement]], and this was accordingly taken as a sign that the British were no longer to be considered as a civilized enemy.<ref>Walker, p. 77.</ref>
 
In accordance with Māori custom, [[utu (Māori concept)|utu]] (revenge) was taken by killing the missionary Carl Völkner, who had been recruited as an agent by the British Governor, [[George Edward Grey|Sir George Grey]], and who had been transmitting secret reports.<ref>A transcript of one is in Lyall, p. 194-196.</ref> The so-called "[[Volkner Incident]]" resulted in the invasion of Ōpōtiki by British forces in 1865.<ref>Cowan, vol. 2 ch. 10</ref> Within a few years the Ōpōtiki district had been settled by military settlers, and the Maori tribes had been confined to villages with little land attached. A desultory guerilla war followed, led by Whakatōhea chief [[Hira te Popo]] and [[Tuhoe]] chief [[Eru Tamaikowha]], but they eventually surrendered and were given amnesty.<ref>Walker, p. 95-122.</ref>
 
Warfare again erupted in 1870 when the guerilla chief [[Te Kooti]] shifted [[Te Kooti's War|his operations]] to the area. For a few years he and his followers lived in the rugged Te Wera area in the extreme southwest of the Ōpōtiki district.<ref>Cowan, vol. 2 chs 37–42; Binney, p. 227-231 esp. Map 5.</ref> After an amnesty was granted he eventually moved to Ohiwa Harbour on the coast between Ōpōtiki and [[Whakatāne]] where he later died.<ref>Binney, ch. 14.</ref>
 
===Recent history===
[[File:Church Street, Opotiki - Photographed by W J Newell (21561607326).jpg|thumb|Ōpōtiki's Church Street, ca. 1920s.]]
When peace eventually came to the district, most of the cultivable land had been taken by British settlers and was converted to sheep and cattle (later dairy) farming. By the end of the nineteenth century a generation of both settlers and Māori had grown up together and there was some form of accommodation including intermarriage. The district lost men to the two World Wars, but an even greater blow was the [[Spanish flu pandemic]] of 1918–1919 which devastated small villages.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/influenza-pandemic/north-island-death-rates |title = North Island influenza death rates – the 1918 influenza pandemic &#124; NZHistory, New Zealand history online}}</ref>
 
Because of the relatively small area of cultivable hinterland and a treacherous harbour entrance, early hopes of Ōpōtiki town becoming a major centre for the [[Bay of Plenty]] were dashed. During the twentieth century the town suffered from repeated shifts of businesses and local government to [[Whakatāne]], a situation which has only begun to reverse very recently with increasing population. Major floods in the 1950s and 1960s led to the protection of the town by levees (‘stopbanks’) which have successfully prevented any further inundations. A major boost to prosperity occurred with the [[kiwifruit]] boom of the late twentieth century.
Mussel farming is the next project for develop the town alongside kiwifruit and bike riding in the Motu trail becoming popular with locals and tourists.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.odc.govt.nz/our-district/motu-trails-cycleway/Pages/default.aspx | title=Motu Trails Cycleway – Opotiki District Council}}</ref>
 
==Education==
 
[[OpotikiŌpōtiki College]] is a co-educational state high school for Year 9 to 13 students,<ref name="official148">{{cite web |title=Opotiki College Official School Website |url=http://www.opotikicol.school.nz |website=opotikicol.school.nz}}</ref><ref name="moe148">{{cite web |title=Opotiki College Ministry of Education School Profile |url=https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?school=148 |website=educationcounts.govt.nz |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (New Zealand)|Ministry of Education]]}}</ref> with a roll of {{NZ school roll data|148|y}} as of {{NZ school roll data|||y|}}.<ref name="ero148">{{cite web |title=Opotiki College Education Review Office Report |url=http://www.ero.govt.nz/report-view?id=148 |website=ero.govt.nz |publisher=[[Education Review Office]]}}</ref>
 
Ōpōtiki has three co-educational primary schools for Year 1 to 8 students: Opotiki School,<ref name="moe1866">{{cite web |title=Opotiki School Ministry of Education School Profile |url=https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?school=1866 |website=educationcounts.govt.nz |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (New Zealand)|Ministry of Education]]}}</ref> with a roll of {{NZ school roll data|1866|y}};<ref name="ero1866">{{cite web |title=Opotiki School Education Review Office Report |url=http://www.ero.govt.nz/report-view?id=1866 |website=ero.govt.nz |publisher=[[Education Review Office]]}}</ref> Ashbrook School,<ref name="moe1689">{{cite web |title=Ashbrook School Ministry of Education School Profile |url=https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?school=1689 |website=educationcounts.govt.nz |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (New Zealand)|Ministry of Education]]}}</ref> with a roll of {{NZ school roll data|1689|y}};<ref name="ero1689">{{cite web |title=Ashbrook School Education Review Office Report |url=http://www.ero.govt.nz/report-view?id=1689 |website=ero.govt.nz |publisher=[[Education Review Office]]}}</ref> and Woodlands School,<ref name="moe2092">{{cite web |title=Woodlands School Ministry of Education School Profile |url=https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?school=2092 |website=educationcounts.govt.nz |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (New Zealand)|Ministry of Education]]}}</ref> with a roll of {{NZ school roll data|2092|y}}.<ref name="ero">{{cite web |title=Woodlands School Education Review Office Report |url=http://www.ero.govt.nz/report-view?id=2092 |website=ero.govt.nz |publisher=[[Education Review Office]]}}</ref>
Line 129 ⟶ 104:
 
==Notable people==
{{maincat|People from OpotikiŌpōtiki|People from Ōpōtiki}}
[[James Rolleston]], an actor known for his role in [[Boy (2010 film)|''Boy'']] and Vodafone NZ advertisements, lives and was raised in Ōpōtiki.
 
==See alsoClimate==
 
*[[Mayor of Opotiki|Mayor of Ōpōtiki]]
{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Opotiki (1991–2020)
|Jan high C = 23.4
|Feb high C = 24.0
|Mar high C = 22.6
|Apr high C = 20.4
|May high C = 17.9
|Jun high C = 15.5
|Jul high C = 14.8
|Aug high C = 15.3
|Sep high C = 16.5
|Oct high C = 18.0
|Nov high C = 19.7
|Dec high C = 21.7
| year high C =
|Jan mean C = 19.0
|Feb mean C = 19.3
|Mar mean C = 17.6
|Apr mean C = 15.3
|May mean C = 12.7
|Jun mean C = 10.3
|Jul mean C = 9.8
|Aug mean C = 10.2
|Sep mean C = 11.8
|Oct mean C = 13.3
|Nov mean C = 15.1
|Dec mean C = 17.4
| year mean C =
|Jan low C = 14.6
|Feb low C = 14.7
|Mar low C = 12.6
|Apr low C = 10.3
|May low C = 7.6
|Jun low C = 5.2
|Jul low C = 4.8
|Aug low C = 5.1
|Sep low C = 7.1
|Oct low C = 8.5
|Nov low C = 10.6
|Dec low C = 13.1
| year low C =
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 88.6
|Feb rain mm = 79.5
|Mar rain mm = 100.9
|Apr rain mm = 117.6
|May rain mm = 134.5
|Jun rain mm = 155.8
|Jul rain mm = 137.9
|Aug rain mm = 119.9
|Sep rain mm = 106.5
|Oct rain mm = 104.8
|Nov rain mm = 66.2
|Dec rain mm = 129.7
|year rain mm =
|Jan sun = 244.0
|Feb sun = 202.1
|Mar sun = 182.2
|Apr sun = 188.3
|May sun = 143.1
|Jun sun = 118.3
|Jul sun = 151.0
|Aug sun = 154.4
|Sep sun = 153.1
|Oct sun = 192.8
|Nov sun = 188.3
|Dec sun = 215.2
|year sun =
|source 1 = NIWA (sun 1981–2010)<ref name= NIWA>
{{cite web
|url = http://cliflo.niwa.co.nz
|title = CliFlo – National Climate Database : Opotiki
|publisher = NIWA
|access-date = 20 May 2024}}</ref>
}}
 
==Notes==
{{reflist|30emReflist}}
 
==References==
* S. Beadel, C. Ecroyd, P. de Lange, P. Cashmore, W. Shaw & C. Crump, ''Checklist of Indigenous and Naturalised Vascular Plants in the Bay of Plenty'', Rotorua Botanical Society, 2009, special issue #2.
* Judith Binney, ''Redemption Songs: a life of Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki''. Auckland University Press, 1995. {{ISBN|1-86940-131-X}}.
* James Cowan, ''The New Zealand Wars'', 1983 edition, NZ Govt Printer, vols 1 & 2 ({{ISBN|0-477-01230-2}}).
* [[Rongowhakaata Halbert]], ''Horouta'', Reed Books, 1999. {{ISBN|0-7900-0623-5}}
* M. Heginbotham & A.E. Esler, "Wild vascular plants of the Opotiki-East Cape region, North Island, New Zealand". ''NZ Journal of Botany'', 1985, vol. 23: 379–406.
* Alfred C. Lyall, ''Whakatohea of Opotiki'', AH & AW Reed, 1979. {{ISBN|0-589-01113-8}}.
* W.J. Phillipps, ''The Book of the Huia'', Whitcombe & Tombs, 1963.
* [[Pat Suggate|R.P. Suggate]], G.R. Stevens & M.T. Te Punga (eds), ''The Geology of New Zealand'', NZ Govt Printer, Wellington, 1978. Vol 2, {{ISBN|978-0-477-01034-4}}.
* Ranginui Walker, ''Ōpōtiki-Mai-Tawhiti, Capital of Whakatōhea''. Penguin, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-14-300649-7}}.
 
==External links==
Line 154 ⟶ 199:
* [http://www.opotiki.net.nz/ Ōpōtiki Information Centre]
*{{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* [httphttps://www.nzetc.orgvictoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/Gov03_06Rail-fig-Gov03_06Rail043a.html Photo of Ōpōtiki-Gisborne Road c1928]
* [httphttps://www.nzetc.orgvictoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/Cow02NewZ-fig-Cow02NewZ417a.html Photo of Captain Porter and Maori auxiliaries at Ōpōtiki 1871]
 
{{Territorial Authorities of New Zealand}}
[[Category:Opotiki District|{{Ōpōtiki District]]}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ōpōtiki}}
[[Category:Ōpōtiki District]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Bay of Plenty Region]]
[[Category:Territorial authorities of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Ōpōtiki|*]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ōpōtiki"