|
<!-- Service history -->| service = 1967–present
| used_by = See list of [[#Operators|operators]]
| wars = {{collapsible list|<!-- Hack to work around the annoyance that this template doesn't have styling parameters -->{{unbulletedTree list|item_style=margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-top:0.25em}}
|*[[Yom Kippur War]]
|*[[Angolan Civil War]]
|*[[Chadian Civil War (1965–79)|Chadian Civil War]]
|*[[Western Sahara War]]
|*[[Iran–Iraq War]]
|*[[1982 Lebanon War]]
|*[[Gulf War]]
|*[[Yugoslav wars]]
|*[[Kosovo War]]
|*[[Syrian Civil War]]
|*[[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russo-Ukrainian War]]
**[[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
|*[[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)]]
|[[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war]]
|*[[Russo2020 Nagorno-UkrainianKarabakh war]]}}}}
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
<!-- Production history -->| designer = {{plainlist|
*[[Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design|NIIP]]/[[Vympel NPO|Vympel]]
It is sometimes claimed that the [[M-11 Shtorm]] naval system is a version of the 3M9 but this is not the case, as the M-11 Shtorm is a separate system and, unusually for Russian surface-to-air missiles, has no land-based variant.
{{tree chart/start|style align= float:right}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |Kub| |KvadratKv| | | |Kub=Kub|KvadratKv=Kvadrat|boxstyle_Kvadratboxstyle_Kv=background-color: #afa;}}
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{{tree chart| | | | | | |KM1| |KM| |KM1=Kub-M1|KM=Kub-M}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | }}
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{{tree chart| | | | | |F|KM3| | |KM3=Kub-M3}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |:| |!| | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | |:|KM4| | | | | | |KM4=Kub-M4}}
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{{tree chart| | | | | |L|Buk| | | | | |Buk=[[Buk missile system|Buk]]}}
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{{external media
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| image1 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930180102/http://www.arms-expo.ru/im.xp/057051052053052.jpg Photo of one of the Buk prototype, based on Kub components]
===Comparison===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Complex<br /> <small>(GRAU designation)</small>
!Kub
On April 14, 2018, American, British, and French forces [[2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs|launched]] 103 air-to-surface and cruise missiles targeting sites in Syria. According to the Russian military, twenty-one Kub missiles launched in response allegedly destroyed eleven incoming missiles,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171611@egNews |title=Briefing by Russian Defence Ministry official Major General Igor Konashenkov (April 16, 2018) |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093246/http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171611@egNews |archive-date=18 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the American Department of Defense stated no Allied missiles were shot down.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Defense Press Briefing by Pentagon Chief Spokesperson|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/1493749/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-pentagon-chief-spokesperson-dana-w-whit/|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422115848/https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/1493749/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-pentagon-chief-spokesperson-dana-w-whit/|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
===[[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemen Civil War]]===
South Yemen formerly operated these systems in the South Yemeni air defense forces. Later, United Yemen purchased a large number of these systems in the 1990s and they entered service with the Yemeni air defense forces in 1999.
On 6 June 2019, [[Houthi]] forces successfully shot down a USAF [[MQ-9]]. [[CENTCOM]] officials blamed the shoot down on a Houthi-operated and domestically-made Fater-1 missile – a SAM system upgraded from a Soviet 2K12 Kub air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/STATEMENTS/Statements-View/Article/1877252/statement-from-us-central-command-on-attacks-against-us-observation-aircraft/|title=Statement from US Central Command on attacks against U.S. observation aircraft|website=U.S. Central Command}}</ref>
On 8 november Houthis used the SA6 missile to shoot down the American MQ9 Drone, which was worth $32 million.<ref>http://www.mmy.ye/303152</ref>
===War in Ukraine===
Ukraine retired it'sits Kub batteries in the early 2000s to focus on the more modern Buk systems, but with the outbreak of the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]] in 2014, Ukraine's Aerotekhnika company begun repairing some of the 89 Kub units in storage and modernize them to the Kub M3/2D standard. According to Ukrainian media, two units were operational in 2021, while the Pentagon estimated that only one was operational prior to the Russian invasion in 2022.<ref name="Roblin">{{cite web |last1=Roblin |first1=Sébastien |title=The Three Fingers of Death Have Arrived in Ukraine |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a44940113/three-fingers-of-death-kub-air-defense-vehicles-ukraine/ |website=Popular Mechanics |access-date=3 September 2023 |date=30 August 2023}}</ref>
On 17 March 2023, the [[Slovakia|Slovak]] government approved the transfer of two Kub missile launchers, one Kub radar, spare parts, 52 pieces of [[3M9ME]] missiles and 148 pieces of [[3M9M3E]] missiles to Ukraine.
==Operators==
[[File:2K12 Kub Operator Map 25.10.2023.png|thumb|300x300pxupright=1.35|MapOperators of 2K12 operators in blue with former operators in red{{legend|#0a57c0|Current}}{{legend|#dc0023|Former}}]]
[[File:SA-6 'KUB' missile system exercise!.jpg|thumb|right|Hungarian modernized 2K12 Kub launcher]]
[[File:SA-6.jpg|thumb|bottom|right|3M9 [[transporter erector launcher|TEL]] in desert camouflage. Photo by [[Nellis Air Force Base|Nellis AFB]].]]
===Current operators===
* {{ALG}} – about 40 2K12s, as of 2012<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 316</ref>
* {{ANGALG}} –− 16Unknown 2К12s,number of 2K12 Kvadrat in service as of 20212024{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021IISS|2024|ppage=449344}}
* {{ANG}} − 16 2K12-ML Kvadrat-ML in service as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=472}}
* {{ARM}}<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 90</ref>
* {{BULARM}} –− 20Unknown 2K12s,number in service as of 20162024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=179}}
* {{BIH}} –− 20 2K12s, as of 20192024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=76}}
* {{BUL}} − Unknown number in service as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=78}}
* {{CHA}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=457}}
* {{CHA}} − 4 as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=482}}
* {{CUB}} – 25+<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 385</ref>
* {{CUB}} − Unknown number in service as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=428}}
* {{CZE}} – 4 batteries – 16 launchers and 4 radiolocators<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.25plrb.army.cz/?page_id=178 |title=25plrp.army.cz|website=www.25plrb.army.cz|access-date=15 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821182020/http://www.25plrb.army.cz/?page_id=178 |archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 105</ref>
* {{CZE}} − 8 2K12M2 Kub-M2 as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=84}}
* {{EGY}} – 56 2K12s, as of 2012. All modernized and upgraded.<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 322</ref>
* {{EGY}} − 56+ as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=351}}
* {{ETH}} – unknown number in service.
* {{GER}} - At least 1 operational system retained from East German stocks for [[Opposing force|threat simulation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/luftwaffe/aktuelles/ace21-sa-6-5090012 |title=Flugabwehrraketensystem SA-6 |website=[[Bundeswehr]]|access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref>
* {{HUN}} – 12 2K12s, as of 2019<ref>[[2K12 Kub#IISS2012|IISS 2019 Military Balance]], pp. 125</ref>
* {{INDHUN}} –− 180 2K12s,16 as of 2012<ref>[[#IISS20122024{{sfn|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 244</ref>|2024|page=104}}
* {{IND}} − 180 as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=267}}
* {{IRN}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/fa/news/56646 |title=کاوادرات؛ نبرد 4 گوش سپاه با جنگال و کروز - مشرق نیوز |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015161237/http://www.mashreghnews.ir/fa/news/56646 |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{KAZ}} –− 20Unknown 2K12s,number in service as of 2012<ref>[[#IISS20122024{{sfn|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 256</ref>|2024|page=187}}
* {{MYA}} − Unknown number of 2K12 Kvadrat-M in service as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=297}}
* {{LBY}}<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 338</ref>
* {{POL}} − 20 as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=125}}
[[File:MA-SAM-1.jpg|thumb|Kub 2K12M2 air defence system of the Myanmar Army]]
* {{ROM}} − 32 as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=131}}
[[File:MA-SAM-3.jpg|thumb|Kvadat-M air defence systems of the Myanmar Army]]
* {{SRB}} − 77 in service with the Army and 9 with the Air Defence as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|pages=133−134}}
* {{MYA}} – Kub Kvadrat-M and Kub 2K12M2 air defence systems received from Belarus.<ref name="asiapacificdefencereporter.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiapacificdefencereporter.com/order-of-battle/myanmar |title=Myanmar|access-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025311/http://www.asiapacificdefencereporter.com/order-of-battle/myanmar |archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=Trade-Register-1971-2018.rft |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref>
* {{SVK}} − Unknown number in service as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=136}}
* {{PRK}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/04/01/what_do_north_koreas_air_defenses_look_like |title=ForeignPolicy.com: What do North Korea's air defenses look like?|website=Foreign Policy|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129031942/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/04/01/what_do_north_koreas_air_defenses_look_like |archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>4/2/13 FP Situation Report: By Gordon Lubold</ref>
* {{SYR}} − Unknown number in service as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=387}}
* {{POL}} – 20 2K12s, as of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbrojenie i wyposażenie Wojska Polskiego A.D. 2015/2016|url=http://bloghist-mil.pl/2015/03/28/uzbrojenie-i-wyposazenie-wojska-polskiego/ |website=Blog Historyczno-Militarny|access-date=20 May 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160602165935/http://bloghist-mil.pl/2015/03/28/uzbrojenie-i-wyposazenie-wojska-polskiego/ |archive-date=2 June 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* {{TZA}} − Unknown number in service as of 2024. Serviceability doubtful{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=524}}
* {{ROM}} – 32 batteries, future upgrading expected and proposed
* {{TKM}} − Unknown number in service as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=209}}
* {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}<ref name='Sahara'>{{cite magazine|language=it|title=Il contenzioso del sahara occidentale fra passato e presente|url=https://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/periodico_2012/Documents/R4_2012/50_59_R4_2012.pdf |author=Francesco Palmas|issue=4|year=2012|pages=50–59|newspaper=Informazioni della Difesa|access-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141151/https://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/periodico_2012/Documents/R4_2012/50_59_R4_2012.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{UKR}} − Two batteries donated by the Czech Republic and two launchers donated by Slovakia in 2023<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roblin |first1=Sébastien |title=The Three Fingers of Death Have Arrived in Ukraine |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a44940113/three-fingers-of-death-kub-air-defense-vehicles-ukraine/ |access-date=5 May 2024 |work=Popular Mechanics |date=30 August 2023}}</ref>
* {{SRB}} – 12 batteries<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vs.rs/index.php?content=44cf0f3f-021f-102c-a202-2f44c9235232 |title=Војска Србије – Наоружање Ваздухопловства и противваздухопловне одбране – Ракетни системи – Ракетни систем ПВО КУБ-М|first=Vojska Srbije|publisher=Serbian Armed Forces :: Centar za komandno-informacione|last=sisteme|work=vs.rs|access-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010063013/http://www.vs.rs/index.php?content=44cf0f3f-021f-102c-a202-2f44c9235232 |archive-date=10 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{VIE}} − Unknown number in service as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=326}}
* {{SYR}} – 195 2K12s, as of 2012<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 350</ref>
* {{TAN}} – 20 2K12s, as of 2012<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 457</ref>
===Non-state===
* {{TKM}} – 2+ in service as of 2016<ref>{{cite web|author1=Hərbi TV|title=Turkmenistan Military Parade 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkGQUCXgeD0 |website=YouTube|access-date=7 August 2017|location=Ashgabat|language=tk|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015160440/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkGQUCXgeD0 |archive-date=15 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{UKR}} - 40 2K12s, as of 2021,<ref>{{cite web |title=Inside Ukraine's extensive but ageing air defence system |url=https://www.key.aero/article/inside-ukraines-extensive-ageing-air-defence-system |website=www.key.aero |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221202070025/https://www.key.aero/article/inside-ukraines-extensive-ageing-air-defence-system |archive-date=2 December 2022 |language=en |date=17 January 2022 |quote=40 self-propelled launchers, each carrying three SAMs, equipping ten batteries |url-status=live}}</ref> some upgraded to Kwadrat 2D<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwadrat-2D - Digitalized Ukrainian Kub SAM System In Kielce |url=https://defence24.com/kwadrat-2d-digitalized-ukrainian-kub-sam-system-in-kielce |website=defence24.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220629105225/https://defence24.com/kwadrat-2d-digitalized-ukrainian-kub-sam-system-in-kielce |archive-date=29 June 2022 |language=pl |date=2015-09-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Artsakh}} − Operated an unknown number in 2016{{sfn|IISS|2016|page=181}}
* {{VIE}}<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 293</ref>
* {{flagicon|Libya}} [[Libyan National Army]] − Unknown number of 2K12 Kvadrat in service as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=371}}
* {{YEM}}<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 355</ref>
* {{flagicon|SADR}} [[Polisario Front]] − At least 4{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=172}}
* {{CZS}}{{sfn|IISS|1989|page=46}} − Passed on to successor states.
* {{GDR}}{{sfn|IISS|1989|page=47}} − Passed on to the unified German state.
* {{RUS}} – Replaced by [[Buk missile system|9K37 Buk]]. Current 1 battery 2K12s deployed in [[Armenia]], as of 2012 (retired as of 2015). Also in service as IVC 3M20M3 ''Peniye'' missile training target imitator system<ref name="militaryforcesru">[http://militaryforces.ru/weapon-9-101-705.html Peniye training target system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009115552/http://militaryforces.ru/weapon-9-101-705.html |date=9 October 2010 }} at Russian Firearms: Specifications, Photos, Pictures website</ref><ref name="janesjuav1002">[http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/juav/juav1002.html Vympel 3M20M3 (Russian Federation), aerial targets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226132413/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/juav/juav1002.html |date=26 February 2009 }} at Jane's Information Group website</ref>
* {{flag|Iraq|1991}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=172}}
* {{CZS}} – 120 in 1992.<ref name="JanesDefense">{{cite book |last1=Cullen |first1=Tony |last2=Foss |first2=C.F. |title=Jane's Land-based Air Defence 1992-93 |date=1 March 1992 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=978-0710609793 |pages=127–131 |edition=5}}</ref> Passed on to successor states
* {{flag|Libya|1977}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=172}}
* {{SVK}} – 4 2K12s with C2 [[Tatrapan]] PVO<ref>{{cite web |title=Protilietadlov raketov brigda Nitra |url=http://www.plrb.mil.sk/23778/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022830/http://www.plrb.mil.sk/23778/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref> Retired.
* {{PRK}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=172}}
* {{GDR}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The military balance, 1989-1990 |date=1989 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-0080375694 |page=47 |author1-link=Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref> – Retired after [[German reunification]] ▼* {{flag|North Yemen}}{{sfn|IISS|1989|page=118}} − Passed on to the unified Yemeni state.
* {{Flag|Iraq|1963}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |last2=Sipos |first2=Milos |title=Iraqi Mirages. The Dassault Mirage Family in Service with the Iraqi Air Force, 1981-1988 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-912-390311 |page=31}}</ref>
* {{RUS}} − 400 in 2002{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=172}}
* {{flag|South Yemen}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |title=Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994 |date=2017 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |location=Solihull, UK |isbn=978-1-912174-23-2 |page=41}}</ref>
* {{flag|South Yemen}}{{sfn|IISS|1989|page=118}}{{sfn|Cooper|2017|page=41}} − Passed on to the unified Yemeni state.
* {{USSR}} – 850 in 1991.<ref name="JanesDefense"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The military balance. 1991-1992. |date=1991 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-0080413259 |page=37|author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref> Passed on to successor states
* {{URS}} − 800 in 1989.{{sfn|IISS|1989|page=34}} Passed on to successor states.
* {{YUG}} – Passed on to successor states<ref>{{cite magazine|first1=Iztok |last1=Kočevar|title=Micmac à tire-larigot chez Tito: L'arme blindée yougoslave durant la Guerre froide|trans-title=The Yugoslav armored arm during the Cold War|magazine=Batailles et Blindés|language=fr|date=August 2014|publisher=Caraktère|issn=1765-0828|issue=62|pages=66–79}}</ref>
* {{YEM}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=172}}
* {{YUG}}{{sfn|IISS|1989|page=91}} − Passed on to successor states.
<gallery>
==Sources==
* {{cite book |titlelast1=TheCooper Military Balance 2012|first1=Tom |author1title=InternationalHot InstituteSkies forOver StrategicYemen, StudiesVolume |author-link1=International1: InstituteAerial forWarfare StrategicOver Studiesthe |editor=HackettSouth Arabian Peninsula, James1962-1994 |date=7 March 20122017 |publisher=[[Routledge]]Helion & Company Publishing |location=[[London]]Solihull, UK |isbn=978-1-85743912174-64223-6 |ref=IISS20122}}
* {{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Militarymilitary Balancebalance, 1989-1990 2021|date=February1989 2021|volume=121|isbn=9781032012278|publisher=RoutledgeBrassey's |reflocation={{harvid|The MilitaryLondon Balance 2021}}|authorisbn=International978-0080375694 Institute for Strategic Studies|authorauthor1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|1989}}}}
* {{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2016|date=2016|volume=116|isbn=9781857438352|publisher=Routledge|ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2016}}|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}
▲* {{GDR}}<ref>{{cite book |last1= International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The militaryMilitary balance,Balance 1989-19902024 |date= 19892024 |publisher= Brassey'sTaylor |location=London& Francis |isbn=978- 00803756941-040-05115-3 | pagelanguage= 47en |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2024}} |author1-link= International Institute for Strategic Studies }} </ref> – Retired after [[German reunification]]
* {{cite book |editor1-last=O'Halloran |editor1-first=James C. |editor2-last=Foss |editor2-first=Christopher F. |title=Jane's Land-Based Air Defense 2002-2003 |date=2002 |publisher=Janes Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-2437-6 |edition=15th}}
==External links==
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