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|horizon =
|region = North-Eastern Europe
|period = [[Mesolithic Europe]], [[Neolithic Europe]]
|dates =
|typesite =
|majorsites =
|extra =
|precededby = [[Narva culture]]
|followedby = [[Volosovo culture]], [[Corded Ware culture]], [[Kiukainen culture]]
}}
The '''Comb Ceramic culture''' or '''Pit-Comb Ware culture''', often abbreviated as '''CCC''' or '''PCW''', was a northeast European culture characterised by its [[Pit–Comb Ware]]. It existed from around 4200 BCE to around 2000 BCE.{{sfn|Saag|2017}} The bearers of the Comb Ceramic culture are thought to have still mostly followed the [[Mesolithic]] [[hunter-gatherer]] ([[Eastern Hunter-Gatherer]]) lifestyle, with traces of [[Neolithic Revolution|early agriculture]].
==Distribution==
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==Ceramics==
[[File:CombCeramicPottery.jpg|thumbnail|Comb ceramic pottery from Estonia, 4000-2000 BCE.]]▼
[[File:Comb ceramic pottery from Taipalsaari, Finland.jpg|thumb|Comb Ceramic pottery from Finland|229x229px]]
The Pit–Comb Ware culture is one of the few exceptions to the rule that pottery and farming coexist in Europe. In the Near East farming appeared before pottery, then when farming spread into Europe from the Near East, pottery-making came with it. However, in Asia, where the oldest pottery has been found, pottery was made long before farming. It appears that the Comb Ceramic Culture reflects influences from Siberia and distant China.{{sfn|Zvelebil|2004|pp=431-435}}
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However, calibrated [[radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dates]] for the comb-ware fragments found (e.g., in the Karelian isthmus), give a total interval of 5600 BC – 2300 BC (''Geochronometria'' Vol. 23, pp 93–99, 2004).
Among the many styles of comb ware there is one which makes use of the characteristics of [[asbestos]]: [[Asbestos-Ceramic|Asbestos ware]]. In this tradition, which persisted through different cultures into the Iron Age, asbestos was used to temper the ceramic clay.<ref>{{Cite book|
==Habitations==
[[File:Kierikki Stone Age Centre Oulu Finland 02.jpg|thumb|Reconstructions of Stone Age dwellings in [[Kierikki]], Finland]]
[[File:Rajakangas Giant's Church.jpg|thumb|A so-called [[Giant's Church]] at Rajakangas, Oulu, Finland. The purpose of these large, rectangular stone structures is unclear.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museot.keski-pohjanmaa.fi/vah_erik_7.htm |title=Arvoitukselliset jätinkirkot |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=26 January 2013 |work=Keskipohjalaisia museoita ja kulttuuriympäristöjä |publisher=Keski-pohjanmaan liitto |language=fi |access-date=26 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109130650/http://museot.keski-pohjanmaa.fi/vah_erik_7.htm |archive-date=9 November 2013 }}</ref>]]
The settlements were located at sea shores or beside lakes and the economy was based on hunting, fishing and the gathering of plants. In [[Finland]], it was a maritime culture which became more and more specialized in hunting seals. The dominant dwelling was probably a [[teepee]] of about 30 square meters where some 15 people could live. Also rectangular houses made of timber become popular in Finland from 4000 BC cal. Graves were dug at the settlements and the dead were covered with [[red ochre]]. The typical Comb Ceramic age shows an extensive use of objects made of [[flint]] and [[amber]] as grave offerings.
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==Art==
▲[[File:CombCeramicPottery.jpg|thumbnail|Comb ceramic pottery from Estonia, 4000-2000 BCE.]]
The culture was characterised by small figurines of burnt clay and animal heads made of stone. The animal heads usually depict moose and bears and were derived from the art of the [[Mesolithic]]. There were also many [[rock painting]]s.
There are sources noting that the typical comb ceramic pottery had a sense of luxury and that its makers knew how to wear precious amber pendants.<ref>{{Cite book|
==Language==
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Mittnik (2018) analyzed two CCC individuals. The male carried [[Haplogroup R1|R1]] (2021: R1b-M343) and [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U4|U4d2]], while the female carried [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U5|U5a1d2b]]. Generally, the CCC individuals were mostly of [[Eastern Hunter-Gatherer]] (EHG) descent, with even more EHG than people of the [[Narva culture]].{{sfn|Mittnik|2018}}
Lamnidis et al. (2018)
[[File:Dugout boats Kierikki Centre Oulu 20130526.JPG|thumb|Dugout canoes, reconstruction]]
==See also==
* [[Pitted Ware culture]]
* [[Dnieper–Donets culture]]
* [[Rzucewo culture]]
* [[Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate]]
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==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lamnidis |first1=TC |date=November 27, 2018 |title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=9 |issue=5018 |pages=2185–2193 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5 |pmc=6258758 |pmid=30479341 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5018L }}
* {{cite book |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P. |author-link1=J. P. Mallory |last2=Adams |first2=Douglas Q. |author-link2=Douglas Q. Adams |year=1997 |chapter=Pit-Comb Ware Culture |title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |pages=429–430 |isbn=1884964982 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mittnik |first1=Alisa |date=January 30, 2018 |title=The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages= 442|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9 |pmc=5789860 |pmid=29382937 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9..442M }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Saag |first1=Lehti |date=July 24, 2017 |title=Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex-Biased Migration from the Steppe. |journal=[[Current Biology]] |publisher=[[Cell Press]] |volume=27 |issue=14 |pages=2185–2193 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022 |doi-access=free |pmid= 28712569}}
* {{cite book |last1=Zvelebil |first1=Marek |author-link1=Marek Zvelebil |year=
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