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|region = North-Eastern Europe
|period = [[Mesolithic Europe]], [[Neolithic Europe]]
|dates =
|typesite =
|majorsites =
|extra =
|precededby = [[Narva culture]]
|followedby = [[Volosovo culture]], [[Corded Ware culture]], [[Kiukainen culture]]
}}
The '''Comb Ceramic culture''' or '''Pit-Comb Ware culture''', often abbreviated as '''CCC''' or '''PCW''', was a northeast European culture characterised by its [[Pit–Comb Ware]]. It existed from around 4200 BCE to around 2000 BCE.{{sfn|Saag|2017}} The bearers of the Comb Ceramic culture are thought to have still mostly followed the [[Mesolithic]] [[hunter-gatherer]] ([[Eastern Hunter-Gatherer]]) lifestyle, with traces of [[Neolithic Revolution|early agriculture]].
==Distribution==
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==Ceramics==
[[File:CombCeramicPottery.jpg|thumbnail|Comb ceramic pottery from Estonia, 4000-2000 BCE.]]▼
[[File:Comb ceramic pottery from Taipalsaari, Finland.jpg|thumb|Comb Ceramic pottery from Finland|229x229px]]
The Pit–Comb Ware culture is one of the few exceptions to the rule that pottery and farming coexist in Europe. In the Near East farming appeared before pottery, then when farming spread into Europe from the Near East, pottery-making came with it. However, in Asia, where the oldest pottery has been found, pottery was made long before farming. It appears that the Comb Ceramic Culture reflects influences from Siberia and distant China.{{sfn|Zvelebil|2004|pp=431-435}}
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However, calibrated [[radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dates]] for the comb-ware fragments found (e.g., in the Karelian isthmus), give a total interval of 5600 BC – 2300 BC (''Geochronometria'' Vol. 23, pp 93–99, 2004).
Among the many styles of comb ware there is one which makes use of the characteristics of [[asbestos]]: [[Asbestos-Ceramic|Asbestos ware]]. In this tradition, which persisted through different cultures into the Iron Age, asbestos was used to temper the ceramic clay.<ref>{{Cite book|
==Habitations==
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==Art==
▲[[File:CombCeramicPottery.jpg|thumbnail|Comb ceramic pottery from Estonia, 4000-2000 BCE.]]
The culture was characterised by small figurines of burnt clay and animal heads made of stone. The animal heads usually depict moose and bears and were derived from the art of the [[Mesolithic]]. There were also many [[rock painting]]s.
There are sources noting that the typical comb ceramic pottery had a sense of luxury and that its makers knew how to wear precious amber pendants.<ref>{{Cite book|
==Language==
In earlier times, it was often suggested that the spread of the Comb Ware people was correlated with the diffusion of the [[Uralic languages]], and thus an [[Proto-Uralic language|early Uralic]] language would have been spoken throughout this culture.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|pp=439-430}} It was also suggested that bearers of this culture likely spoke [[Finno-Ugric languages]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|title=Estonia: Return To Independence|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0813311999|location=New York|pages=11}}</ref> Another view is that the Comb Ware people may have spoken [[Paleo-European languages|Palaeo-European languages]], as some [[toponyms]] and [[hydronym]]s also indicate a non-Uralic, non-[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] at work in some areas. In addition, modern scholars have located the [[Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses|Proto-Uralic]] homeland east of the [[Volga]], if not even beyond the [[Urals]]. The great westward dispersal of the Uralic languages is suggested to have happened long after the demise of the Comb Ceramic culture, perhaps in the 1st millennium BC.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|pp=439-430}}
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Mittnik (2018) analyzed two CCC individuals. The male carried [[Haplogroup R1|R1]] (2021: R1b-M343) and [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U4|U4d2]], while the female carried [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U5|U5a1d2b]]. Generally, the CCC individuals were mostly of [[Eastern Hunter-Gatherer]] (EHG) descent, with even more EHG than people of the [[Narva culture]].{{sfn|Mittnik|2018}}
Lamnidis et al. (2018)
[[File:Dugout boats Kierikki Centre Oulu 20130526.JPG|thumb|Dugout canoes, reconstruction]]
==See also==
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==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lamnidis |first1=TC |date=November 27, 2018 |title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=9 |issue=5018 |pages=2185–2193 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5 |pmc=6258758 |pmid=30479341 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5018L }}
* {{cite book |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P. |author-link1=J. P. Mallory |last2=Adams |first2=Douglas Q. |author-link2=Douglas Q. Adams |year=1997 |chapter=Pit-Comb Ware Culture |title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |pages=429–430 |isbn=1884964982 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mittnik |first1=Alisa |date=January 30, 2018 |title=The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages= 442|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9 |pmc=5789860 |pmid=29382937 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9..442M }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Saag |first1=Lehti |date=July 24, 2017 |title=Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex-Biased Migration from the Steppe. |journal=[[Current Biology]] |publisher=[[Cell Press]] |volume=27 |issue=14 |pages=2185–2193 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022 |doi-access=free |pmid= 28712569}}
* {{cite book |last1=Zvelebil |first1=Marek |author-link1=Marek Zvelebil |year=2004 |chapter=Pitted Ware And Related Cultures Of Neolithic Northern Europe |editor1-last=Bogucki |editor1-first=Peter I. |editor2-last=Crabtree |editor2-first=Pam J. |title=Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.- A.D. 1000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lk1JnQEACAAJ |series=Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World |volume=1 |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] |pages=431–435 |isbn=068480669X }}
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