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Heat is removed from the heatsink by [[convection]], to some extent by [[Radiative cooling|radiation]], and possibly by [[Thermal conduction|conduction]] if the heatsink is in thermal contact with, say, the metal case. Inexpensive fan-cooled [[aluminium]] heatsinks are often used on standard desktop computers. Heatsinks with [[copper]] base-plates, or made of copper, have better thermal characteristics than those made of aluminium. A copper heatsink is more effective than an aluminium unit of the same size, which is relevant with regard to the high-power-consumption components used in high-performance computers.
Passive heatsinks are commonly found on
Usually a heatsink is clamped to the integrated heat spreader (IHS), a flat metal plate the size of the CPU package which is part of the CPU assembly and spreads the heat locally. A thin layer of thermal compound is placed between them to compensate for surface imperfections. The spreader's primary purpose is to redistribute heat. The heatsink fins improve its efficiency.
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