Content deleted Content added
No edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
→United States: Corrected pronunciation Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
| (48 intermediate revisions by 22 users not shown) | |||
Line 9:
Within [[military terminology]] a corps may be:
*an [[military organization|operational formation]], sometimes known as a '''field corps''', which consists of two or more [[division (military)|divisions]], such as the [[I Corps (Grande Armée)|{{lang|fr|cat=no|Corps d'armée}}]], later known as {{lang|fr|I Corps}} ("First Corps") of Napoleon I's {{lang|fr|Grande Armée}});
*an '''administrative corps''' (or [[Muster (military)|mustering]]) – that is a [[#Administrative corps|specialized branch]] of a military service (such as an [[artillery corps]],
*in some cases, a distinct service within a national military (such as the [[United States Marine Corps]]).
These usages often overlap.
Line 55:
Canada first fielded a corps-sized formation in the First World War; the [[Canadian Corps]] was unique in that its composition did not change from inception to the war's end, in contrast to British corps in France and Flanders. The Canadian Corps consisted of four Canadian divisions. After the Armistice, the peacetime [[Canadian Army|Canadian militia]] was nominally organized into corps and divisions but no full-time formations larger than a battalion were ever trained or exercised. Early in the Second World War, Canada's contribution to the British-French forces fighting the Germans was limited to a single division. After the fall of France in June 1940, a second division moved to England, coming under command of a Canadian corps headquarters. This corps was renamed [[I Canadian Corps]] as a second corps headquarters was established in the UK, with the eventual formation of five Canadian divisions in England. I Canadian Corps eventually fought in Italy, [[II Canadian Corps]] in northwest Europe, and the two were reunited in early 1945. After the formations were disbanded after VE Day, Canada has never subsequently organized a corps headquarters.
[[Royal Canadian Army Cadets]]: A corps size in the RCAC is different everywhere, depending on the size. The commanding officer can be a [[captain]]
====China====
Line 73:
====Pakistan====
The [[Pakistan Army]] has nine manoeuvre corps, each commanded by a [[lieutenant general]]. Each corps is composed of at least two divisions. The corps HQ is the highest field formation in the army.
====Poland (1938–1939)====
Line 92 ⟶ 90:
<!--This section is linked. Please see [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Corps]] before altering the name of this section.-->
[[File:XVIII Abn. Corps headquarters, 2009.jpg|thumb|The XVIII Airborne Corps command group returns home from [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]] in 2009]]
The structure of a field corps in the [[United States Army]] is not permanent
As of 2014, the active field corps in the US Army are [[I Corps (United States)|I Corps]]
===== American Civil War =====
The first field corps in the [[United States Army]] were legalized during the [[American Civil War]] by an act of Congress on 17 July 1862, although the term had been used previously to refer to any large portion of the army.<ref name="Eicher65">Eicher, J., Eicher, D. (2002). Civil War High Commands. United States: Stanford University Press. pages 65-66</ref> Major General [[George B. McClellan]], for example, planned to organized the [[Army of the Potomac]] into corps of two or more [[Divisions of the United States Army#American Civil War|divisions]] and about 25,000 soldiers. However he delayed doing so partly for lack of experienced officers and partly for political reasons, until March 1862 when [[President Lincoln]] ordered their creation.<ref name="Wilson12">Wilson, J. B. (1998). Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades. United States: Center of Military History, U.S. Army. pages 12-15</ref>
The exact composition of a corps in the [[Union Army]] varied during the war, though it usually consisted of between two and six division (on average three) for approximately 36,000 soldiers.<ref name="Eicher65"/><ref name="NCMuseum">{{cite web|title=Civil War Army Organization and Rank|url=https://www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/civil-war-army-organization-and-rank|publisher=North Carolina Museum of History|access-date=23 January 2022|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718010330/http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/civil-war-army-organization-and-rank|url-status=dead}}</ref> After [[Ambrose Burnside]] was given command of the Army of the Potomac in November 1862, he reorganized it into three "grand divisions" of two corps and a cavalry division each, but this structure was abolished when [[Joseph Hooker]] took over February 1863. This also
Corps were commanded by major generals because Congress refused to promote officers past that grade (with the exception of [[Ulysses S. Grant]] to [[lieutenant general]] in 1864).<ref name="McGrath17"/> To assist with their command, generals were allowed a number of [[Aide-de-camp|aides-de-camp]] and a [[military staff|general staff]] of other officers. This staff consisted of a chief of cavalry, a chief of artillery, and representatives of the [[War Department]]'s various bureaus:<ref>Eicher, page 40</ref> an assistant [[adjutant general]], a [[quartermaster]], an assistant [[inspector general]], a commissary of subsistence, an ordnance officer (all with the rank of [[lieutenant colonel]]) and a medical director. However, there were no dedicated [[Combat service support (United States)|combat service support]] formations as part of the corps. This meant that either civilian workers had to be hired or line soldiers detailed from their units to carry out the necessary tasks.<ref>Shrader, C. R., Newell, C. R. (2011). Of Duty Well and Faithfully Done: A History of the Regular Army in the Civil War. United States: Nebraska. page 71</ref>
Line 108 ⟶ 106:
===== Spanish–American War =====
Although the US Army in the years following the Civil War lacked standing organization at the corps and division levels, it moved swiftly to adopt these during the mobilization for the Spanish–American War in the spring of 1898. On 7 May, General Order 36 called for the establishment of seven "army corps" (repeating the nomenclature of the Civil War); an eighth was authorized later that month.<ref name=HistMilMob>{{cite book|last1=Kreidberg|first1=Marvin|last2=Henry|first2=Morton|title=History of Military Mobilization|date=November 1955|publisher=Department of the Army|location=Washington, DC|pages=144–145|url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/104/104-10/CMH_Pub_104-10.pdf|access-date=30 July 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052221/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/104/104-10/CMH_Pub_104-10.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Two of these saw action as a unit: the Fifth in Cuba and the Eighth in the Philippines; elements of the [[First Army Corps (Spanish–American War)|First]], [[Fourth Army Corps (Spanish–American War)|Fourth]], and [[Seventh Army Corps (Spanish–American War)|Seventh]] made up the invasion force for Puerto Rico (the Second, [[Third Army Corps (Spanish–American War)|Third]], and Seventh provided replacements and occupation troops in Cuba, while the [[Sixth Army Corps (Spanish–American War)|Sixth]] was never organized). The corps headquarters were disbanded during the months following the signing of the peace treaty (with the exception of the Eighth Army Corps, which remained active until 1900 due to the eruption of the [[Philippine–American War]]), and like the corps of the Civil War, their lineage ends at that point.
===== World Wars I and II =====
During World War I, the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] (AEF) adopted the common European usage of designating field corps by [[Roman numerals]]. Several "[[corps area]]s" were designated under the authority of the [[National Defense Act of 1920]], but played little role until the Army's buildup for World War II. While some of the lower numbered corps were used for various exercises the inter-war years corps served mostly as a pool of units.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clay |first=Steven |title=US Army Order of Battle 1919–1941: Volume 1 The Arms: Major Commands and Infantry Organizations, 1919–1941 |url=http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/OrderOfBattle/OrderofBattle1.pdf |location=Fort Leavenworth, Kansas |publisher=Combat Studies Institute Press |page=170 |access-date=21 May 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622090734/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/OrderOfBattle/OrderofBattle1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> During that war, the Marine Corps organized corps headquarters for the first time, the [[I Marine Amphibious Corps|I Marine]] (later [[III Marine Expeditionary Force|III Amphibious Corps]]) and [[V Amphibious Corps (United States)|V Amphibious Corps]]. The Army ultimately designated 25 field corps (I–XVI, XVIII–XXIV, XXXVI, and [[I Armored Corps (United States)|I Armored Corps]]) during World War II.
=====Cold War and 21st century=====
After the [[Korean War]], the Army and Marines diverged in their approach to the concept of the field corps. The Army continued to group its divisions into traditional corps organizations in the Continental United States (CONUS), West Germany ([[V Corps (United States)|V Corps]] and [[VII Corps (United States)|VII Corps]]), and South Korea (I Corps). However, during the [[Vietnam War]], the Army designated its corps-level headquarters in South Vietnam as [[I Field Force|I Field Force]] and [[II Field Force|II Field Force]] to avoid confusion with the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|ARVN]] corps areas.<ref name=Eck-VN-C&C>{{cite book|last1=Eckhardt|first1=George S.|title=Vietnam Studies: Command and Control, 1950-1969|date=1991|publisher=Department of the Army|location=Washington, DC|pages=52–55|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/Comm-Control/|access-date=30 July 2014|archive-date=18 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318150728/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/Comm-Control/|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of July 2016, the Army deactivated all corps headquarters save three CONUS based corps ([[I Corps (United States)|I Corps]] - Washington, [[III Corps (United States)|III Corps]] - Texas, and [[XVIII Airborne Corps]] - North Carolina).
In the 1960s, the Marine Corps activated the [[I Marine Expeditionary Force]] (I MEF) on Okinawa (based in California since 1971) and [[II Marine Expeditionary Force]] (II MEF) in North Carolina, and re-activated the III Amphibious Corps (which had been deactivated in 1946) as [[III Marine Expeditionary Force]] (III MEF) in South Vietnam (re-deployed to Okinawa in 1971). In 1965, all three MEFs were subsequently re-designated as Marine amphibious forces or MAFs, and in 1988 all three Marine Corps corps-level commands were again re-designated as [[Marine expeditionary force]]s (MEF). The MEF had evolved into a self-contained, corps-level, [[Marine air-ground task force]] (MAGTF) consisting of a MEF headquarters group, a Marine division, a Marine aircraft wing, and a force service support group (re-designated as Marine logistics group in 2005).
Line 121 ⟶ 119:
{{further|Formations of the Soviet Army}}
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2010}}
The pre–[[World War II]] [[Red Army]] of the former [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|USSR]] had [[Rifle Corps (Soviet)|rifle corps]] much like in the Western sense with approximately three divisions to a corps.<ref>
After the war, the tank and mechanized corps were re-rated as divisions. During the reforms of 1956–58, most of the corps were again disbanded to create the new combined arms and tank armies. A few corps were nevertheless retained. The Vyborg and Archangel Corps of the [[Leningrad Military District]] were smaller armies with three low-readiness motorized rifle divisions each. In the 1980s "Unified Corps" on the brigade pattern were created in the [[Belorussian Military District]] (Western TVD/Strategic Direction) and the [[48th Separate Guards Army Corps]] in the [[Transbaikal Military District]], but abandoned after a few years.
Line 164 ⟶ 162:
In [[Canada]], with the integration of the Canadian Army into the [[Canadian Forces]], the British corps model was replaced with [[personnel branch]]es, defined in [[Canadian Forces Administrative Orders]] (CFAOs) as "...cohesive professional groups...based on similarity of military roles, customs and traditions." ''CFAO 2-10)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.admfincs.forces.gc.ca/admfincs/subjects/cfao/002-10_e.asp |title=Personnel Branches within the Canadian Forces |access-date=2006-03-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206095126/http://www.admfincs.forces.gc.ca/admfincs/subjects/cfao/002-10_e.asp |archive-date=2006-02-06}}</ref> However, the Armour Branch continued to use the title [[Royal Canadian Armoured Corps]], the Infantry Branch continued to use the [[Royal Canadian Infantry Corps]] designation, and the Artillery Branch uses the term [[Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery]].
When the Army, [[Royal Canadian Navy]], and [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] were merged in 1968 to form the Canadian Forces, the [[Royal Canadian Dental Corps]] and [[Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps]] were deactivated and merged with their Naval and Air Force counterparts to form the [[Dental Branch (Canadian Forces)]] and the [[Canadian Forces Medical Service]] of the Canadian Forces Health Services Group (CF H Svcs Gp). The [[Royal Canadian Army Service Corps]] transport and supply elements were combined with the [[Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps]] to form the [[Logistics Branch (Canadian Forces)|Logistics Branch]] The [[Royal Canadian Army Service Corps]] clerical trades were merged with the [[Royal Canadian Army Pay Corps]] and the [[Royal Canadian Postal Corps]] to form the Administration Branch (later merged with the [[Logistics Branch (Canadian Forces)|Logistics Branch]]) <ref>Sutton, Brigadier John, ed.,
Other "corps", included: [[Canadian Military Engineers|Canadian Engineer Corps]], [[Royal Canadian Corps of Signals|Signalling Corps]], [[Corps of Guides (Canada)|Corps of Guides]], [[Canadian Women's Army Corps]], [[Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps]], [[Canadian Forestry Corps]], [[Canadian Provost Corps]] and [[Canadian Intelligence Corps]].<ref>Love, David, ''A Call To Arms''.</ref>
Line 194 ⟶ 192:
In New Zealand, soldiers belong foremost to a corps which defines a common function or employment across the army.
A corps in the [[New Zealand Army]] is an administrative group that comprises members of similar work functions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Military Training & Education NZ {{!}} Defence Careers |url=https://defencecareers.mil.nz/army/life-in-uniform/education-and-training/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=defencecareers.mil.nz |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620123004/https://defencecareers.mil.nz/army/life-in-uniform/education-and-training/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
If a soldier is posted to a unit outside of their parent corps, except in some circumstances the soldier continues to wear the hat badge of their corps (e.g. a [[New Zealand Army Supply Technician|supply technician]] posted to an infantry battalion would wear the hat badge of the [[Royal New Zealand Army Logistic Regiment]].
Line 203 ⟶ 201:
1) In the title of the [[United States Marine Corps]], ''Corps'' is used as a service-branch designator, in much the same way as ''Force'' and ''Guard'' are used for the [[US Air Force]] and [[US Coast Guard]].
2) The [[US Army]] (all [[Structure of the United States Army#Active and
.<ref>Army Regulation 600-82: ''The U.S. Army Regimental System'' Chapter 2: Management of the U.S. Army Regimental System, 2–2. USARS purpose, page 2. http://www.17thinfantry.org/documents/dmor/AR%20600-82%20US%20ARMY%20Regimental%20System.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052453/http://www.17thinfantry.org/documents/dmor/AR%20600-82%20US%20ARMY%20Regimental%20System.pdf |date=9 January 2023 }}. retrieved 14 December 2016.</ref>
3) [[US Navy]] officers who are not ''[[line officer]]s'' (i.e., those who exercise general command authority and are eligible for operational command positions, as opposed to officers who normally exercise authority only within their own specialty<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navyreserve.com/glossary/l/line-officer.html |title=URL Unrestricted Line Officer |publisher=NavyReserve.com |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703095928/https://www.navyreserve.com/glossary/l/line-officer.html |url-status=live }}</ref>) are commissioned into various [[United States Navy staff corps|''Staff Corps'']]. These officers are specialists in career fields that are professions unto themselves, such as ministers, civil engineers, architects, dentists, lawyers, physicians, healthcare administrators, healthcare scientists, clinical care providers, nurses, financial managers, and logistics and supply specialists. These ''corps'' include the [[Navy Chaplain Corps|Chaplain Corps]], [[Civil Engineer Corps]], [[Navy Dental Corps|Dental Corps]]*, [[Judge Advocate General's Corps, U.S. Navy|Judge Advocate General's Corps]], [[Navy Medical Corps|Medical Corps]]*, [[Navy Medical Service Corps|Medical Service Corps]]*, [[Navy Nurse Corps|Nurse Corps]]*, and the [[Navy Supply Corps|Supply Corps]]. The Navy also has a [[Bureau of Medicine and Surgery#Organization|Hospital Corps]] consisting of enlisted medical technicians. The Hospital Corps, along with the four Navy health services corps listed above (indicated by asterisk), is one of the five corps of the Navy [[Bureau of Medicine and Surgery]].
4) The US Air Force uses the title ''corps'' to designate several non-tactical organizations. These corps include five distinct health services corps of the [[United States Air Force Medical Service]] (AFMS). The AFMS corps are the [[United States Air Force Medical Service#Biomedical Sciences Corps|Biomedical Sciences Corps]], [[United States Air Force Medical Service#Dental Corps|Dental Corps]], [[United States Air Force Medical Service#Medical Corps|Medical Corps]], [[United States Air Force Medical Service#Medical Service Corps|Medical Service Corps]], and [[United States Air Force Medical Service#Nurse Corps|Nurse Corps]]. The Air Force also has its own [[USAF Chaplain Corps|Chaplain Corps]] and [[United States Air Force Judge Advocate General's Corps|Judge Advocate General's Corps]].
Line 213 ⟶ 211:
==Non-military use==
The ambassadors, consuls and other foreign embassy staff in a country are collectively referred to as the [[diplomatic corps]] ({{lang-fr|corps diplomatique}}). In [[Australia]], embassy vehicles have [[Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Australia#Diplomatic|licence plates]] beginning with the letters DC (or DX).
[[The Salvation Army]] calls its local units/church "corps" (e.g. The Rockford Temple Corps, The St. Petersburg Citadel Corps), echoing the pseudomilitary name and structure of the organization.
In the United Kingdom, the [[Royal Observer Corps]] was a [[civil defence]] unit from 1925 until disbanded in 1995.
In the US, there are non-military, administrative, training and certification corps for commissioned officers of the government's [[Uniformed services of the United States|uniformed services]], such as the [[United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps]] and the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usphs.gov/aboutus/mission.aspx |title=Mission of Public Health Service at USPHS Commissioned Corps |publisher=Usphs.gov |date=2011-11-14 |access-date=4 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801210117/http://www.usphs.gov/aboutus/mission.aspx |archive-date=1 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.noaacorps.noaa.gov/ |title=NOAA Corps |publisher=Noaacorps.noaa.gov |access-date=4 July 2012 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025103350/http://www.noaacorps.noaa.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Many volunteer municipal or university ambulance, rescue, and first-aid squads are known as VACs (volunteer [[ambulance corps]]). Prominent examples are the [[Order of Malta Ambulance Corps|Order of Malta]] (the largest in Ireland), [[Hatzolah]] (largest VAC network worldwide), [[Hackensack ambulance|Hackensack]] VAC. The usage of the term ''ambulance corps'' dates to [[American
The [[Peace Corps]] was organized by the United States as an "army" of volunteers.
Line 233:
==References==
{{Reflist |refs=
<ref name=CivilWar>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/ambulancecorps.htm |title=The Union Army Ambulance Corps |access-date=17 January 2011 |archive-date=14 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214205727/http://civilwarhome.com/ambulancecorps.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
| |||