Editing Calcium hydroxide
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===Food industry=== |
===Food industry=== |
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Because of its low [[toxicity]] and the mildness of its basic properties, slaked lime is widely used in the [[food industry]] |
Because of its low [[toxicity]] and the mildness of its basic properties, slaked lime is widely used in the [[food industry]]: |
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* In USDA certified food production in plants and livestock<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Lime%20Hydrated%20TR%202015.pdf |title=Hydrated Lime: Technical Evaluation Report |last=Pesticide Research Institute for the USDA National Organic Program |date=23 March 2015 |website=Agriculture Marketing Services |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> |
* In USDA certified food production in plants and livestock<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Lime%20Hydrated%20TR%202015.pdf |title=Hydrated Lime: Technical Evaluation Report |last=Pesticide Research Institute for the USDA National Organic Program |date=23 March 2015 |website=Agriculture Marketing Services |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> |
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* To clarify raw juice from [[sugarcane]] or [[sugar beet]]s in the [[sugar industry]] (see [[carbonatation]]) |
* To clarify raw juice from [[sugarcane]] or [[sugar beet]]s in the [[sugar industry]] (see [[carbonatation]]) |
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==== Native American uses ==== |
==== Native American uses ==== |
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[[File:Nixtamalized Corn maize El Salvador recipe.jpg|thumb|left|Dry untreated maize (left), and treated maize (right) after boiling in water with calcium hydroxide (15{{nbsp}}ml, or 1{{nbsp}}tbsp, lime for 500{{nbsp}}g of corn) for 15 minutes]] In [[Nahuatl]], the language of the [[Aztecs]], the word for calcium hydroxide is ''nextli''. In a process called ''[[nixtamalization]]'', [[maize]] is cooked with nextli to become {{lang|es|nixtamal}}, also known as [[hominy]]. Nixtamalization significantly increases the bioavailability of [[Niacin (nutrient)|niacin]] (vitamin B3), and is also considered tastier and easier to digest. Nixtamal is often ground into a flour, known as ''[[masa]]'', which is used to make tortillas and tamales.{{cn|date=September 2023}} |
[[File:Nixtamalized Corn maize El Salvador recipe.jpg|thumb|left|Dry untreated maize (left), and treated maize (right) after boiling in water with calcium hydroxide (15{{nbsp}}ml, or 1{{nbsp}}tbsp, lime for 500{{nbsp}}g of corn) for 15 minutes]] In [[Nahuatl]], the language of the [[Aztecs]], the word for calcium hydroxide is ''nextli''. In a process called ''[[nixtamalization]]'', [[maize]] is cooked with nextli to become {{lang|es|nixtamal}}, also known as [[hominy]]. Nixtamalization significantly increases the bioavailability of [[Niacin (nutrient)|niacin]] (vitamin B3), and is also considered tastier and easier to digest. Nixtamal is often ground into a flour, known as ''[[masa]]'', which is used to make tortillas and tamales.{{cn|date=September 2023}} |
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Limewater is used in the preparation of maize for [[corn tortillas]] and other culinary purposes using a process known as [[nixtamalization]]. Nixtamalization makes the [[niacin]] nutritionally available and prevents [[pellagra]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228453826 |title=Nixtamalization, a Mesoamerican technology to process maize at small-scale with great potential for improving the nutritional quality of maize based foods |last=Wacher |first=Carmen |date=2003-01-01 |journal=Food Based Approaches for a Healthy Nutrition in Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202539/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228453826_Nixtamalization_a_Mesoamerican_technology_to_process_maize_at_small-scale_with_great_potential_for_improving_the_nutritional_quality_of_maize_based_foods |archive-date=2018-03-05}}</ref> Traditionally lime water was used in [[Taiwan]] and [[China]] to preserve [[persimmon]] and to remove [[wikt:astringency|astringency]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Shiu-ying |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58840243 |title=Food plants of China |date=2005 |publisher=Chinese University Press |isbn=962-201-860-2 |location=Hong Kong |oclc=58840243}}</ref>{{Rp|page=623}} |
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In chewing [[coca leaves]], calcium hydroxide is usually chewed alongside to keep the [[alkaloid]] [[stimulant]]s chemically available for [[absorption (small intestine)|absorption]] by the body. Similarly, Native Americans traditionally chewed tobacco leaves with calcium hydroxide derived from burnt mollusc shells to enhance the effects. It has also been used by some indigenous South American tribes as an ingredient in ''[[yopo]]'', a psychedelic snuff prepared from the beans of some ''[[Anadenanthera]]'' species.<ref>{{cite journal |author=de Smet, Peter A. G. M. |title=A multidisciplinary overview of intoxicating snuff rituals in the Western Hemisphere |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(85)90060-1 |pmid=3887041 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=1985 |pages=3–49}}</ref> |
In chewing [[coca leaves]], calcium hydroxide is usually chewed alongside to keep the [[alkaloid]] [[stimulant]]s chemically available for [[absorption (small intestine)|absorption]] by the body. Similarly, Native Americans traditionally chewed tobacco leaves with calcium hydroxide derived from burnt mollusc shells to enhance the effects. It has also been used by some indigenous South American tribes as an ingredient in ''[[yopo]]'', a psychedelic snuff prepared from the beans of some ''[[Anadenanthera]]'' species.<ref>{{cite journal |author=de Smet, Peter A. G. M. |title=A multidisciplinary overview of intoxicating snuff rituals in the Western Hemisphere |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(85)90060-1 |pmid=3887041 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=1985 |pages=3–49}}</ref> |
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It is used in making ''[[naswar]]'' (also known as ''nass'' or ''niswar''), a type of dipping tobacco made from fresh tobacco leaves, calcium hydroxide (''chuna''/''choona'' or ''soon''), and wood ash. <!--[[calcium oxide]] plays an important role in making a ''naswar''.--> It is consumed most in the [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] diaspora, [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Villagers also use calcium hydroxide to [[Whitewash|paint their mud houses]] in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. |
It is used in making ''[[naswar]]'' (also known as ''nass'' or ''niswar''), a type of dipping tobacco made from fresh tobacco leaves, calcium hydroxide (''chuna''/''choona'' or ''soon''), and wood ash. <!--[[calcium oxide]] plays an important role in making a ''naswar''.--> It is consumed most in the [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] diaspora, [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Villagers also use calcium hydroxide to [[Whitewash|paint their mud houses]] in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. |
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===Hobby uses=== |
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In buon [[fresco]] painting, limewater is used as the colour solvent to apply on fresh plaster. Historically, it is known as the paint [[whitewash]]. |
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[[File:Dying Gaul (casting in Pushkin museum) 04 by shakko.jpg|thumb|Closeup of cast of ''The Dying Gaul'', showing distinctive hairstyle, supposedly derived from washing in limewater.]] |
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Limewater is widely used by marine aquarists as a primary supplement of [[calcium]] and [[alkalinity]] for reef aquariums. [[Coral]]s of order [[Scleractinia]] build their [[endoskeleton]]s from [[aragonite]] (a [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorph]] of calcium carbonate). When used for this purpose, limewater is usually referred to as ''Kalkwasser''. It is also used in [[tanning (leather)|tanning]] and making [[parchment]]. The lime is used as a dehairing agent based on its alkaline properties.<ref>''The Nature and Making of Parchment'' by Ronald Reed {{ISBN?}}</ref> |
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=== Personal care and adornment === |
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Treating one's hair with limewater causes it to stiffen and bleach, with the added benefit of killing any lice or mites living there. [[Diodorus Siculus]] described the [[Celts]] as follows: |
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"Their aspect is terrifying... They are very tall in stature, with rippling muscles under clear white skin. Their hair is blond, but not only naturally so: they bleach it, to this day, artificially, washing it in lime and combing it back from their foreheads. They look like wood-demons, their hair thick and shaggy like a horse's mane. Some of them are clean-shaven, but others – especially those of high rank, shave their cheeks but leave a moustache that covers the whole mouth...".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://exploringcelticciv.web.unc.edu/diodorus-siculus-library-of-history/|title = Diodorus Siculus, Library of History | Exploring Celtic Civilizations}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5B*.html|title=Diodorus Siculus – Book V, Chapter 28|website=penelope.uchicago.edu|language=english|access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref> |
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Calcium hydroxide is also applied in a leather process called [[Liming (leather processing)|liming]]. |
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==Interstellar medium== |
==Interstellar medium== |