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{{Short description|Genus of conifer trees}}
{{Taxobox
{{Italic title}}
|name=Incense-cedar▼
{{Automatic taxobox
▲| name = Incense-cedar
| image = Calocedrus_decurrens_7947.jpg
| image_caption = ''Calocedrus decurrens''<br />California incense cedar
| regnumtaxon = [[Plant]]aeCalocedrus
| divisioauthority = [[PinophytaWilhelm Sulpiz Kurz|Kurz]]
|type_species ===''[[Calocedrus macrolepis===]]''▼
| classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]]
| genus_authoritytype_species_authority = [[Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz|Kurz]]▼
| ordo = [[Pinales]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=c/>▼
| familia = [[Cupressaceae]]▼
| synonyms = ''Heyderia'' <small>K.Koch, illegitimate1873 non Link homonym1833</small>▼
| genus = '''''Calocedrus'''''▼
▲| genus_authority = [[Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz|Kurz]]
▲| synonyms_ref=<ref name=c/>
▲|synonyms=''Heyderia'' <small>K.Koch, illegitimate homonym</small>
}}
[[File:Incense Cedar in Lassen VNP.jpg|200px|leftupright=0.9|thumb|California incense cedar, in [[Lassen Volcanic National Park]].]]
 
'''''Calocedrus''''', (common namethe '''incense cedar''', (alternatively spelled '''incense-cedar'''), is a [[genus]] of [[conifer]]ous [[tree]]s in the cypress family [[Cupressaceae]] first described as a genus in 1873.<ref>[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34838059#page/202/mode/1up{{cite journal |last=Kurz, |first=Wilhelm Sulpiz. |author-link=Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz |date=1873. |title=On a few new plants from Yunan |journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign |volume=11: 196]</ref><ref>|page=[httphttps://www.tropicosbiodiversitylibrary.org/Namepage/4003533534838059 196] |oclc=1642195}}</ref><ref>{{Tropicos, ''|40035335|Calocedrus'' |Kurz ]}}</ref> ItThree isspecies are native to [[East Asia|eastern Asia]] and one to western [[North America]].<ref name=c>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id={{WCSP|382423 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, ''|Calocedrus'' ]}}</ref>
The generic name means "beautiful cedar".▼
 
==Description==
The genus is related to the genus ''[[Thuja]]'', and has similar overlapping scale-leaves. ''Calocedrus'' differs from ''Thuja'' in the scale leaves being in apparent whorls of four (actually opposite decussate pairs like ''Thuja'', but not evenly spaced apart as in ''Thuja'', instead with the successive pairs closely then distantly spaced), and in the [[conifer cone|cones]] having just 2–3 pairs of moderately thin, erect scales, rather than 4–6 pairs of very thin scales in ''Thuja''.
[[Image:Calocedrus decurrens 7976.jpg|thumb|right|''C. decurrens'' foliage and male cones]]▼
 
==Species Taxonomy ==
▲The generic name ''Calocedrus'' means "beautiful cedar".
 
Cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships:
===Calocedrus decurrens===
{| class="wikitable"
''[[Calocedrus decurrens]]'', California incense cedar (syn. ''Libocedrus decurrens''), is native to western [[North America]], with the bulk of the range in the [[United States]], from [[King County, Washington|King County]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington]], through central western [[Oregon]] and most of [[California]] as well as [[Washoe County, Nevada|Washoe County]] the extreme west of [[Nevada]], and also a short distance into northwest [[Mexico]] in northern [[Baja California (state)|Baja California]].<ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Calocedrus%20decurrens.png Biota of North America 2013 county distribution map, ''Calocedrus decurrens'']</ref> It is a large tree, typically reaching heights of 40–60 m and a trunk diameter of up to 3 m (maxima, 69 m tall and 3.9 m diameter), and with a broad conic crown of spreading branches. The leaves are bright green on both sides of the shoots, and the cones 2–2.5&nbsp;cm long. It is by far the most widely known species in the genus, and is often simply called "incense cedar" without the regional qualifier. This tree is the preferred host of a [[wood wasp]], ''[[Anaxyelidae|Syntexis libocedrii]]'' which lays its eggs in the smoldering wood immediately after a forest fire. The epithet ''decurrens'' is the present participle of dēcurrō, meaning running or flowing down.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Chase| first1 = J. Smeaton| authorlink1 = J. Smeaton Chase| title = Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains | location = Chicago | publisher = [[A. C. McClurg & Co.]] | pages = 99 | month = | isbn = |year=1911 | oclc = 3477527|lccn=11004975|quote=}} {{LCC|QK495.C75 C4}}, with illustrations by [[Carl Eytel]] - [http://www.cslfdn.org/pdf/bulletin-95.pdf Kurut, Gary F. (2009), "Carl Eytel: Southern California Desert Artist", ''California State Library Foundation'', Bulletin No. 95, pp. 17-20] retrieved Nov. 13, 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500299 Flora of North America, Vol. 2, Incense-cedar, cedro incienso, ''Calocedrus decurrens'' (Torrey) Florin, Taxon. 5: 192. 1956. ]</ref><ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CADE27 USDA Plants Profile: ''Calocedrus decurrens'']</ref><ref>CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City</ref><ref>Cronquist, A.J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & Reveal. 1972. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 1: 1–271. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermountain Flora. Hafner Pub. Co., New York</ref>
! colspan="1" |Stull et al. 2021<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |last12=Smith |first12=Stephen A. |last13=Yi |first13=Ting-Shuang |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4 |journal=Nature Plants |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=1015–1025 |bibcode= |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.03.13.435279 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4 |pmc= |pmid=34282286 |s2cid=232282918 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Gene_duplications_and_genomic_conflict_underlie_major_pulses_of_phenotypic_evolution_in_gymnosperms/14547354 |publisher=Figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1 |doi-access=}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
▲| genus label1= '''''Calocedrus'''''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Calocedrus decurrens|C. decurrens]]'' <small>(Torrey) Florin</small>
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Calocedrus macrolepis|C. macrolepis]]'' <small>Kurz</small>
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Calocedrus formosana|C. formosana]]'' <small>(Florin) Florin</small>
|2=''[[Calocedrus rupestris|C. rupestris]]'' <small>Aver., Nguyên & Lôc</small>
}}
}}
}}
}}
▲|}[[Image:Calocedrus decurrens 7976.jpg|thumb|right|''C. decurrens'' foliage and male cones]]
 
==Species==
===Calocedrus formosana===
===Extant species===
''[[Calocedrus formosana]]'', Taiwan incense cedar, is [[endemic]] to [[Taiwan]]. It is very similar to ''C. macrolepis'', and some botanists treat it as a variety of that, ''C. macrolepis'' var. ''formosana''. It is a medium-sized tree, growing to 25–30 m tall, and is rare in the wild, occurring only as scattered trees in mixed forests. The leaves are glaucous green on the upper side of the shoots, and conspicuously marked with bright white stomatal patches on the underside. The cones are 1.5–2&nbsp;cm long, carried on a 1–1.5&nbsp;cm stem.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005407 Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 65 <big>台湾翠柏</big> tai wan cui bai ''Calocedrus macrolepis'' var. ''formosana'' (Florin) W. C. Cheng & L. K. Fu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 327. 1978. ]</ref>▼
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Name !! Description !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Calocedrus decurrens (young female cones).jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Calocedrus decurrens]]'', California incense cedar (syn. ''Libocedrus decurrens'') || It is a large tree, typically reaching heights of 40–60 m and a trunk diameter of up to 3 m (maxima, 69 m tall and 3.9 m diameter), and with a broad conic crown of spreading branches. The leaves are bright green on both sides of the shoots, and the cones 2–2.5&nbsp;cm long. It is by far the most widely known species in the genus, and is often simply called "incense cedar" without the regional qualifier. ||western North America
|-
▲|[[File:Calocedrus macrolepis var formosana4.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Calocedrus formosana]]'', Taiwan incense cedar, is [[endemic]] to [[Taiwan]]. ||It is very similar to ''C. macrolepis'', and some botanists treat it as a variety of that, ''C. macrolepis'' var. ''formosana''. It is a medium-sized tree, growing to 25–30 m tall, and is rare in the wild, occurring only as scattered trees in mixed forests. The leaves are glaucous green on the upper side of the shoots, and conspicuously marked with bright white stomatal patches on the underside. The cones are 1.5–2&nbsp;cm long, carried on a 1–1.5&nbsp;cm stem.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id={{eFloras|2&taxon_id=|200005407 Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 65 <big>台湾翠柏</big> tai wan cui bai ''|Calocedrus macrolepis'' var. ''formosana'' (Florin) W. C. Cheng & L. K.|first1=Liguo |last1=Fu, Fl.|first2=Yong-fu Reipubl.|last2=Yu Popularis|first3=Robert SinP. 7:|last3=Adams 327.|first4=Aljos 1978.|last4=Farjon ]|volume=4}}</ref> ||[[Taiwan]]
|-
|[[File:Calocedrus macrolepis kz1.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Calocedrus macrolepis]]'', Chinese incense cedar ||It is also a medium-size tree to 25–30 m tall, and like ''C. formosana'', is rare in the wild. The leaves and cones are similar to ''C. formosana'', differing most obviously in the shorter cone stem, only 0.5&nbsp;cm long.<ref>{{eFloras|2|200005406|Calocedrus macrolepis |first1=Liguo |last1=Fu |first2=Yong-fu |last2=Yu |first3=Robert P. |last3=Adams |first4=Aljos |last4=Farjon |volume=4}}</ref> ||southwest [[China]] (from [[Guangdong]] west to [[Yunnan]]), and also in northern [[Vietnam]], northern [[Laos]], extreme northern [[Thailand]] and northeastern [[Myanmar]]
|-
| ||''[[Calocedrus rupestris]]'', the || The most recently discovered living species of ''Calocedrus'', was identified in Vietnam and first described in 2004. It occurs exclusively on rocky limestone ([[karst]]) terrain, a habitat that has a very high level of endemism. The close proximity of these populations to the [[China|Chinese]] and [[Laos|Laotian]] borders indicates that the species may occur in those countries as well. It is an evergreen, monoecious tree up to 25 m tall with a broadly rounded crown. The epithet "rupestris" means "rock-dwelling".<ref>Averyanov, H.T. Nguyen & L.K. Phan. Issues of Basic Research in Life Sciences with direction in upland agriculture and forestry. Proceedings, the 2004th [sic] National Conference on Life Sciences Thai Nguyen University, September 23, 2004 41–43, 1.</ref><ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id={{WCSP|381482 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, ''|Calocedrus rupestris'' ]}}</ref> ||Vietnam▼
|-
|}
 
===CalocedrusExtinct huashanensisspecies===
{| class="wikitable"
{{extinct}}''[[Calocedrus huashanensis]]'' is an [[extinct]] species which was described in 2012. It is known from [[compression fossil]]s found in the [[Oligocene]] age [[Ningming]] Formation of southern China. ''Calocedrus huashanensis'' is known from branches and leaves.▼
|-
 
! Name !! Description !! Distribution
▲===Calocedrus macrolepis===
|-
''[[Calocedrus macrolepis]]'', Chinese incense cedar, is native to southwest [[China]] from [[Guangdong]] west to [[Yunnan]], and also in northern [[Vietnam]], northern [[Laos]], extreme northern [[Thailand]] and northeastern [[Myanmar]] (Burma). It is also a medium-size tree to 25–30 m tall, and like ''C. formosana'', is rare in the wild. The leaves and cones are similar to ''C. formosana'', differing most obviously in the shorter cone stem, only 0.5&nbsp;cm long.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005406 Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 65 <big>翠柏</big> cui bai ''Calocedrus macrolepis'' Kurz, J. Bot. 11: 196. 1873. ]</ref>
▲|{{extinct}}''[[Calocedrus huashanensis]]'' is an [[extinct]] species which was described||Described in 2012. It is known from [[compression fossil]]s found in the [[Oligocene]] age [[Ningming]] Formation of southern China. ''Calocedrus huashanensis'' is known from branches and leaves. || southern China
 
|-
===Calocedrus rupestris===
|{{extinct}}''[[Calocedrus suleticensis]]'' ||known from [[fossil]]s found in the [[Early Oligocene]] of [[Proboštov|Probostov]] (Holy Kluk Hill) in the volcanic complex of the Ceske stredohori Mts., [[Bohemia]]. ''Calocedrus suleticensis'' is known from a cone. ||[[Czech Republic]]
▲''[[Calocedrus rupestris]]'', the most recently discovered living species of ''Calocedrus'', was identified in Vietnam and first described in 2004. It occurs exclusively on rocky limestone ([[karst]]) terrain, a habitat that has a very high level of endemism. The close proximity of these populations to the [[China|Chinese]] and [[Laos|Laotian]] borders indicates that the species may occur in those countries as well. It is an evergreen, monoecious tree up to 25 m tall with a broadly rounded crown. The epithet "rupestris" means "rock-dwelling".<ref>Averyanov, H.T. Nguyen & L.K. Phan. Issues of Basic Research in Life Sciences with direction in upland agriculture and forestry. Proceedings, the 2004th [sic] National Conference on Life Sciences Thai Nguyen University, September 23, 2004 41–43, 1.</ref><ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=381482 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, ''Calocedrus rupestris'' ]</ref>
|-
|}
 
==Uses==
 
===Archery===
Incense cedar was one of the favored varieties of wood used to make bows by Native Americans in California. Like [[juniper]], and [[Taxus brevifolia|Pacific yew]], the other two coveted bow woods among Pacific Natives, this wood has excellent flexibility and compression strength-weight ratio. When backed with sinew, it produces extremely flexible, fast, hard-hitting bows, which are rivaled only by horn-sinew composite bows for their ability to store and release elastic energy. The archer Saxton Pope observed that [[Ishi]] used this wood to produce short bows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archerylibrary.com/books/pope/hunting-with-bow-and-arrow/chapter02_2.html|title = How Ishi made his bow and his method of shooting, from: Hunting with the Bow and Arrow by Saxton Pope, 1923|date = 11 February 2019}}</ref>
 
===Lumber===
The [[wood]] of ''Calocedrus'' is soft, moderately decay-resistant, and with a strong spicy-resinous fragrance. That of ''C. decurrens'' is the primary material for wooden [[pencil]]s, because it is soft and tends to sharpen easily without forming splinters. The two Asian species were (at least in the past) in very high demand for [[coffin]] manufacture in China, due to the scent of the wood and its decay resistance. It is likely that past [[over-exploitation]] is responsible for their current rarity.
 
Incense cedar was the preferred [[Bow drill|hearth board]] of the Native Peoples of [[Northern California]] for [[Firelighting|lighting fires]] by friction .
 
===Cultivation===
Line 49 ⟶ 83:
 
==References==
{{reflistReflist}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.pinetum.org/cones/CUcones.htm Arboretum de Villardebelle - cone photos]
*[http://www.conifers.org/cu/calo/index.htm {{Gymnosperm Database: ''|family=Cupressaceae |genus=Calocedrus''] |link=1}}
 
{{Woodworking}}
{{Acrogymnospermae classification}}
▲| familia = [[{{Cupressaceae]]}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q765246}}
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Calocedrus Decurrens}}
[[Category:Calocedrus| ]]
[[Category:Trees of theNorthern Western United StatesAmerica]]
[[Category:Trees of China]]
[[Category:TreesFlora of the NorthwesternSierra Nevada (United States)]]
[[Category:Trees of the Southwestern United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)]]
[[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant plants]]
[[Category:Conifer genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calocedrus"