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<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240799 | doi-access=free | title=Beyond megadrought and collapse in the Northern Levant: The chronology of Tell Tayinat and two historical inflection episodes, around 4.2ka BP, and following 3.2ka BP | date=2020 | last1=Manning | first1=Sturt W. | last2=Lorentzen | first2=Brita | last3=Welton | first3=Lynn | last4=Batiuk | first4=Stephen | last5=Harrison | first5=Timothy P. | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=15 | issue=10 | pages=e0240799 | pmid=33119717 | pmc=7595433 | bibcode=2020PLoSO..1540799M }}</ref>
*[[Early Bronze Age]]: Following the rise of cuneiform writing in the preceding [[Uruk period]] and [[Jemdet Nasr period]]s came a series of rulers and dynasties whose existence is based mostly on scant contemporary sources (e.g. [[En-me-barage-si]]), combined with archaeological cultures, some of which are considered problematic (e.g. [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic II]]). The lack of dendrochronology, astronomical correlations, and sparsity of modern, well-stratified sequences of radiocarbon dates from Southern Mesopotamia makes it difficult to assign absolute dates to this floating chronology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wencel|first=Maciej Mateusz|date=2017|title=Radiocarbon Dating of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia: Results, Limitations, and Prospects|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033822216000606/type/journal_article|journal=Radiocarbon|language=en|volume=59|issue=2|pages=635–645|doi=10.1017/RDC.2016.60|bibcode=2017Radcb..59..635W |s2cid=133337438|issn=0033-8222|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029010710/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/radiocarbon-dating-of-early-dynastic-mesopotamia-results-limitations-and-prospects/D8F82A41667C5281AABF18B5899CE04E|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Zaina2015" />
*[[Middle Bronze Age]]: Beginning with the [[Akkadian Empire]] around 2300 BC, the chronological evidence becomes internally more consistent. A good picture can be drawn of who succeeded whom, and synchronisms between [[Mesopotamia]], the [[Levant]] and the more robust [[chronology of Ancient Egypt]] can be established. Unlike the previous period there are a variety of data points serving to help turn this floating chronology into a fixed one. These include astronomical events, dendrochronology, radiocarbon dating, and even a volcanic eruption. Despite this no agreement has been reached. The most commonly seen solution is to place the reign of Hammurabi from 1792 to 1750 BC, the "middle chronology", but there is far from a consensus.<ref name="arxiv.org">[https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0311114.pdf] V.G.Gurzadyan, "Astronomy and the Fall of Babylon", Sky & Telescope, vol. 100, no.1 (July), pp. 40–45, 2000</ref><ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/014ABB912CC50181E0F06E074BE071A2/S0003598X23000303a.pdf/new-evidence-for-middle-bronze-age-chronology-from-the-syro-anatolian-frontier.pdf] Herrmann, Virginia R., et al., "New evidence for Middle Bronze Age chronology from the Syro-Anatolian frontier", Antiquity, pp. 1-20, 2023</ref>
*[[Late Bronze Age]]: The fall of the First Babylonian Empire was followed by a period of chaos where "Late Old Babylonian royal inscriptions are few and the year names become less evocative of political events, early Kassite evidence is even scarcer, and until recently Sealand I sources were near to non-existent".<ref>[https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/92651/3/Boivin_Odette_201611_PhD_thesis.pdf] Boivin, O., "The First Dynasty of the Sealand in History and Tradition", Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto Canada, 2016</ref> Afterward came a period of stability with the Assyrian Middle Kingdom, Hittite New Kingdom, and the Third Babylon Dynasty (Kassite).
*The [[Bronze Age collapse]]: A "Dark Age" begins with the fall of Babylonian Dynasty III (Kassite) around 1200 BC, the invasions of the [[Sea Peoples]] and the collapse of the [[Hittite Empire]].<ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05693-y] Manning, Sturt W., et al., "Severe multi-year drought coincident with Hittite collapse around 1198–1196 bc.", Nature 614.7949, pp. 719–724, 2023</ref>
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*Shulgi Eclipse – Based on a prophecy text called ''[[Enuma Anu Enlil]] 20'' which states "If an eclipse occurs on the 14th day of Simānu ... The king of Ur, his son will wrong him, and the son who wronged his father, Šamaš will catch him. He will die in the mourning place of his father" from the end of the reign of [[Shulgi]] of the [[Ur III]] dynasty. A date of 25 July 2093 BC has been proposed. These prophecies were written after the fact to help predict future events. A second prophecy, EAE 21 (month 12), predicts the fall of Ur III in the reign of [[Ibbi-Sin]] stating "If an eclipse occurs on the 14th day of Addaru ... The prediction is given for the king of the world: The destruction of Ur".<ref>Peter J. Huber, "Astronomy and Ancient Chronology", Akkadica 119–120, pp. 159–176, 2000</ref>
*Babylon Eclipse – Another section in EAE 20 (month 3) refers to the fall of Babylon i.e. "if an eclipse occurs on the 14th day of Shabattu (month XI), and the god, in his eclipse ... The prediction is given for Babylon: the destruction of Babylon is near ...". It refers to a solar eclipse followed by a lunar eclipse. The most likely solution, 1547 BC, does not match up with Venus Tablet solutions. There are textual problems with the prophecy and it has been suggested that Akkad is actually the city in question.<ref>{{citation|arxiv=2007.07141|title=The Double Eclipse at the Downfall of Old Babylon|year=2020|last1=Khalisi|first1=Emil}}</ref>
*Tell Muhammad Eclipse – At [[Tell Muhammad]] several tablets, silver loan contracts, were found that were dated with two year names "Year 38 after Babylon was resettled" and "The year that the Moon was eclipsed". The former year name is of a format used by the Kassites, a change from the event format used through the Old Babylonian period. Attempts have been made to use this eclipse to date the sack of Babylon and its resettlement by the Kassites.<ref>Calderbank, Daniel, "Dispersed Communities of Practice During the First Dynasty of the Sealand: The Pottery from Tell Khaiber, Southern Iraq", Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 58–87, 2020</ref><ref
====Egyptian lunar observations====
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{{Main|Dendrochronology}}
Dendrochronology attempts to use the variable growth pattern of trees, expressed in their rings, to build up a chronological timeline. At present there are no continuous chronologies for the Near East, and a floating chronology has been developed using trees in Anatolia for the Bronze and Iron Ages. Professor of archaeology at Cornell, Sturt Manning, has spearheaded efforts to use this floating chronology with radiocarbon wiggle-match to anchor the chronology.<ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-69287-2] Sturt W. Manning et al., "Radiocarbon offsets and old world chronology as relevant to Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia and Thera (Santorini)", Nature Scientific Reports, vol. 10, 17 August 2020 {{doi|10.1038/s41598-020-69287-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Manning |first1=Sturt W. |last2=Griggs |first2=Carol B. |last3=Lorentzen |first3=Brita |last4=Barjamovic |first4=Gojko |last5=Ramsey |first5=Christopher Bronk |last6=Kromer |first6=Bernd |last7=Wild |first7=Eva Maria |date=2016-07-13 |title=Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=e0157144 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0157144 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4943651 |pmid=27409585|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1157144M |doi-access=free }}</ref> His research has recently been included in the Oxford History of the Ancient Near East and has been cited widely in the recent academic literature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Höflmayer |first=Felix |title=The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume II |date=2022-08-18 |chapter=Establishing an Absolute Chronology of the Middle Bronze Age |pages=1–46 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/43915/chapter/370990214 |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190687571.003.0011 |isbn=978-0190687571 |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901043627/https://academic.oup.com/book/43915/chapter/370990214 |url-status=live }}</ref> A new method has been developed to combine dendrochronology with [[Miyake event
===Radiocarbon dating===
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