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{{Short description|none}}
{{climate chart
| [[Lisbon]]
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|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/
|archivedate=2010-09-06
}}</ref> with short, mild and rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, Lisbon has a ''warm-temperate subtropical'' climate (''Warmgemäßigt-subtropisches Zonenklima'').<ref>[http://web.tiscali.it/linnets/Troll-Paffen.jpg Climatic map by Istituto Geografico De Agostini, according to Troll-Paffen climate classification] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004052732/http://web.tiscali.it/linnets/Troll-Paffen.jpg |date=October 4, 2012 }}</ref> According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, Lisbon has a subtropical climate.<ref>[http://www.ph-heidelberg.de/geographie/forschung-und-entwicklung/klimakarte-der-erde.html ''Die Klimatypen der Erde''] -– Pädagogische Hochschule in [[Heidelberg]]</ref>
 
==Classifications==
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|city =Lisbon
 
| source_k =<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png|title=World Map of Köppen-GeigerKöppen–Geiger climate classification|last1=Peel|first1=M.C.|last2=Finlayson|first2=B.L.|publisher=The University of Melbourne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113015116/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png|archive-date=January 13, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref>
| initial_k ={{D-PKoppenClimate|''Csa''}}
| description_k =[[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]]
 
| source_t =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu/kkh/climate/trewartha_maps.htm|title=Trewartha maps|website=kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref>
| initial_t ={{ForestTrewarthaClimate|''Cs''}}
| description_t =Subtropical dry summer
 
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| source_tw =<ref>{{cite web |last1=Feddema (2005) |first1=Johannes |title=A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-global-Thornthwaite-moisture-regions_fig1_250171991 |access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morais |first1=J. Custódio de |title=Divisão Climática de Portugal |date=1950 |volume=XII |url=https://digitalis-dsp.uc.pt/bitstream/10316.2/37968/1/Divisao%20climatica%20de%20Portugal.pdf |access-date=6 September 2021 |publisher=Publicações do Instituto de Climatologia e Hidrologia da Universidade de Coimbra |language=Portuguese}}</ref>
| initial_tw =<{{center>|''C1w2B’2a’C1 w2 B’2 a’''</center>}}
| description_tw = Subhumid Mesothermal
 
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== Temperature ==
===Normals===
Lisbon has mild to warm, moderated temperatures,. wintersWinters are very mild especially for its latitude, influence of the [[Portugal Current]], a weak current by-product of the [[Gulf Stream]],with average highsdaytime during this season varytemperatures between {{convert|15|and|16|C}}. Lisbonand has the mildest winter nights out of any major European city,nighttime ranginglows between {{convert|8|and|10|C}}. Summers are warm to hot, thoughbut due to the [[upwelling]] phenomena in the western coasts of its [[Lisbon metropolitan area|metropolitan area]], maxima in summer hasfluctuates dramatic fluctuationsconsiderably depending on the location. Regions east ofacross the [[Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve|Tagus Estuary]], usuallyfor example, typically average around {{convert|30|C}} maxima in July and August, while western areas west of the city and close to the coast, such as [[Cascais]] or [[Sintra]], will usually average around {{convert|23|-|25|C}} maxima, reaching as farlow as {{convert|21|C}} in [[Cabo da Roca]]. [[Costa da Caparica]] doesis notan haveexception suchto strongthis upwellingrule conditionsas andit is usuallyfar hotterless inexposed to the summercooler thanocean thecurrents aforementionedand coastsis therefore warmer in the summer. SummerNighttime nightslows during summer are often independent on the location, averaginggenerally a comfortablearound {{convert|16|-|19|C}}, but the typical [[urban heat island]] phenomenon felt by the capital can increase these lows significantly compared to rural areas of its district.<ref name="PdC">{{cite web |title=ClimaAlterações Climáticas em Portugal |url=http://portaldoclima.pt/pt/ |publisher=[[IPMA]] |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>
 
{{Weather box
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===Extremes===
Lisbon's location on the westernmost side of [[continental Europe]] makes it much less vulnerable to both heatwaves and coldwaves, though outbrakes of the [[Saharan Air Layer]] can sometimes push the temperatures above {{convert|40|C}} as it happened as part of the [[2018 European heat wave]], skies were a shade of white due to the extreme concentrations of airborne dust particles. Temperatures in two of Lisbon's stations reached an all-time high of {{convert|44.0|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 4 August of that same year. The third station ([[Tapada da Ajuda]]) recorded {{convert|43.3|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=August 2018 bulletin |url=http://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/im.publicacoes/edicoes.online/20180924/QyzZvZwgxxBnLFiHkSkX/cli_20180801_20180831_pcl_mm_co_pt.pdf |publisher=[[IPMA]] |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dn.pt/pais/interior/este-sabado-foi-o-dia-mais-quente-de-sempre-em-lisboa-9679437.html|title=G.Coutinho and Tapada weather stations measure the Lisbon highest temperature record|date=5 August 2018}}</ref>
The coldest temperaturestemperature ever recorded in the city werewas {{convert|-1.5|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on both 15 February 1860 and 15 January 1985<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipma.pt/bin/file.data/climate-normal/cn_71-00_LISBOA_TAPADA_AJUDA.pdf |title=Ficha Climatológica Lisboa/Tapada da Ajuda |publisher=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera |accessdate=20 January 2020}}</ref> and {{convert|-1.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 11 February 1956.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ipma.pt/en/oclima/extremos.clima/ |title=Climate Records |publisher=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera |accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morozova |first1=A. L. |last2=Valente |first2=M. A. |title=Homogenization of Portuguese long-term temperature data series: Lisbon, Coimbra and Porto |journal=Earth System Science Data Discussions |date=25 July 2012 |volume=5 |issue=2 |doi=10.5194/essdd-5-521-2012 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307736435 |access-date=19 June 2022|doi-access=free |hdl=10316/109855 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
 
In a normal year, the recorded maxima can go anywhere from {{convert|12|-|19|C}} in the winter and {{convert|23|-|35|C}} in the summer, and the minima from {{convert|3|-|1413|C}} in the winter and {{convert|16|-|24|C}} in the summer. Temperatures behondbeyond these are usually considered irregular and limited to exceptional years. Lisbon is on the [[USDA hardiness zone]] 10b.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.repository.utl.pt/bitstream/10400.5/4069/2/Disserta%c3%a7%c3%a3o_texto.pdf |title=Hardiness zones of Portugal|publisher= Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Lisboa. pages 60-62}}</ref>
 
{{Weather box
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== Precipitation ==
Lisbon can be described both as a moist and a dry city depending on the season of the year. Precipitation is most common in Autumn and Winter which is therefore the greenest time of the year. Summers in Lisbon tend to be very dry due to the [[Azores highHigh]] though exceptions happen and [[low-pressure area]]s can come into play bringing much more thanrainfall averagethan rainsnormal but still avoiding a wet summer (>{{convert|30|mm|abbr=on}}). Foggy mornings are also common in the summer, especially in coastal areas and can bring [[drizzle]] which can sometimes be observed early in the day in wet roads and [[calçada]] near shady areass.
 
Lisbon has on average 112 precipitation days a year of which around 30% is drizzle (below {{convert|1|mm|abbr=on}}). The driest months, July and August, have on average two days of precipitation ({{convert|4|-|6|mm|abbr=on}} of which 50% is drizzle), and the wettest months, November and December, have on average 12–15 days of precipitation and around {{convert|127|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="HKO"/> December is the rainiest month of which half the days receive some form of precipitation. The average annual precipitationrainfall is {{convert|774|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="IPMA"/>
 
{{Weather box
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==Humidity==
In the same way precipitation varies greatly from month to month, the average relative humidity also experiences considerable seasonal changes. Lisbon has very humid winters, averaging 78-80% humidity. This humidity also ads to its mildness but can also result in muggy conditions in the most humid winter days, especially in closed spaces with no air filtration. The air in the summer is otherwise dry, 60 to 65%, and is particularly variable, often going below 40% during the day and surpassing 70% at night.<ref name="PdC" /><ref name="NOAA" />
 
{{Weather box
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== Sunshine ==
Lisbon is a sunny city, in fact, it is one of the sunniest capital citycities in mainland Europe and one of the sunniest overall places in southern Europe, with more than 2,800 yearly sunshine hours despite the relatively high yearly precipitation.<ref name="HKO"/> Sunshine and precipitation stack up oppositely with the dullest month being also the rainiest (December) which has around 140-150 total hours. Despite July having the most sun hours, August is on average the sunniest month with around 80% chance of direct sunlight hitting the ground.
 
In the Lisbon area, sunshine hours reach their maximum value in the southwestern [[Setúbal Peninsula]] (near [[Cabo Espichel]]), and their lowest in the [[Sintra Mountains]] and parts of the northwest [[Lisbon District|District]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Solar prospecting tool for fast and reliable project pre-feasibility |url=https://apps.solargis.com/prospect/map?show-registration=1 |publisher=[[Solaris (operating system)|SolarGis]] |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>
 
{{Weather box
|location = Lisbon, 1961-19901961–1990
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
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|Dec sun = 142.6
|year sun = 2806.3
|source 1 = [[Hong Kong Observatory]]<ref name="HKO">[http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/sp_po/lisbon_e.htm "Climatological Information for Lisbon, Portugal" (1961-1990)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129140854/http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/sp_po/lisbon_e.htm |date=2019-01-29 }} -– Hong Kong Observatory</ref>
}}
 
{{Weather box
|location = Lisbon, 1990-20191990–2019
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
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|Dec uv = 2
|source 1 = [[German Meteorological Service]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/sunshine_duration/historical/08535_198607_201712.txt |title=Monthly Averages for Lisbon|publisher=DwD}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/sunshine_duration/recent/08535_201801_202008.txt |title=Monthly Averages for Lisbon|publisher=DwD}}</ref>
|source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/portugal/lisbon-climate |title=Lisbon, Portugal -– Monthly weather forecast and climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>
}}
 
== Daylight ==
Due to its southern position in Europe, Lisbon has a rather optimal number of hours of daylight. Winter days are not as short as in the northern part of the continent and summers have at least 9 hours of nighttime. The average duration of daylight in the wintertime is 10.3 hours<ref name="weather2travel">{{cite web |title=Lisbon climate guide |url=https://www.weather2travel.com/portugal/lisbon/climate/ |publisher=weather2travel.com |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> (for comparison: [[London]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/united-kingdom/london.php|title = London Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, England}}</ref> or [[Moscow]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/russia-europe/moscow.php|title=Moscow Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, Russia (Europe)}}</ref> or [[Warsaw]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/poland/warsaw.php|title = Warsaw Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, Poland}}</ref> have about 8 hours).
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Average hours of daylight<ref name=weather2travel/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lisbon.climatemps.com/sunlight.php |title=ArchivedSunshine copy& Daylight Hours in Lisbon, Portugal Sunlight, Cloud & Day length |access-date=2015-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105040405/http://www.lisbon.climatemps.com/sunlight.php |archive-date=2015-01-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! Month
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{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|+Average wind speed (km/h) 1971-20001971–2000
 
|-
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==Sea temperature==
As with the rest of Portugal, ocean temperatures are extremely moderate and cool year-round, only varying {{convert|5|C-change}} between the coldest and warmest month. The coolest months are February and March (around {{convert|15|-|15.5|C}}) while the warmest are from August through October (around {{convert|19|-|20|C}}). The average annual [[sea surface temperature]] is around {{convert|17.5|°C}}.<ref name="surf" /><ref name="seatemperature.org">[http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/lisbon-august.htm Lisbon average sea temperature] -– seatemperature.org</ref>
 
{|class="wikitable"
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|float=left
|clear=right
|source=[[IPMA]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/normais.clima/1981-2010/019/|title=Monthly Averages for Setúbal, Portugal (1981-2010)|publisher=Instituto de Meteorologia|access-date=2012-08-10|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111025738/http://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/normais.clima/1981-2010/019|archive-date=2013-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipma.pt/bin/file.data/climate-normal/cn_71-00_SETUBAL.pdf |title=Monthly Averages for Setúbal (Estação Fruticultura) (1971–2000)|publisher=[[IPMA]]}}</ref>
}}
{{climate chart
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==Other stations in the city of Lisbon==
{{Weather box
|location = [[Lisbon]] (Instituto Geofísico), elevation: {{convert|77|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1981-20101981–2010 normals
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
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{{Weather box
|location = [[Lisbon]] (Instituto Geofísico), elevation: {{convert|77|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1971-20001971–2000 normals and extremes
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
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{{Weather box
|location = [[Lisbon]] (Tapada da Ajuda), elevation: {{convert|37|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1971-20001971–2000 normals and extremes
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
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{{Weather box
|location = [[Lisbon]] (Gago Coutinho), elevation: {{convert|104|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1982-20001982–2000 normals and extremes
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
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| metric first = y
| single line = y
| location = [[Lisbon]] (Príncipe Real), elevation: {{convert|95|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1961-19901961–1990 normals and extremes
| Jan mean C =11.4
| Feb mean C =12.3
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| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name = noaa>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/PO/08535.TXT
| title = Lisbon (08535) -– WMO Weather Station
| accessdate = March 28, 2019
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]}}</ref>
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