Climate of Lisbon: Difference between revisions

[[Lisbon]] and its metropolitan area feature a mild [[subtropical climate|subtropical]] or a [[Hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csb/Csa''),<ref>{{cite web

}}</ref> with short, mild and mildrainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, Lisbon has a ''warm-temperate subtropical'' climate (''Warmgemäßigt-subtropisches Zonenklima'').<ref>[http://web.tiscali.it/linnets/Troll-Paffen.jpg Climatic map by Istituto Geografico De Agostini, according to Troll-Paffen climate classification] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004052732/http://web.tiscali.it/linnets/Troll-Paffen.jpg |date=October 4, 2012 }}</ref> According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, Lisbon has a subtropical climate.<ref>[http://www.ph-heidelberg.de/geographie/forschung-und-entwicklung/klimakarte-der-erde.html ''Die Klimatypen der Erde''] -– Pädagogische Hochschule in [[Heidelberg]]</ref>

| source_k =<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png|title=World Map of Köppen-GeigerKöppen–Geiger climate classification|lastlast1=Peel|firstfirst1=M.C.|last2=Finlayson|first2=B.L.|publisher=The University of Melbourne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113015116/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png|archive-date=January 13, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref>

| initial_k ={{D-PKoppenClimate|''Csa''}}

| initial_t ={{ForestTrewarthaClimate|''Cs''}}

| source_tw =<ref>{{cite web |last1=Feddema (2005) |first1=Johannes |title=A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-global-Thornthwaite-moisture-regions_fig1_250171991 |publisheraccess-date=[[ResearchGate]]28 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morais |first1=J. Custódio de |title=Divisão Climática de Portugal |date=1950 |volume=XII |url=https://digitalis-dsp.uc.pt/bitstream/10316.2/37968/1/Divisao%20climatica%20de%20Portugal.pdf |access-date=286 JanuarySeptember 2021 |publisher=Publicações do Instituto de Climatologia e Hidrologia da Universidade de Coimbra |language=Portuguese}}</ref>

| initial_tw =<{{center>|''C2C1 Bw2 B’2 a’'2''</center>}}

| description_tw =Moist subhumidSubhumid Mesothermal

| source_n =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/geographie/klimaklassifikation/4159|title=Klimaklassifikation|website=www.spektrum.de|language=de|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.klett.de/sixcms/media.php/klett72.a.427.de/upload/klimazonen_neef.jpg|title=Klimazonen nach E. Neef (1989)|publisher=Klett-Perthes}}</ref>

| description_n = West coast − rainy winter climate

Lisbon has mild to warm, moderatemoderated temperatures,. wintersWinters are very mild especially for its latitude, influence of the [[Portugal Current]], a weak current by-product of the [[Gulf Stream]],with average highsdaytime during this season varytemperatures between {{convert|15|and|16|C}}. Lisbonand has the mildest winter nights out of any major European city,nighttime ranginglows between {{convert|8|and|10|C}}. Summers are warm to hot, thoughbut due to the [[upwelling]] phenomena in the western coasts of its [[Lisbon metropolitan area|metropolitan area]], maxima in summer hasfluctuates dramatic fluctuationsconsiderably depending on the location. Regions east ofacross the [[Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve|Tagus Estuary]], usuallyfor example, typically average around {{convert|30|C}} maxima in July and August, while western areas west of the city and close to the coast, such as [[Cascais]] or [[Sintra]], will usually average around {{convert|23|-|25|C}} maxima, reaching as farlow as {{convert|21|C}} in [[Cabo da Roca]]. [[Costa da Caparica]] doesis notan haveexception suchto strongthis upwellingrule conditionsas andit is usuallyfar hotterless inexposed to the summercooler thanocean thecurrents aforementionedand coastsis therefore warmer in the summer. SummerNighttime nightslows during summer are often independent on the location, averaginggenerally a comfortablearound {{convert|1816|-|19|C}}, but the typical [[urban heat island]] phenomenon felt by the capital can increase these lows significantly compared to rural areas of its district.<ref name="PdC">{{cite web |title=ClimaAlterações Climáticas em Portugal |url=http://portaldoclima.pt/pt/ |publisher=[[IPMA]] |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>

|year high C =

|year mean C =

Lisbon's location on the westernmost side of [[continental Europe]] makes it much less vulnerable to both heatwaves and coldwaves, though outbrakes of the [[Saharan Air Layer]] can sometimes push the temperatures above {{convert|40|C}} as it happened as part of the [[2018 European heat wave]], skies were a shade of white due to the extreme concentrations of airborne dust particles. Temperatures in two of Lisbon's stations reached an all-time high of {{convert|44.0|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 4 August of that same year. The third station ([[Tapada da Ajuda]]) recorded {{convert|43.3|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=August 2018 bulletin |url=http://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/im.publicacoes/edicoes.online/20180924/QyzZvZwgxxBnLFiHkSkX/cli_20180801_20180831_pcl_mm_co_pt.pdf |publisher=[[IPMA]] |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dn.pt/pais/interior/este-sabado-foi-o-dia-mais-quente-de-sempre-em-lisboa-9679437.html|title=G.Coutinho and Tapada weather stations meassuremeasure the Lisbon highest temperature record|date=5 August 2018}}</ref>

The coldest temperaturestemperature ever recorded in the city werewas {{convert|-1.5|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on both 15 February 1860 and 15 January 1985<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipma.pt/bin/file.data/climate-normal/cn_71-00_LISBOA_TAPADA_AJUDA.pdf |title=Ficha Climatológica Lisboa/Tapada da Ajuda |publisher=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera |accessdate=20 January 2020}}</ref> and {{convert|-1.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 11 February 1956.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ipma.pt/en/oclima/extremos.clima/ |title=Climate Records |publisher=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera |accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morozova |first1=A. L. |last2=Valente |first2=M. A. |title=Homogenization of Portuguese long-term temperature data series: Lisbon, Coimbra and Porto |journal=Earth System Science Data Discussions |date=25 July 2012 |volume=5 |issue=2 |doi=10.5194/essdd-5-521-2012 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307736435 |access-date=19 June 2022|doi-access=free |hdl=10316/109855 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In a normal year, the recorded maxima can go anywereanywhere from {{convert|12|-|19|C}} in the winter and {{convert|23|-|35|C}} in the summer, and the minima from {{convert|3|-|1413|C}} in the winter and {{convert|16|-|24|C}} in the summer. Temperatures behondbeyond these are usually considered irregular and limited to exceptional years. Lisbon is on the [[USDA hardiness zone]] 10b.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.repository.utl.pt/bitstream/10400.5/4069/2/Disserta%c3%a7%c3%a3o_texto.pdf |title=Hardiness zones of Portugal|publisher= Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Lisboa. pages 60-62}}</ref>

Lisbon can be described both as a moist and a dry city depending on the season of the year. Precipitation is most common in Autumn and Winter which is therefore the greenest time of the year. Summers in Lisbon tend to be very dry due to the [[Azores highHigh]] though exeptionsexceptions happen and [[low-pressure area]]s can come into play bringing much more thanrainfall averagethan rainsnormal but still avoiding a wet summer (>{{convert|30|mm|abbr=on}}). Foggy mornings are also common in the summer, especially in coastal areas and can bring [[drizzle]] which can sometimes be observed early in the day in wet roads and [[calçada]] near shady areass.

Lisbon has on average 112 precipitation days a year of which around 30% is drizzle (below {{convert|1|mm|abbr=on}}). The driest months, July and August, have on average two days of precipitation ({{convert|4|-|6|mm|abbr=on}} of which 50% is drizzle), and the wettest months, November and December, have on average 12-1512–15 days of precipitation and around {{convert|127|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="HKO"/> December is the rainiest month of which half the days receive some form of precipitation. The average annual precipitationrainfall is {{convert|774|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="IPMA"/>

In the same way precipitation varies greatly from month to month, the average relative humidity also experiences considerable seasonal changes. Lisbon has very humid winters, averaging 78-80% humidity. This humidity also ads to its mildness but can also result in muggy conditions in the most humid winter days, especially in closed spaces with no air filtration. The air in the summer is otherwise dry, 60 to 65%, and is particularly variable, often going below 40% during the day and surpassing 70% at night.<ref name="PdC" /><ref name="NOAA" />

Lisbon is a sunny city, in fact, it is one of the sunniest capital citycities in mainland Europe and one of the sunniest overall places in southern Europe, with more than 2,800 yearly sunshine hours despite the relatively high yearly precipitation.<ref name="HKO"/> Sunshine and precipitation stack up oppositely with the dullest month being also the rainiest month (December) which ashas around 140-150 total hours. Despite July having the most sun hours, August is on average the sunniest month with around 80% chance of direct sunlight hitting the ground.

In the Lisbon area, sunshine hours reach their maximum value nearin the southwestern [[CascaisSetúbal Peninsula]], where stronger winds often dissipate the winter clouds, and the western(near [[SetúbalCabo PeninsulaEspichel]]), and their lowest in the [[Sintra Mountains]] and parts of the northwest [[Lisbon District|District]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Solar prospecting tool for fast and reliable project pre-feasibility |url=https://apps.solargis.com/prospect/map?show-registration=1 |publisher=[[Solaris (operating system)|SolarGis]] |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>

|location = Lisbon, 1961-19901961–1990

|source 1 = [[Hong Kong Observatory]]<ref name="HKO">[http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/sp_po/lisbon_e.htm "Climatological Information for Lisbon, Portugal" (1961-1990)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129140854/http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/sp_po/lisbon_e.htm |date=2019-01-29 }} -– Hong Kong Observatory</ref>

|location = Lisbon, 1990-20191990–2019

|source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/portugal/lisbon-climate |title=Lisbon, Portugal -– Monthly weather forecast and climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>

Due to its southern positonposition in Europe, Lisbon has a rather optimal number of hours of daylight. Winter days are not as short as in the northern part of the continent and summers have at least 9 hours of nighttime. The average duration of daylight in the wintertime is 10.3 hours<ref name="weather2travel">{{cite web |title=Lisbon climate guide |url=https://www.weather2travel.com/portugal/lisbon/climate/ |publisher=weather2travel.com |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> (for comparison: [[London]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/united-kingdom/london.php|title = London Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, England}}</ref> or [[Moscow]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/russia-europe/moscow.php|title=Moscow Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, Russia (Europe)}}</ref> or [[Warsaw]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/poland/warsaw.php|title = Warsaw Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, Poland}}</ref> have about 8 hours).

|+Average hours of daylight<ref name=weather2travel/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lisbon.climatemps.com/sunlight.php |title=ArchivedSunshine copy& Daylight Hours in Lisbon, Portugal Sunlight, Cloud & Day length |access-date=2015-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105040405/http://www.lisbon.climatemps.com/sunlight.php |archive-date=2015-01-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Lisbon is generally still, though it can become quite windy in occasional Atlantic storms, acompaniedaccompanied by rain. The average wind speed depends largely on the area. [[Tapada da Ajuda]] has almost no sign of wind, other areas such as Gago Coutinho, near the airport, get double that wind speed. The [[District of Lisbon]], especially the west, is one of Portugal's windiest zones. [[Cabo da Roca]] has registered wind gusts of up to {{convert|169|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPMA estima ventos entre 180 e 190km/hora durante a tempestade Leslie |url=https://observador.pt/2018/10/16/ipma-estima-ventos-entre-180-e-190km-hora-durante-a-tempestade-leslie/ |publisher=[[Observador]] |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>

|+Average wind speed (km/h) 1971-20001971–2000

As with the rest of Portugal, ocean temperatures are extremely moderate and cool year-round, only varying {{convert|5|C-change}} between the coldest and warmest month. The coolest months are February and March (around {{convert|15|-|15.5|C}}) while the warmest are from August through October (around {{convert|19|-|20|C}}). The average annual [[sea surface temperature]] is around {{convert|17.5|°C}}.<ref name="surf" /><ref name="seatemperature.org">[http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/lisbon-august.htm Lisbon average sea temperature] -– seatemperature.org</ref>

== ClimaticLisbon dataMetropolitan Area==

|location = [[Lisbon]] (Instituto Geofísico), elevation: {{convert|77|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1981-20101981–2010 normals

|location = [[Lisbon]] (Instituto Geofísico), elevation: {{convert|77|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1971-20001971–2000 normals and extremes

|collapsed = yes

|location = [[Lisbon]] (Tapada da Ajuda), elevation: {{convert|37|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1971-20001971–2000 normals and extremes

|collapsed = yes

|location = [[Lisbon]] (Gago Coutinho), elevation: {{convert|104|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1982-20001982–2000 normals and extremes

| location = [[Lisbon]] (Príncipe Real), elevation: {{convert|95|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1961-19901961–1990 normals and extremes

| title = Lisbon (08535) -– WMO Weather Station