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===Development of new drugs===
Since the discovery of antibiotics, [[research and development]] (R&D) efforts have provided new drugs in time to treat bacteria that became resistant to older antibiotics, but in the 2000s there has been concern that development has slowed enough that seriously ill people may run out of treatment options.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu J, Bedell TA, West JG, Sorensen EJ | title = Design and Synthesis of Molecular Scaffolds with Anti-infective Activity | journal = Tetrahedron | volume = 72 | issue = 25 | pages = 3579–3592 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27284210 | pmc = 4894353 | doi = 10.1016/j.tet.2016.01.044 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wp.dh.gov.uk/publications/files/2013/03/CMO-Annual-Report-Volume-2-20111.pdf |title=Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer - Infections and the rise of antimicrobial resistance|date=2011|publisher=UK NHS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030190650/http://media.dh.gov.uk/network/357/files/2013/03/CMO-Annual-Report-Volume-2-20111.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another concern is that practitioners may become reluctant to perform routine surgeries because of the increased risk of harmful infection.<ref name="obama">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/06/04/188380562/obama-administration-seeks-to-loosen-antibiotic-approvals|title=Obama Administration Seeks To Ease Approvals For Antibiotics|newspaper=NPR.org|date=4 June 2013|publisher=NPR|access-date=7 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313042023/http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/06/04/188380562/obama-administration-seeks-to-loosen-antibiotic-approvals|archive-date=13 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Backup treatments can have serious side-effects; for example, antibiotics like [[aminoglycoside]]s (such as [[amikacin]], [[gentamicin]], [[kanamycin]], [[streptomycin]], etc.) used for the treatment of [[multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis|drug-resistant tuberculosis]] and cystic fibrosis can cause respiratory disorders, deafness and kidney failure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prayle A, Watson A, Fortnum H, Smyth A | title = Side effects of aminoglycosides on the kidney, ear and balance in cystic fibrosis | journal = Thorax | volume = 65 | issue = 7 | pages = 654–658 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20627927 | pmc = 2921289 | doi = 10.1136/thx.2009.131532 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alene KA, Wangdi K, Colquhoun S, Chani K, Islam T, Rahevar K, Morishita F, Byrne A, Clark J, Viney K | display-authors = 6 | title = Tuberculosis related disability: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = BMC Medicine | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 203 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34496845 | pmc = 8426113 | doi = 10.1186/s12916-021-02063-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref>. A new company called SGC biogroup in 2024 could offer a new class of antibiotic can effect on AMR caused can inhibit the G+ & G- of bacteria.
The potential crisis at hand is the result of a marked decrease in industry research and development.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-21737844|title=BBC News – Antibiotics resistance 'as big a risk as terrorism' – medical chief| vauthors = Walsh F |publisher=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=12 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808002730/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-21737844|archive-date=8 August 2018|url-status=live|work=BBC News|date=11 March 2013}}</ref> Poor financial investment in antibiotic research has exacerbated the situation.<ref name="TheRealNews-2014-05-18">{{cite web | url=http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=11872 | title=Why Are Antibiotics Becoming Useless All Over the World? | vauthors = Khor M | author-link=Martin Khor |date=18 May 2014 | publisher=[[The Real News]] | access-date=18 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518173348/http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=11872 | archive-date=18 May 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="bbc" /> The pharmaceutical industry has little incentive to invest in antibiotics because of the high risk and because the potential financial returns are less likely to cover the cost of [[drug development|development]] than for other pharmaceuticals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Antibiotic Resistance: Why Aren't Drug Companies Developing New Medicines to Stop Superbugs?| vauthors = Nordrum A | website=International Business Times|year=2015}}</ref> In 2011, [[Pfizer]], one of the last major pharmaceutical companies developing new antibiotics, shut down its primary research effort, citing poor shareholder returns relative to drugs for chronic illnesses.<ref name="medpage">{{cite web|url=http://www.medpagetoday.com/InfectiousDisease/GeneralInfectiousDisease/24708|title=Pfizer Moves May Dim Prospect for New Antibiotics| vauthors = Gever J |date=4 February 2011|publisher=MedPage Today|access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214004508/http://www.medpagetoday.com/InfectiousDisease/GeneralInfectiousDisease/24708 |archive-date=14 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> However, small and medium-sized pharmaceutical companies are still active in antibiotic drug research. In particular, apart from classical synthetic chemistry methodologies, researchers have developed a combinatorial synthetic biology platform on single cell level in a [[high-throughput screening]] manner to diversify novel [[Lantibiotics|lanthipeptides]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmitt S, Montalbán-López M, Peterhoff D, Deng J, Wagner R, Held M, Kuipers OP, Panke S | display-authors = 6 | title = Analysis of modular bioengineered antimicrobial lanthipeptides at nanoliter scale | journal = Nature Chemical Biology | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 437–443 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 30936500 | doi = 10.1038/s41589-019-0250-5 | s2cid = 91188986 | url = https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/82569070/Brl_k_et_al_2019_Journal_of_Animal_Ecology.pdf | access-date = 12 April 2023 | archive-date = 18 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230418031100/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/82569070/Brl_k_et_al_2019_Journal_of_Animal_Ecology.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
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