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Antimicrobial resistance: Difference between revisions

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The antimicrobial resistance crisis also extends to the food industry, specifically with food producing animals. With an ever-increasing human population, there is constant pressure to intensify productivity in many agricultural sectors, including the production of meat as a source of protein.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Monger XC, Gilbert AA, Saucier L, Vincent AT | title = Antibiotic Resistance: From Pig to Meat | journal = Antibiotics | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = 1209 | date = October 2021 | pmid = 34680790 | pmc = 8532907 | doi = 10.3390/antibiotics10101209 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Antibiotics are fed to livestock to act as growth supplements, and a preventative measure to decrease the likelihood of infections.<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Torrella K |date=2023-01-08 |title=Big Meat just can't quit antibiotics |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/1/8/23542789/big-meat-antibiotics-resistance-fda |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Vox |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123115850/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/1/8/23542789/big-meat-antibiotics-resistance-fda |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Farmers typically use antibiotics in animal feed to improve growth rates and prevent infections. However, this is illogical as antibiotics are used to treat infections and not prevent infections. 80% of antibiotic use in the U.S. is for agricultural purposes and about 70% of these are medically important.<ref>{{cite webjournal |last1=Martin |first1=Michael J. |last2=Thottathil |first2=Sapna E |last3=Newman |first3=Thomas B. |title=Antibiotics Overuse in Animal Agriculture: A Call to Action for Health Care Providers |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4638249/ |websitejournal=American Journal of Public Health |pages=2409–2410 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2015.302870 |date=December 2015|volume=105 |issue=12 |pmid=26469675 |pmc=4638249 }}</ref> Overusing antibiotics gives the bacteria time to adapt leaving higher doses or even stronger antibiotics needed to combat the infection. Though antibiotics for growth promotion were banned throughout the EU in 2006, 40 countries worldwide still use antibiotics to promote growth<ref>{{cite web |title=Farm antibiotic use |url=https://www.saveourantibiotics.org/the-issue/antibiotic-overuse-in-livestock-farming/ |website=www.saveourantibiotics.org |language=en}}</ref>.
 
This can result in the transfer of resistant bacterial strains into the food that humans eat, causing potentially fatal transfer of disease. While the practice of using antibiotics as growth promoters does result in better yields and [[meat]] products, it is a major issue and needs to be decreased in order to prevent antimicrobial resistance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tang KL, Caffrey NP, Nóbrega DB, Cork SC, Ronksley PE, Barkema HW, Polachek AJ, Ganshorn H, Sharma N, Kellner JD, Ghali WA | display-authors = 6 | title = Restricting the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals and its associations with antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals and human beings: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet. Planetary Health | volume = 1 | issue = 8 | pages = e316–e327 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29387833 | pmc = 5785333 | doi = 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30141-9 }}</ref> Though the evidence linking antimicrobial usage in livestock to antimicrobial resistance is limited, the World Health Organization Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance strongly recommended the reduction of use of medically important antimicrobials in livestock. Additionally, the Advisory Group stated that such antimicrobials should be expressly prohibited for both growth promotion and disease prevention in food producing animals.<ref name="Innes" />
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==== At the individual level ====
People can help tackle resistance by using antibiotics only when infected with a bacterial infection and prescribed by a doctor; completing the full prescription even if the user is feeling better, never sharing antibiotics with others, or using leftover prescriptions.<ref name="who.int" /> Taking antibiotics when not needed won't help the user, but instead give bacteria the option to adapt and leave the user with the side effects that come with the certain type of antibiotic<ref>{{cite web |title=Are you using antibiotics wisely? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/do-and-dont.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |date=3 January 2022}}</ref>. The CDC recommends that you follow these behaviors so that you avoid these negative side effects and keep the community safe from spreading drug-resistant bacteria<ref>{{cite web |title=Are you using antibiotics wisely? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/do-and-dont.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |date=3 January 2022}}</ref>. Practicing basic bacterial infection prevention courses, such as hygiene, also helps to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/antibiotic-resistance.html |title=Articles }}</ref>.
 
====Country examples====