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Added information on the potential of nanoparticles and antibodies as antimicrobial agents against resistant bacteria. Briefly mentioned various nanoparticles including silver, gold, zinc oxide, copper, and silica. Highlighted innovative antibody strategies such as monoclonal antibodies, DSTA4637S, and MEDI13902, and their mechanisms. |
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Numerous investigators have suggested that a multiple-antigen vaccine would be more effective, but a lack of biomarkers defining human protective immunity keep these proposals in the logical, but strictly hypothetical arena.<ref name=":7" />
===Antibody therapy===
Antibodies are promising against antimicrobial resistance. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) target bacterial virulence factors, aiding in bacterial destruction through various mechanisms. Three FDA-approved antibodies target ''B. anthracis'' and ''C. difficile'' toxins.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=Ruei-Min |last2=Hwang |first2=Yu-Chyi |last3=Liu |first3=I-Ju |last4=Lee |first4=Chi-Chiu |last5=Tsai |first5=Han-Zen |last6=Li |first6=Hsin-Jung |last7=Wu |first7=Han-Chung |date=2020-01-02 |title=Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-019-0592-z |journal=Journal of Biomedical Science |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1186/s12929-019-0592-z |issn=1423-0127 |pmc=PMC6939334 |pmid=31894001}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Gagandeep |last2=Rana |first2=Anita |last3=Smriti |date=2024-05-28 |title=Decoding antimicrobial resistance: unraveling molecular mechanisms and targeted strategies |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-024-03998-2 |journal=Archives of Microbiology |language=en |volume=206 |issue=6 |pages=280 |doi=10.1007/s00203-024-03998-2 |issn=1432-072X}}</ref> Innovative strategies include DSTA4637S, an antibody-antibiotic conjugate, and MEDI13902, a bispecific antibody targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa components.<ref name=":16" />
===Alternating therapy===
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=== Nanomaterials ===
During the last decades, [[Copper nanoparticle|copper]] and [[Silver nanoparticle|silver]] [[nanomaterials]] have demonstrated appealing features for the development of a new family of antimicrobial agents.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ermini ML, Voliani V | title = Antimicrobial Nano-Agents: The Copper Age | journal = ACS Nano | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 6008–6029 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33792292 | pmc = 8155324 | doi = 10.1021/acsnano.0c10756 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Nanoparticles (1-100 nm) show unique properties and promise as antimicrobial agents against resistant bacteria. [[Silver nanoparticle|Silver (AgNPs)]] and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are extensively studied, disrupting bacterial cell membranes and interfering with protein synthesis. Zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), copper (CuNPs), and silica (SiNPs) nanoparticles also exhibit antimicrobial properties. However, high synthesis costs, potential toxicity, and instability pose challenges. To overcome these, biological synthesis methods and combination therapies with other antimicrobials are explored. Enhanced biocompatibility and targeting are also under investigation to improve efficacy.<ref name=":16" />
===Rediscovery of ancient treatments===
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