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By considering the propagation of the negative energy modes of the electron field backward in time, [[Ernst Stueckelberg]] reached a pictorial understanding of the fact that the particle and antiparticle have equal mass '''m''' and spin '''J''' but opposite charges '''q'''. This allowed him to rewrite [[perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)|perturbation theory]] precisely in the form of diagrams. [[Richard Feynman]] later gave an independent systematic derivation of these diagrams from a particle formalism, and they are now called [[Feynman diagram]]s. Each line of a diagram represents a particle propagating either backward or forward in time. This technique is the most widespread method of computing amplitudes in quantum field theory today.
Since this picture was first developed by
As a consequence of this interpretation, [[Massimo Villata|Villata]] argued that the assumption of antimatter as CPT-transformed matter would imply that the [[Gravitational interaction of antimatter|gravitational interaction between matter and antimatter]] is repulsive.<ref name="villata">{{cite journal|last1=Villata|first1=M.|title=CPT symmetry and antimatter gravity in general relativity|journal=EPL|date=2011|volume=94|issue=2|pages=20001|doi=10.1209/0295-5075/94/20001}}</ref>
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