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=== 1949–1980 period (pre-antivirus days) ===
Although the roots of the computer virus date back as early as 1949, when the Hungarian scientist [[John von Neumann]] published the ''"Theory of self-reproducing automata"'',<ref>von Neumann, John (1966) [http://cba.mit.edu/events/03.11.ASE/docs/VonNeumann.pdf ''Theory of self-reproducing automata''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613093426/http://cba.mit.edu/events/03.11.ASE/docs/VonNeumann.pdf |date=June 13, 2010}}. University of Illinois Press.</ref> the first known computer virus appeared in 1971 and
dubbed the "[[Creeper (program)|Creeper virus]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vx.netlux.org/lib/atc01.html|title=The Evolution of Viruses and Worms|author=Thomas Chen, Jean-Marc Robert|date=2004|access-date=February 16, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517083356/http://vx.netlux.org/lib/atc01.html|archive-date=May 17, 2009}}</ref> This computer virus infected [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]'s ([[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]]) [[PDP-10]] mainframe computers running the [[TENEX (operating system)|TENEX]] operating system.<ref name="Guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/oct/23/internet-history From the first email to the first YouTube video: a definitive internet history] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231172753/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/oct/23/internet-history |date=December 31, 2016}}. Tom Meltzer and Sarah Phillips. ''[[The Guardian]]''. October 23, 2009</ref><ref>''IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Volumes 27–28''. IEEE Computer Society, 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xv9UAAAAMAAJ&q=Creeper+%22computer+worm%22 74] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513081502/https://books.google.com/books?id=xv9UAAAAMAAJ&q=Creeper+%22computer+worm%22&dq=Creeper+%22computer+worm%22&hl=en&ei=pRzNTeaOBdGbtwe81ZyNDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEUQ6AEwAg |date=May 13, 2016}}: "[...]from one machine to another led to experimentation with the ''Creeper'' program, which became the world's first computer worm: a computation that used the network to recreate itself on another node, and spread from node to node."</ref> The Creeper virus was eventually deleted by a program created by [[Ray Tomlinson]] and known as "[[Reaper (program)|The Reaper]]".<ref name="John Metcalf 2014">{{cite web|url=http://corewar.co.uk/creeper.htm|title=Core War: Creeper & Reaper|first=John|last=Metcalf|date=2014|access-date=May 1, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502001343/http://corewar.co.uk/creeper.htm|archive-date=May 2, 2014}}</ref> Some people consider "The Reaper" the first antivirus software ever written – it may be the case, but it is important to note that the Reaper was actually a virus itself specifically designed to remove the Creeper virus.<ref name="John Metcalf 2014"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://virus.wikidot.com/creeper|title=Creeper – The Virus Encyclopedia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920104511/http://virus.wikidot.com/creeper|archive-date=September 20, 2015}}</ref>
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