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There are several methods which antivirus engines can use to identify malware:
* '''Sandbox detection''': a particular behavioural-based detection technique that, instead of detecting the behavioural fingerprint at run time, it executes the programs in a [[virtual machine|virtual environment]], logging what actions the program performs. Depending on the actions logged which can include memory usage and network accesses,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lv |first1=Mingqi |last2=Zeng |first2=Huan |last3=Chen |first3=Tieming |last4=Zhu |first4=Tiantian |date=2023-10-01 |title=CTIMD: Cyber Threat Intelligence Enhanced Malware Detection Using API Call Sequences with Parameters |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167404823004285 |journal=Computers & Security |volume=136 |pages=103518 |doi=10.1016/j.cose.2023.103518 |issn=0167-4048}}</ref> the antivirus engine can determine if the program is malicious or not.<ref>[https://enterprise.comodo.com/security-solutions/endpoint-protection/sandboxing.php Sandboxing Protects Endpoints | Stay Ahead Of Zero Day Threats] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115401/https://enterprise.comodo.com/security-solutions/endpoint-protection/sandboxing.php |date=April 2, 2015}}. Enterprise.comodo.com (June 20, 2014). Retrieved on 2017-01-03.</ref> If not, then, the program is executed in the real environment.
* '''[[Data mining]] techniques''': one of the latest approaches applied in malware detection. [[Data mining]] and [[machine learning]] algorithms are used to try to classify the behaviour of a file (as either malicious or benign) given a series of file features, that are extracted from the file itself.<ref>Kiem, Hoang; Thuy, Nguyen Yhanh and Quang, Truong Minh Nhat (December 2004) "A Machine Learning Approach to Anti-virus System", ''Joint Workshop of Vietnamese Society of AI, SIGKBS-JSAI, ICS-IPSJ and IEICE-SIGAI on Active Mining; Session 3: Artificial Intelligence'', Vol. 67, pp. 61–65</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Data Mining Methods for Malware Detection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZto6RraGOwC&pg=PR15|year=2008|isbn=978-0-549-88885-7|pages=15–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320111622/https://books.google.com/books?id=lZto6RraGOwC&pg=PR15|archive-date=March 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Dua, Sumeet|author2=Du, Xian|title=Data Mining and Machine Learning in Cybersecurity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-FY-U30lUYC&pg=PP1|date=April 19, 2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-3943-0|pages=1–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320093100/https://books.google.com/books?id=1-FY-U30lUYC&pg=PP1|archive-date=March 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1109/ACT.2010.33|chapter=Analysis of Machine learning Techniques Used in Behavior-Based Malware Detection|title=2010 Second International Conference on Advances in Computing, Control, and Telecommunication Technologies|page=201|year=2010|last1=Firdausi|first1=Ivan|last2=Lim|first2=Charles|last3=Erwin|first3=Alva|last4=Nugroho|first4=Anto Satriyo|isbn=978-1-4244-8746-2|s2cid=18522498}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1145/1593105.1593239|chapter=A survey of data mining techniques for malware detection using file features|title=Proceedings of the 46th Annual Southeast Regional Conference on XX – ACM-SE 46|page=509|year=2008|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Muazzam|last2=Wang|first2=Morgan C.|last3=Lee|first3=Joohan|isbn=9781605581057|s2cid=729418}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1109/CCST.2003.1297626|chapter=Intelligent automatic malicious code signatures extraction|title=IEEE 37th Annual 2003 International Carnahan Conference on ''Security'' Technology, 2003. Proceedings|page=600|year=2003|last1=Deng|first1=P.S.|last2=Jau-Hwang Wang|last3=Wen-Gong Shieh|last4=Chih-Pin Yen|last5=Cheng-Tan Tung|isbn=978-0-7803-7882-7|s2cid=56533298}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1109/PDP.2010.30|chapter=Malware Detection by Data Mining Techniques Based on Positionally Dependent Features|title=2010 18th Euromicro Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-based Processing|page=617|year=2010|last1=Komashinskiy|first1=Dmitriy|last2=Kotenko|first2=Igor|isbn=978-1-4244-5672-7|s2cid=314909}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1109/SECPRI.2001.924286|chapter=Data mining methods for detection of new malicious executables|title=Proceedings 2001 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. S&P 2001|page=38|year=2001|last1=Schultz|first1=M.G.|last2=Eskin|first2=E.|last3=Zadok|first3=F.|last4=Stolfo|first4=S.J.|isbn=978-0-7695-1046-0|citeseerx=10.1.1.408.5676|s2cid=21791}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1145/1281192.1281308|chapter=IMDS|title=Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining – KDD '07|page=1043|year=2007|last1=Ye|first1=Yanfang|last2=Wang|first2=Dingding|last3=Li|first3=Tao|last4=Ye|first4=Dongyi|isbn=9781595936097|s2cid=8142630}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1248547.1248646|title=Learning to Detect and Classify Malicious Executables in the Wild|journal=J. Mach. Learn. Res.|first1=J. Zico|last1=Kolter|first2=Marcus A.|last2=Maloof|date=December 1, 2006|volume=7|pages=2721–2744}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1145/1599272.1599278|chapter=Malware detection using statistical analysis of byte-level file content|title=Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD Workshop on Cyber ''Security'' and Intelligence Informatics – CSI-KDD '09|page=23|year=2009|last1=Tabish|first1=S. Momina|last2=Shafiq|first2=M. Zubair|last3=Farooq|first3=Muddassar|isbn=9781605586694|citeseerx=10.1.1.466.5074|s2cid=10661197}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s11416-008-0082-4|title=An intelligent PE-malware detection system based on association mining|journal=Journal in Computer Virology|volume=4|issue=4|page=323|year=2008|last1=Ye|first1=Yanfang|last2=Wang|first2=Dingding|last3=Li|first3=Tao|last4=Ye|first4=Dongyi|last5=Jiang|first5=Qingshan|citeseerx=10.1.1.172.4316|s2cid=207288887}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1145/1774088.1774303|chapter=Malware detection based on mining API calls|title=Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing – SAC '10|page=1020|year=2010|last1=Sami|first1=Ashkan|last2=Yadegari|first2=Babak|last3=Peiravian|first3=Naser|last4=Hashemi|first4=Sattar|last5=Hamze|first5=Ali|isbn=9781605586397|s2cid=9330550}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10844-010-0148-x|title="Andromaly": A behavioral malware detection framework for android devices|journal=Journal of Intelligent Information Systems|volume=38|page=161|year=2011|last1=Shabtai|first1=Asaf|last2=Kanonov|first2=Uri|last3=Elovici|first3=Yuval|last4=Glezer|first4=Chanan|last5=Weiss|first5=Yael|s2cid=6993130}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|reason=Only a few papers are needed for this|date=October 2021}}
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