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Acetone peroxide (specifically, triacetone triperoxide) was discovered in 1895 by the German chemist [[Richard Wolffenstein (chemist)|Richard Wolffenstein]].<ref>{{cite journal| first=R| last=Wolffenstein | name-list-style = vanc | title=Über die Einwirkung von Wasserstoffsuperoxyd auf Aceton und Mesityloxyd | trans-title = On the effect of hydrogen peroxide on acetone and mesityl oxide | language = de | journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft | volume=28 | issue=2 | pages= 2265–2269 | year=1895 | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015026352040;view=1up;seq=1001 | doi = 10.1002/cber.189502802208}} Wolffenstein determined that acetone peroxide formed a trimer, and he proposed a structural formula for it. From pp. 2266–2267: ''"Die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Superoxyds, der feste Aggregatzustand, die Unlöslichkeit in Wasser etc. sprachen dafür, dass das Molekulargewicht desselben ein grösseres wäre, als dem einfachen Atomverhältnisse entsprach. … Es lag also ein trimolekulares Acetonsuperoxyd vor, das aus dem monomolekularen entstehen kann, indem sich die Bindungen zwischen je zwei Sauerstoffatomen lösen und zur Verknüpfung mit den Sauerstoffatomen eines benachbarten Moleküls dienen. Man gelangt so zur folgenden Constitutionsformel: ''[diagram of proposed molecular structure of the trimer of acetone peroxide]'' . Diese eigenthümliche ringförmig constituirte Verbindung soll Tri-Cycloacetonsuperoxyd genannt werden."'' (The physical properties of the peroxide, its solid state of aggregation, its insolubility in water, etc., suggested that its molecular weight would be a greater [one] than corresponded to its simple empirical formula. … Thus [the result of the molecular weight determination showed that] there was present a tri-molecular acetone peroxide, which can arise from the monomer by the bonds between each pair of oxygen atoms [on one molecule of acetone peroxide] breaking and serving as links to the oxygen atoms of a neighboring molecule. One thus arrives at the following structural formula: [diagram of proposed molecular structure of the trimer of acetone peroxide] . This strange ring-shaped compound shall be named "tri-cycloacetone peroxide".)</ref><ref>Wolfenstein R (1895) Deutsches Reichspatent 84,953</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Matyáš | first1 = Robert | last2 = Pachman | first2 = Jiří | name-list-style = vanc | title = Primary Explosives | date = 2013 | publisher = Springer | location = Berlin | isbn = 978-3-642-28436-6 | page = 262 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wfJHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA262 }}</ref> Wolffenstein combined [[acetone]] and [[hydrogen peroxide]], and then he allowed the mixture to stand for a week at room temperature, during which time a small quantity of crystals precipitated, which had a melting point of {{cvt|97|°C}}.{{sfn|Wolffenstein|1895|p=2266}}
In 1899, [[Adolf von Baeyer]] and [[Victor Villiger]] described the first synthesis of the dimer and described use of acids for the synthesis of both peroxides.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baeyer |first1=Adolf |last2=Villiger |first2=Victor |date=1899 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3481889;view=1up;seq=1107 |title=Einwirkung des Caro'schen Reagens auf Ketone |trans-title=Effect of Caro's reagent on ketones [part 1] |journal=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=3625–3633|doi=10.1002/cber.189903203151 }} [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3481889;view=1up;seq=1114 see p. 3632.]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Baeyer | first1 = Adolf | last2 = Villiger | first2 = Victor | name-list-style = vanc | year = 1900a | title = Über die Einwirkung des Caro'schen Reagens auf Ketone |trans-title=On the effect of Caro's reagent on ketones [part 3] | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.cl1i1y;view=1up;seq=868 | journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 858–864 | doi = 10.1002/cber.190003301153 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Baeyer | first1 = Adolf | last2 = Villiger | first2 = Victor | name-list-style= vanc | year = 1900b | title = Über die Nomenclatur der Superoxyde und die Superoxyde der Aldehyde |trans-title=On the nomenclature of peroxides and the peroxide of aldehydes | url = https://zenodo.org/records/1425972/files/article.pdf | journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft | volume = 33 | issue = 2| pages = 2479–2487 | doi = 10.1002/cber.190003302185 }}</ref><ref>Federoff, Basil T. et al., ''Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items'' (Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service, 1960), vol. 1, [https://archive.org/stream/Ullmans/01%20Ullmans-U-S-ARMY-Encyclopedia-of-Explosives-and-Related-Items-Vol-01#page/n147/mode/2up p. A41.]</ref><ref>Matyáš, Robert and Pachman, Jirí, ed.s, ''Primary Explosives'' (Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2013), p. 257.</ref> Baeyer and Villiger prepared the dimer by combining [[potassium persulfate]] in [[diethyl ether]] with acetone, under cooling. After separating the ether layer, the product was purified and found to melt at {{cvt|132–133|°C}}.{{sfn|Baeyer|Villiger|1899|p=3632}} They found that the trimer could be prepared by adding [[hydrochloric acid]] to a chilled mixture of acetone and hydrogen peroxide.{{sfn|Baeyer|Villiger|1900a|p=859}} By using the [[Freezing-point depression|depression of freezing points]] to determine the molecular weights of the compounds, they also determined that the form of acetone peroxide that they had prepared via potassium persulfate was a dimer, whereas the acetone peroxide that had been prepared via hydrochloric acid was a trimer, like Wolffenstein's compound.<ref>{{harvnb|Baeyer|Villiger|1900a|p=859}} {{lang|de|"Das mit dem Caro'schen Reagens dargestellte, bei 132–133° schmelzende Superoxyd gab bei der Molekulargewichtsbestimmung nach der Gefrierpunktsmethode Resultate, welche zeigen, dass es dimolekular ist. Um zu sehen, ob das mit Salzsäure dargestellte Superoxyd vom Schmp. 90–94° mit dem Wolffenstein'schen identisch ist, wurde davon ebenfalls eine Molekulargewichtsbestimmung gemacht, welche auf Zahlen führte, die für ein trimolekulares Superoxyd stimmen."}} [The peroxide that was prepared with Caro's reagent and that melted at {{cvt|132–133|°C}} gave—according to a determination of molecular weight via the freezing point method—results which show that it is dimolecular. In order to see whether the peroxide that was prepared with hydrochloric acid and that has a melting point of {{cvt|90–94|°C}} is identical to Wolffenstein's, its molecular weight was likewise determined, which led to values that are correct for a trimolecular peroxide.]</ref>
Work on this methodology and on the various products obtained, was further investigated in the mid-20th century by Milas and Golubović.<ref name = MilasGolubovic59>{{cite journal | title = Studies in Organic Peroxides. XXVI. Organic Peroxides Derived from Acetone and Hydrogen Peroxide | vauthors = Milas NA, Golubović A | journal = [[Journal of the American Chemical Society]] | year = 1959 | volume = 81 | issue = 24 | pages = 6461–6462 | doi = 10.1021/ja01533a033 }}</ref>
== Chemistry ==
The chemical name ''acetone peroxide'' is most commonly used to refer to the cyclic trimer, the product of a reaction between two [[Precursor (chemistry)|precursors]], hydrogen peroxide and acetone, in an acid-[[catalyst|catalyzed]] [[nucleophilic addition]], although monomeric and dimeric forms are also possible.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fukuzumi |first=Kazuo |last2=Miyakawa |first2=Takero |last3=Morohira |first3=Hidenori |date=1965 |title=Monomeric dihydroperoxide concentrates from autoxidized methyl docosahexaenoate |url=https://aocs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1007/BF02540046 |journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society |language=en |volume=42 |issue=8 |pages=717–720 |doi=10.1007/BF02540046 |issn=0003-021X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=United States Department of Homeland Security |date=2013 |title=2013 Annual Report from the Center of Excellence for Explosive Detection, Mitigation and Response in the Department of Homeland Security |url=http://energetics.chm.uri.edu/system/files/2013AnnualReportComplete.pdf |access-date=February 17, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Acetone Peroxide Synthesis V.2.svg|thumb|center|300px|Synthesis of tri-cyclic acetone peroxide.]]
Specifically, two dimers, one cyclic (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) and one open chain (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), as well as an open dihydroperoxide monomer (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>4</sub>),<ref>This is not the [[DMDO]] monomer referred to in the Chembox, but rather the open chain, dihydro monomer described by Milas & Goluboviç, op. cit.</ref> can also be formed; under a particular set of conditions of reagent and acid catalyst concentration, the cyclic trimer is the primary product.<ref name = MilasGolubovic59/> A tetrameric form has also been described, under different catalytic conditions, however.<ref name=jiang>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jiang H, Chu G, Gong H, Qiao Q | s2cid = 95733839 | title = Tin Chloride Catalysed Oxidation of Acetone with Hydrogen Peroxide to Tetrameric Acetone Peroxide | journal = Journal of Chemical Research| volume =28 | pages = 288–289 | year =1999 | doi =10.1039/a809955c | issue = 4}}</ref> the synthesis of tetrameric acetone peroxide has been disputed.<ref>''Primary Explosives
The most common route for nearly pure TATP is H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/acetone/HCl in 1:1:0.25 molar ratios, using 30% hydrogen peroxide. This product contains very little or none of DADP with some very small traces of chlorinated compounds. Product that contains large fraction of DADP can be obtained from 50% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> using large amounts of concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst or alternatively with 30% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and massive amounts of HCl as a catalyst.<ref name="Pachman, J. 2010"/>
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The product made by using hydrochloric acid is regarded as more stable than the one made using sulfuric acid. It is known that traces of sulfuric acid trapped inside the formed acetone peroxide crystals lead to instability. In fact, the trapped sulfuric acid can induce detonation at temperatures as low as {{cvt|50|°C}}. This is the most likely mechanism behind accidental explosions of acetone peroxide that occur during drying on heated surfaces.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Matyas|first1=Robert|last2=Pachman|first2=Jiri| name-list-style = vanc |date=2007-07-01|title=Thermal stability of triacetone triperoxide|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279704800|journal=Science and Technology of Energetic Materials|volume=68|pages=111–116}}</ref>
Organic peroxides in general are sensitive, dangerous explosives, and all forms of acetone peroxide are sensitive to [[initiation (chemistry)|initiation]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} TATP decomposes explosively; examination of the explosive [[chemical decomposition|decomposition]] of TATP at the very edge of detonation front predicts "formation of [[acetone]] and [[ozone]] as the main decomposition products and not the intuitively expected oxidation products."<ref name=pmid15669854>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ja0464903 |pmid=15669854 |title=Decomposition of Triacetone Triperoxide is an Entropic Explosion |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=127 |issue=4 |pages=1146–1159 |year=2005 |last1=Dubnikova |first1=Faina |last2=Kosloff |first2=Ronnie |last3=Almog |first3=Joseph |last4=Zeiri |first4=Yehuda |last5=Boese |first5=Roland |last6=Itzhaky |first6=Harel |last7=Alt |first7=Aaron |last8=Keinan |first8=Ehud }}</ref> Very little heat is created by the explosive decomposition of TATP at the very edge of the detonation front; the foregoing computational analysis suggests that TATP decomposition is an [[entropic explosion]].<ref name=pmid15669854/> However, this hypothesis has been challenged as not conforming to actual measurements.<ref name="j.tca.2014">{{cite journal | title = Thermochemistry of cyclic acetone peroxides | vauthors = Sinditskii VP, Koltsov VI, Egorshev, VY, Patrikeev DI, Dorofeeva OV | journal = Thermochimica Acta | year = 2014 | volume = 585 | pages = 10–15 | doi = 10.1016/j.tca.2014.03.046}}</ref> The claim of entropic explosion has been tied to the events just behind the detonation front. The authors of the 2004 Dubnikova et al. study confirm that a final redox reaction (combustion) of ozone, oxygen and reactive species into water, various oxides and hydrocarbons takes place within about 180{{nbs}}[[Picosecond|ps]] after the initial
The tetrameric form of acetone peroxide, prepared under neutral conditions using a [[tin(IV) chloride|tin]] catalyst in the presence of a [[chelator]] or general inhibitor of [[Radical (chemistry)|radical chemistry]], is reported to be more chemically stable, although still a very dangerous [[primary explosive]].<ref name=jiang/> Its synthesis has been disputed.<ref name="Pachman, J. 2010"/>
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Several methods can be used for trace analysis of TATP,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schulte-Ladbeck R, Vogel M, Karst U | title = Recent methods for the determination of peroxide-based explosives | journal = [[Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry]] | volume = 386 | issue = 3 | pages = 559–65 | date = Oct 2006 | pmid = 16862379 | doi = 10.1007/s00216-006-0579-y | s2cid = 38737572 }}</ref> including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Muller D, Levy A, Shelef R, Abramovich-Bar S, Sonenfeld D, Tamiri T | title = Improved method for the detection of TATP after explosion | journal = [[Journal of Forensic Sciences]] | volume = 49 | issue = 5 | pages = 935–8 | date = Sep 2004 | doi = 10.1520/JFS2003003 | pmid = 15461093 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stambouli A, El Bouri A, Bouayoun T, Bellimam MA | title = Headspace-GC/MS detection of TATP traces in post-explosion debris | journal = [[Forensic Science International]] | volume = 146 Suppl | pages = S191–4 | date = Dec 2004 | pmid = 15639574 | doi = 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.060 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/prep.200400094|title=Determination of the Vapor Density of Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) Using a Gas Chromatography Headspace Technique|journal=Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=127|year=2005|last1=Oxley|first1=Jimmie C.|last2=Smith|first2=James L.|last3=Shinde|first3=Kajal|last4=Moran|first4=Jesse | name-list-style = vanc }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sigman ME, Clark CD, Fidler R, Geiger CL, Clausen CA | title = Analysis of triacetone triperoxide by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry by electron and chemical ionization | journal = [[Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry]] | volume = 20 | issue = 19 | pages = 2851–7 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16941533 | doi = 10.1002/rcm.2678 | bibcode = 2006RCMS...20.2851S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Romolo FS, Cassioli L, Grossi S, Cinelli G, Russo MV | title = Surface-sampling and analysis of TATP by swabbing and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry | journal = Forensic Science International | volume = 224 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 96–100 | date = Jan 2013 | pmid = 23219697 | doi = 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.11.005 }}</ref> [[high performance liquid chromatography]]/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Widmer L, Watson S, Schlatter K, Crowson A | title = Development of an LC/MS method for the trace analysis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) | journal = [[Analyst (journal)|The Analyst]] | volume = 127 | issue = 12 | pages = 1627–32 | date = Dec 2002 | pmid = 12537371 | doi = 10.1039/B208350G | bibcode = 2002Ana...127.1627W }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xu X, van de Craats AM, Kok EM, de Bruyn PC | title = Trace analysis of peroxide explosives by high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS/MS) for forensic applications | journal = Journal of Forensic Sciences | volume = 49 | issue = 6 | pages = 1230–6 | date = Nov 2004 | pmid = 15568694 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cotte-Rodríguez I, Hernandez-Soto H, Chen H, Cooks RG | title = In situ trace detection of peroxide explosives by desorption electrospray ionization and desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization | journal = Analytical Chemistry | volume = 80 | issue = 5 | pages = 1512–9 | date = Mar 2008 | pmid = 18247583 | doi = 10.1021/ac7020085 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sigman ME, Clark CD, Caiano T, Mullen R | title = Analysis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and TATP synthetic intermediates by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry | journal = Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 84–90 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18058960 | doi = 10.1002/rcm.3335 | bibcode = 2008RCMS...22...84S | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sigman ME, Clark CD, Painter K, Milton C, Simatos E, Frisch JL, McCormick M, Bitter JL | title = Analysis of oligomeric peroxides in synthetic triacetone triperoxide samples by tandem mass spectrometry | journal = Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 349–56 | date = Feb 2009 | pmid = 19125413 | doi = 10.1002/rcm.3879 | bibcode = 2009RCMS...23..349S }}</ref> and HPLC with post-column derivitization.<ref name = KarstTraceAnalPerox>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schulte-Ladbeck R, Kolla P, Karst U | title = Trace analysis of peroxide-based explosives | journal = Analytical Chemistry | volume = 75 | issue = 4 | pages = 731–5 | date = Feb 2003 | pmid = 12622359 | doi = 10.1021/ac020392n }}</ref>
Acetone peroxide is soluble in toluene, chloroform, acetone, dichloromethane and methanol.<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Kende |first1 =Anikó |first2=Ferenc|last2= Lebics|first3= Zsuzsanna |last3 =Eke|first4 = Kornél|last4 = Torkos|journal = Microchimica Acta|volume = 163|pages = 335–338 |year =2008|title = Trace level triacetone-triperoxide identification with SPME–GC-MS in model systems|issue =3–4 |doi =10.1007/s00604-008-0001-x|s2cid =97978057 }}</ref> Recrystalization of primary explosives may yield large crystals that detonate spontaneously due to internal strain.<ref>''Primary Explosives'',
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
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{{See also|Improvised explosive device}}
TATP has been used in bomb and suicide attacks and in improvised explosive devices, including the [[7 July 2005 London bombings|London bombings on 7 July 2005]], where four suicide bombers killed 52 people and injured more than 700.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/may/07/theobserver.uknews "The real story of 7/7"], ''[[The Observer]]'', 7 May 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/general/197067/london_bombers_used_everyday_materialsus_police/index.html][[London]]<span> bombers used everyday materials—U.S. police</span>, Reuters, 4 August 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Naughton |first=Philippe |name-list-style=vanc |date=2005-07-15 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,22989-1695442,00.html |title=TATP is suicide bombers' weapon of choice |website=The Times (UK) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210235200/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0%2C%2C22989-1695442%2C00.html |archive-date=10 February 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Vince_2005">{{cite web | url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7682-explosives-linked-to-london-bombings-identified/ | title = Explosives linked to London bombings identified | last = Vince | first = Gaia | name-list-style = vanc | date = 15 July 2005 | website = New Scientist }}</ref> It was one of the explosives used by the "shoe bomber" [[Richard Reid]]<ref name="CNN 12-28-01">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/12/28/inv.reid/|title=Judge denies bail to accused shoe bomber|date=28 December 2001|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref name=det>{{cite web|url=http://officialconfusion.com/77/explosives/type/220705janestatp.html |title=Terrorist Use of TATP Explosive |website=officialconfusion.com |date=2005-07-25 }}</ref><ref name="Vince_2005" /> in his [[2001 failed shoe bomb attempt]] and was used by the suicide bombers in the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]],<ref name="nyt-isis">{{cite news | first1 = Rukmini | last1 = Callimachi | first2 = Alissa J. | last2 = Rubin | first3 = Laure | last3 = Fourquet | name-list-style = vanc | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/20/world/europe/a-view-of-isiss-evolution-in-new-details-of-paris-attacks.html | title = A View of ISIS's Evolution in New Details of Paris Attacks | date = 2016-03-19 | newspaper = The New York Times }}</ref> [[2016 Brussels bombings]],<ref name="url_LeVif.be">{{cite web | url = http://www.levif.be/actualite/belgique/la-mere-de-satan-ou-tatp-l-explosif-prefere-de-l-ei/article-normal-482065.html | title = 'La mère de Satan' ou TATP, l'explosif préféré de l'EI | trans-title = 'Mother of Satan' or TATP, the preferred explosive for IEDs| language = fr | website = LeVif.be Express | date = 2016-03-23 }}</ref> [[Manchester Arena bombing]], [[June 2017 Brussels attack]],<ref name="GuardianManTATP">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/may/25/manchester-bomb-same-explosive-paris-brussels-attacks-mike-mccaul | title=Manchester bomb used same explosive as Paris and Brussels attacks, says US lawmaker|last=Doherty|first=Ben | name-list-style = vanc |date=25 May 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=16 September 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Parsons Green bombing]],<ref name="DeardenWarn">{{cite news|last1=Dearden|first1=Lizzie|title=London attack: Parsons Green bombers 'still out there' more than 24 hours after Tube blast, officials warn|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-attack-parsons-green-bombing-tube-underground-isis-latest-suspects-still-out-there-manhunt-a7949951.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917063929/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-attack-parsons-green-bombing-tube-underground-isis-latest-suspects-still-out-there-manhunt-a7949951.html |archive-date=2017-09-17 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=5 November 2017|work=The Independent|date=16 September 2017}}</ref> the [[Surabaya bombings]],<ref>{{cite news|title='Mother of Satan' explosives used in Surabaya church bombings: Police|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/05/14/mother-of-satan-explosives-used-in-surabaya-church-bombings-police.html|access-date=15 May 2018|work=The Jakarta Post|date=14 May 2018}}</ref> and the [[2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/04/article/mother-of-satan-explosive-used-in-sri-lanka-bombings/|title=Asia Times {{!}} 'Mother of Satan' explosive used in Sri Lanka bombings {{!}} Article |website=Asia Times|date=24 April 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref><ref>[https://www.newsfirst.lk/2019/04/23/tatp-explosive-used-in-easter-attacks-former-dig-nimal-lewke/ TATP explosive used in Easter
TATP [[shockwave]] overpressure is 70% of that for TNT, and the positive phase impulse is 55% of the [[TNT equivalent]]. TATP at 0.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup> has about one-third of the [[brisance]] of TNT (1.2 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) measured by the Hess test.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1007/s00193-014-0497-4|bibcode = 2014ShWav..24..439P|title = Study of TATP: Blast characteristics and TNT equivalency of small charges|journal = Shock Waves|volume = 24|issue = 4|pages = 439|last1 = Pachman|first1 = J|last2 = Matyáš|first2 = R|last3 = Künzel|first3 = M|year = 2014|s2cid = 122101166}}</ref>
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== External links ==
{{Commons category|Acetone peroxide}}
* [http://chemsub.online.fr/name/triacetone_triperoxide.html ChemSub Online: Acetone
{{DEFAULTSORT:Acetone Peroxide}}
[[Category:Explosive chemicals]]
[[Category:Ketals]]
[[Category:Organic peroxide explosives]]▼
[[Category:Organic peroxides]]
▲[[Category:Organic peroxide explosives]]
[[Category:Oxygen heterocycles]]
[[Category:Radical initiators]]
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