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Air medical services have a particular advantage for [[major trauma]] injuries. The controversial theory of the [[golden hour (medicine)|golden hour]] suggests that major trauma patients should be transported as quickly as possible to a specialist [[trauma center]].<ref>{{cite book |author=American College of Surgeons |title=Atls, Advanced Trauma Life Support Program for Doctors |publisher=Amer College of Surgeons |year=2008 |isbn= 978-1880696316}}</ref><ref name=ITLS2018>{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=John|title=International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers|date=2018|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-1292-17084-8|edition=8th Global|page=12}}</ref> Therefore, medical responders in a helicopter can provide both a higher level of care at the scene of a trauma and faster transport to a trauma center.<ref name="pmid15928284">{{cite journal|vauthors=Branas CC, MacKenzie EJ, Williams JC, Schwab CW, Teter HM, Flanigan MC | title=Access to trauma centers in the United States. | journal=JAMA | year= 2005 | volume= 293 | issue= 21 | pages= 2626–33 | pmid=15928284 | doi=10.1001/jama.293.21.2626 |display-authors=etal| doi-access= }}</ref> They can also provide critical care when transporting patients from community hospitals to trauma centers.<ref name="pmid7832345">{{cite journal|vauthors=Burney RE, Hubert D, Passini L, Maio R | title=Variation in air medical outcomes by crew composition: a two-year follow-up. | journal=Ann Emerg Med | year= 1995 | volume= 25 | issue= 2 | pages= 187–92 | pmid=7832345 | doi= 10.1016/s0196-0644(95)70322-5|doi-access=}}</ref>
== Disadvantages ==
Air ambulance transport is expensive,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Snooks |first=H. A. |last2=Nicholl |first2=J. P. |last3=Brazier |first3=J. E. |last4=Lees-Mlanga |first4=S. |date=1996-03-01 |title=The costs and benefits of helicopter emergency ambulance services in England and Wales |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024465 |journal=Journal of Public Health |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=67–77 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024465 |issn=1741-3842}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Colman B. |last2=Stevenson |first2=Mark |last3=Jan |first3=Stephen |last4=Middleton |first4=Paul M. |last5=Fitzharris |first5=Michael |last6=Myburgh |first6=John A. |date=2010-01 |title=A systematic review of the costs and benefits of helicopter emergency medical services |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2009.09.030 |journal=Injury |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=10–20 |doi=10.1016/j.injury.2009.09.030 |issn=0020-1383}}</ref> and is utilised poorly is therefore not cost effective.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tavakoli |first=Nader |last2=Saberian |first2=Peyman |last3=Bagheri Faradonbeh |first3=Saeed |last4=Hasani Sharamin |first4=Parisa |last5=Modaber |first5=Maryam |last6=Sohrabi Anbohi |first6=Zahra |last7=Jamshidi |first7=Razieh |last8=Abedinejad |first8=Majid |last9=Kolivand |first9=Pirhossein |date=2022-01-10 |title=Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Air Emergency Versus Ground Emergency Medical Services Regarding the Patient’s Transportation and Treatment in Selected Hospital |url=http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7897-en.html |journal=Medical Journal of The Islamic Republic of Iran (MJIRI) |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=861–867 |doi=10.47176/mjiri.36.113 |pmc=PMC9700417 |pmid=36447535}}</ref> When inappropriately deployed to a patient close to a hospital, an air ambulance may add delay to the patient reaching hospital.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Critchell |first=Michael |last2=Mallinson |first2=Tom |last3=Regan |first3=Luke |date=2023-09 |title=Assessing the Impact of Transport Modality on Prehospital Times for Victims of Motorcycle Road Traffic Collisions in the Scottish Highlands |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2023.05.008 |journal=Air Medical Journal |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=358–364 |doi=10.1016/j.amj.2023.05.008 |issn=1067-991X}}</ref> In research from 1996, air ambulance services in England and Wales demonstrated no evidence of improvement in vehicle response times (ie time from 999 call to an ambulance vehcile being on-scene with the patient) for air ambulance attended patients compared to those attended by a land ambulance.<ref name=":0" /> The same review found patient did not arrive at hospital any quicker when attended by an air ambulance.<ref name=":0" /> When the same authors looked at health outcomes in Cornwall and London they found no evidence that the attendance of an air ambulance (HEMS) service improved survival in trauma patients.<ref name=":0" />
==Indications for air transport==
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