Editing Apomorphy and synapomorphy
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* Reversal – is a loss of derived trait present in ancestor and the reestablishment of a plesiomorphic trait. |
* Reversal – is a loss of derived trait present in ancestor and the reestablishment of a plesiomorphic trait. |
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* Convergence – independent evolution of a similar trait in two or more taxa. |
* Convergence – independent evolution of a similar trait in two or more taxa. |
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* ''Apomorphy'' – a derived trait. Apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and inherited from a common ancestor is synapomorphy. Apomorphy unique to a given taxon is autapomorphy.<ref>{{cite book | title = Plant Systematics | first = Michael G. | last = Simpson | name-list-style = vanc | location = Amsterdam | work = Elsevier | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC&pg=PA18 | date = 9 August 2011 | isbn = 9780080514048 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first1 = Peter J. | last1 = Russell | first2 = Paul E. | last2 = Hertz | first3 = Beverly | last3 = McMillan | name-list-style = vanc | title = Biology: The Dynamic Science | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dVIWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT572 | isbn = 978-1-285-41534-5 | publisher = Cengage Learning | year = 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Basics of Cladistic Analysis | first = Diana | last = Lipscomb | name-list-style = vanc | publisher = George Washington University | location = Washington D.C. | year = 1998| url = https://www2.gwu.edu/~clade/faculty/lipscomb/Cladistics.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first = Supratim | last = Choudhuri | name-list-style = vanc | title = Bioinformatics for Beginners: Genes, Genomes, Molecular Evolution, Databases and Analytical Tools | edition = 1st | publisher = Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-410471-6 | oclc = 950546876 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Guj1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 | page = 51 | date = 2014-05-09 }}</ref> |
* ''Apomorphy'' – a derived trait. Apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and inherited from a common ancestor is synapomorphy. Apomorphy unique to a given taxon is autapomorphy.<ref>{{cite book | title = Plant Systematics | first = Michael G. | last = Simpson | name-list-style = vanc | location = Amsterdam | work = Elsevier | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC&pg=PA18 | publisher = Elsevier | date = 9 August 2011 | isbn = 9780080514048 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first1 = Peter J. | last1 = Russell | first2 = Paul E. | last2 = Hertz | first3 = Beverly | last3 = McMillan | name-list-style = vanc | title = Biology: The Dynamic Science | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dVIWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT572 | isbn = 978-1-285-41534-5 | publisher = Cengage Learning | year = 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Basics of Cladistic Analysis | first = Diana | last = Lipscomb | name-list-style = vanc | publisher = George Washington University | location = Washington D.C. | year = 1998| url = https://www2.gwu.edu/~clade/faculty/lipscomb/Cladistics.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first = Supratim | last = Choudhuri | name-list-style = vanc | title = Bioinformatics for Beginners: Genes, Genomes, Molecular Evolution, Databases and Analytical Tools | edition = 1st | publisher = Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-410471-6 | oclc = 950546876 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Guj1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 | page = 51 | date = 2014-05-09 }}</ref> |
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** Synapomorphy/[[Homology (biology)|homology]] – a derived trait that is found in some or all terminal groups of a clade, and inherited from a common ancestor, for which it was an autapomorphy (i.e., not present in ''its'' immediate ancestor). |
** Synapomorphy/[[Homology (biology)|homology]] – a derived trait that is found in some or all terminal groups of a clade, and inherited from a common ancestor, for which it was an autapomorphy (i.e., not present in ''its'' immediate ancestor). |
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** ''Underlying synapomorphy'' – a synapomorphy that has been lost again in many members of the clade. If lost in all but one, it can be hard to distinguish from an autapomorphy. |
** ''Underlying synapomorphy'' – a synapomorphy that has been lost again in many members of the clade. If lost in all but one, it can be hard to distinguish from an autapomorphy. |
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** Reverse [[homoplasy]] – trait present in an ancestor but not in direct descendants that reappears in later descendants.<ref name="pmid21350170">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wake DB, Wake MH, Specht CD | title = Homoplasy: from detecting pattern to determining process and mechanism of evolution | journal = Science | volume = 331 | issue = 6020 | pages = 1032–5 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21350170 | doi = 10.1126/science.1188545 | bibcode = 2011Sci...331.1032W | s2cid = 26845473}} |
** Reverse [[homoplasy]] – trait present in an ancestor but not in direct descendants that reappears in later descendants.<ref name="pmid21350170">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wake DB, Wake MH, Specht CD | title = Homoplasy: from detecting pattern to determining process and mechanism of evolution | journal = Science | volume = 331 | issue = 6020 | pages = 1032–5 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21350170 | doi = 10.1126/science.1188545 | bibcode = 2011Sci...331.1032W | s2cid = 26845473}} |
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*{{cite press release |date=February 25, 2011 |title=Homoplasy: A good thread to pull to understand the evolutionary ball of yarn |website=ScienceDaily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110224161512.htm}}</ref> |
*{{cite press release |date=February 25, 2011 |title=Homoplasy: A good thread to pull to understand the evolutionary ball of yarn |website=ScienceDaily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110224161512.htm}}</ref> |
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* [[Incomplete lineage sorting|Hemiplasy]] is the case where a character that appears homoplastic given the species tree actually has a single origin on the associated gene tree.<ref name="pmid18570042">{{cite journal | vauthors = Avise JC, Robinson TJ | title = Hemiplasy: a new term in the lexicon of phylogenetics | journal = Systematic Biology | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 503–7 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18570042 | doi = 10.1080/10635150802164587 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid29078296">{{cite journal | vauthors = Copetti D, Búrquez A, Bustamante E, Charboneau JL, Childs KL, Eguiarte LE, Lee S, Liu TL, McMahon MM, Whiteman NK, Wing RA, Wojciechowski MF, Sanderson MJ | title = Extensive gene tree discordance and hemiplasy shaped the genomes of North American columnar cacti | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 114 | issue = 45 | pages = 12003–12008 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29078296 | pmc = 5692538 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1706367114 |
* [[Incomplete lineage sorting|Hemiplasy]] is the case where a character that appears homoplastic given the species tree actually has a single origin on the associated gene tree.<ref name="pmid18570042">{{cite journal | vauthors = Avise JC, Robinson TJ | title = Hemiplasy: a new term in the lexicon of phylogenetics | journal = Systematic Biology | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 503–7 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18570042 | doi = 10.1080/10635150802164587 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid29078296">{{cite journal | vauthors = Copetti D, Búrquez A, Bustamante E, Charboneau JL, Childs KL, Eguiarte LE, Lee S, Liu TL, McMahon MM, Whiteman NK, Wing RA, Wojciechowski MF, Sanderson MJ | title = Extensive gene tree discordance and hemiplasy shaped the genomes of North American columnar cacti | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 114 | issue = 45 | pages = 12003–12008 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29078296 | pmc = 5692538 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1706367114 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Hemiplasy reflects gene tree-species tree discordance due to the [[Multispecies coalescent process|multispecies coalescent]]. |
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== References == |
== References == |