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Added cited information to the Cultivation section ~~~~
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{{short description|Asian tree related to breadfruit and jackfruit}}
{{speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Berthe Hoola van Nooten38.jpg
| genus = Artocarpus
| species = integer
| authority = [[SprengElmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]]
| synonyms =
* ''Artocarpus champeden'' (Thunb.) Merr.
* ''Artocarpus polyphemachampeden'' Pers<small>(Thunb.) Merr.</small>
* ''Artocarpus polyphema'' <small>Pers.</small>
}}
 
'''''Artocarpus integer''''', commonly known as '''chempedak''' or '''cempedak''' (also known as baroh [Malaysia/Indonesia], {{lang|kxd|tibadak|i=on}} in [[Brunei]], sonekadat [Burma], thampada [thailand], jack tree [English], hathar [Hindi], comedak [Java], chakka [Tamil], and mit to nu [Vietnamese]) is a species of [[tree]] in the family [[Moraceae]], and in the same genus as [[breadfruit]] and [[jackfruit]]. It is native to southeast [[Southeast Asia]]. Cempedak is an important crop in [[Malaysia]] and is also popularly cultivated in southern [[Thailand]] and parts of [[Indonesia]], and has the potential to be utilized in other areas. <ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=M.M. |last2=Gardner |first2=E.M. |last3=Chung |first3=R.C. |last4=Chew |first4=M.Y. |last5=Milan |first5=A.R. |last6=Pereira |first6=J. T. |last7=Zerega |first7=N.J. |title=Origin and diversity of an underutilized fruit tree crop, cempedak (''Artocarpus integer'', Moraceae). |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=105 |issue=5 |pages=898–914 |doi=10.1002/ajb2.1094|pmid=29874392 |year=2018 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is currently limited in range to Southeast Asia, with some trees in [[Australia]] and [[Hawaii]].<ref name=":1" />
 
==Description==
Cempedak trees are large, [[evergreen]] trees. They can grow to a height of 20 m, although most only reach only a dozen meters. The trees are [[Plant sexualityreproductive morphology|monoecious]], with male and female flowers growing on the same tree. There are many varieties, although few are named. The vigorously growing tree can bear heavy crops of fruit once or twice a year.{{Cn|date=February 2021}}
 
===Fruit===
The [[Multiple fruit|syncarp]] may be cylindrical to spherical in shape, and ranges from 10 to 15&nbsp;cm across and 20 to 35&nbsp;cm in length.<ref name="Jansen">{{aut|Jansen, P.C.M}}. 1997. ''Artocarpus integer'' (Thunb.) Merr. dalam Verheij, E.W.M. dan R.E. Coronel (eds.). ''Sumber Daya Nabati Asia Tenggara 2: Buah-buahan yang dapat dimakan''. PROSEA – Gramedia. Jakarta. {{ISBN|978-979-511-672-1}}.</ref> The thin and leathery skin is greenish, yellowish to brownish in color, and patterned with pentagons that are either raised protuberances or flat eye facets.{{Cn|date=February 2021}}
 
The fleshyFleshy, edible [[aril]]s surround the large seeds in a thick layer. TheseThe arils are edible by boilingraw, or roastingthey can be prepared in a number of ways. ArilsThey are yellowish-white to orange in color, sweet and fragrant, soft, slippery and slimy on the tongue and slightly fibrous. Ripe cempedak fruit has a bitpungent fibroussmell that has been described as harsh and penetrating like that of [[durian]].<ref name=":0" /> The taste of the fruit is similar to the related [[jackfruit]] and [[breadfruit]] with a hint of [[durian]]. The seeds, which are also edible, are flattened spheres or elongated, about 2–3&nbsp;cm in length.{{Cn|date=February 2021}}
 
Cempedak is similar to jackfruit in many ways, however,but cempedak areis smaller than jackfruit and the [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] is thinner. The male [[inflorescence]] of cempedak is pale green to yellow compared to the dark green of jackfruit. The cempedak flesh is darker yellow and more juicyjuicier when ripe.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Robert |last2=Duarte |first2=Odio |title=Tropical fruits |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1845937898 |edition=2nd |url=https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1103931|year=2011 }}</ref>▼
 
▲Cempedak is similar to jackfruit in many ways, however, cempedak are smaller than jackfruit and the peduncle is thinner. The male inflorescence of cempedak is pale green to yellow compared to the dark green of jackfruit. The cempedak flesh is darker yellow and more juicy when ripe.<ref name=":1" />
==Cultivation==
===Conditions===
Cempedak trees are normally planted in un[[erosion|non-eroded]] and well-drained soils, although they can tolerate temporary flooding. CempedakThey can be grown betweenfrom 0[[sea andlevel]] to {{convert|1200 |m|ft}} altitude from sea level at temperatures between {{convert|13 and -47 °|C|F}} and with annual rainfall of {{convert|1250 |-|2500 |mm|}}.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
 
===Propagation===
Trees begin to bear fruit at 3-6 years for trees planted by seed and at 2-4 years for clonal trees. Blossoms are common from February to April and then again in August to October in southern Malaysia, as opposed to in western Java, where Cempedak tend to flower in July and August. From flowering to ripening fruit takes about 2-4 months. <ref name=":1" />▼
In the [[Malay Archipelago]], cempedak is usually cultivated with other fruit trees in mixed orchard systems of small farmers and occasionally in large fruit plantations. The trees are normally propagated by [[Grafting|bud-grafting]] to maintain desired genetic traits.<ref name=":0" /> Plants are also propagated by seed, but the seeds spoil quickly after removal from the fruit, so they must be planted immediately after cleaning.<ref name=":1" />
 
===Flowering and fruit===
▲Trees begin to bear fruit at 3-63–6 years for trees planted by seed and at 2-42–4 years for clonal trees. Blossoms are common from February to April and then again in August to October in southern Malaysia, as opposed to in [[West Java|western Java]], where Cempedakcempedak tend to flower in July and August. From flowering to ripening fruit takes about 2-42–4 months. <ref name=":1" />
 
===Harvest===
The timing of harvest is critical in assuring fruit quality. One of the most reliable ways to determine the maturity of cempedak is to tap the fruit and listen for a dull hollow sound. Skin color can also be an indicator of maturity, as ripened skins turn from green to a yellower color.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} The development of a characteristic odor similar to that of [[durian]] can also mark maturity of the fruit, in addition to the spines of the fruits' skin becoming flattened. Fruit are harvested ideally before falling to avoid damage, loss of shelf life and premature ripening. The harvested fruit produces a [[latex]] [[exudate]], and is left to drain in the field before being moved from the orchard. The fruit has a short shelf life of 2–3 days.<ref name=":1" />
 
==Uses==
Cempedak is sought after for its edible, pulpy flesh that is typically yellow/orange and rich in [[Β-Carotene|beta-carotene]]. It has a sweetly unique flavor akin to that of [[durian]] and [[mango]].<ref name=":0" />
The fruit is consumed in its native area, can be eaten fresh or cooked. The seeds can be fried, boiled or grilled, then peeled and eaten with salt. The taste is similar to water chestnuts. The young fruit, like [[Jackfruit#Young fruit|young jackfruit]], can be used as a vegetable.<ref name="Jansen"/> In [[Borneo]], the skin of the cempedak can be processed into food called ''mandai'' made by peeling the fruit until it looks white, then soaking it in brine to preserve and soften the texture. ''Mandai'' is usually consumed after frying.<ref name="Jansen"/>▼
 
▲The fruit is normally consumed in itsthe nativeareas area,where it is cultivated and can be eaten fresh or cooked. The large fruit are often cut open and sliced into pieces for sale. The seeds can be fried, boiled or grilled, then peeled and eaten with salt. The taste of the seeds is similar to water chestnuts. The young fruit, like [[Jackfruit#Young fruit|young jackfruit]], can be used as a vegetable.<ref name="Jansen" /> In this case, the young fruit is peeled, sliced and boiled, then sometimes seasoned or added as an ingredient to other foods, such as curries.<ref name=":1" /> In South and East [[BorneoKalimantan]], theIndonesia, skinpeople ofhistorically theconsume cempedak's canlactic beacid processedbacteria-fermented intoinner foodskin, calledtraditionally termed ''dami'' or ''mandai.'' madeThe skin can be processed by peeling the fruit until it looks white, then soakingfermenting itthe ininner brine to preserve and soften the textureskin. ''Mandai'' is usually consumed after frying.<ref name="Jansen" />
 
The wood is of good quality, strong and durable, and used as building material for home furnishings or boats. The fibrous bark can be used to make ropes. Yellow dye can also be produced from the wood.<ref name="Jansen"/>
 
<br />
 
==Gallery==
<gallery>
{|
File:Artocarpus integer Fruit and Tree.JPG|Mature fruit on tree
|-
| [[File:Cempedak whole1.JPG|thumb|center|x150px|Whole cempedak fruit]]▼
| [[File:Artocarpus integer Fruit and Tree.JPG|thumb|center|x150px|Matured Cempedak ready to be harvested]]
| [[File:Cempedak opened1.jpgJPG|thumb|center|x150px|Cempedak fruitFruit oncut tree]]open
| [[File:Durians.jpg|thumb|center|x150px|Cempedak onFor sale in Chinese market.]]▼
▲| [[File:Cempedak whole1.JPG|thumb|center|x150px|Whole cempedak fruit]]
</gallery>
|-
| [[File:Arto integer F 070203 ime.JPG|thumb|center|x150px|Cempedak fruit - whole and sliced]]
| [[File:Cempedak-inhalt.jpg|thumb|center|x150px|Cempedak fruit cut open]]
| [[File:Cempedak opened1.JPG|thumb|center|x150px|Cempedak fruit cut open]]
|-
▲| [[File:Durians.jpg|thumb|center|x150px|Cempedak on sale in Chinese market.]]
| [[File:Arto integer F 070202 malw.jpg|thumb|center|x150px|Cempedak on sale at roadside in East Kalimantan, Indonesia]]
| [[File:Nangka.jpg|thumb|center|x150px|A cempedak fruit stall]]
|-
|[[File:Artocarpus integer.jpg|center|thumb|Ripe chempedak, cut in half.]]
|
|
|}
 
==See also==
Line 57 ⟶ 55:
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Robert |last2=Duarte |first2=Odio |title=Tropical fruits |publisher=CABI |isbn=1845937899 |edition=2nd |url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uhm/detail.action?docID=1103931}}</ref>
<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=M.M. |last2=Gardner |first2=E.M. |last3=Chung |first3=R.C. |last4=Chew |first4=M.Y. |last5=Milan |first5=A.R. |last6=Pereira |first6=J. T. |last7=Zerega |first7=N.J. |title=Origin and diversity of an underutilized fruit tree crop, cempedak (Artocarpus integer, Moraceae). |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=105(5) |page=898-914 |doi=10.1002/ajb2.1094}}</ref>
 
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
{{WikispeciesCommons category|Artocarpus integer}}▼
For more information, see "Fruits of the Future: Chempedak" by David K. Chandlee [https://web.archive.org/web/20090607221324/http://borneocollection.netfirms.com/article_chempadek.htm]▼
{{commonsWikispecies|Artocarpus integer|Cempedak}}
 
▲For more information, see "Fruits of the Future: Chempedak" by David K. Chandlee* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090607221324/http://borneocollection.netfirms.com/article_chempadek.htm Fruits of the Future: Chempedak], David K. Chandlee
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040515102257/http://agrolink.moa.my/doa/BI/Croptech/cempedak.html Fruits Technology of cempedak]
 
 
▲{{Wikispecies|Artocarpus integer}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1053368}}
 
[[Category:Artocarpus|integer]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]
[[Category:Austronesian agriculture]]
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