Borderline personality disorder: Difference between revisions

Interpersonal relationships are significantly impacted in individuals with BPD, characterized by a heightened sensitivity to the behavior and actions of others. Individuals with BPD can be very conscious of and susceptible to their perceived or real treatment by others. Individuals may experience profound happiness and gratitude for perceived kindness, yet feel intense sadness or anger towards perceived criticism or harm.<ref name="cogemo">{{cite journal | vauthors = Arntz A | title = Introduction to special issue: cognition and emotion in borderline personality disorder | journal = Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 167–72 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16018875 | doi = 10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.06.001 }}</ref> A notable feature of BPD is the tendency to engage in [[idealization and devaluation]] of others – that is to idealize and subsequently devalue others – oscillating between extreme admiration and profound mistrust or dislike.<ref>{{harvnb|Linehan|1993|page=146}}</ref> This pattern, referred to as "[[Splitting (psychology)|splitting]]"," can significantly influence the dynamics of interpersonal relationships.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is BPD: Symptoms |url=http://www.borderlinepersonalitydisorder.com/understading-bpd/ |access-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210110927/http://www.borderlinepersonalitydisorder.com/understading-bpd/ |archive-date=10 February 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Robinson">{{cite book | vauthors = Robinson DJ | title = Disordered Personalities| publisher = Rapid Psychler Press| year = 2005| pages =255–310| isbn = 978-1-894328-09-8}}</ref> In addition to this external "[[Splitting (psychology)|splitting]],” patients with BPD typically have internal splitting, i.e., vacillation between considering oneself a good person who has been mistreated (in which case anger predominates) and a bad person whose life has no value (in which case self-destructive or even suicidal behavior may occur). This splitting is also evident in black-and-white or all-or-nothing dichotomous thinking.<ref name="Gund2011" />

[[Personality disorders]], including BPD, are associated with an increased incidence of [[chronic stress]] and conflict, reduced satisfaction in romantic partnerships, [[domestic abuse]], and [[unintended pregnancies]].<ref name="Daley SE, Burge D, Hammen C 2000 451–60">{{cite journal | vauthors = Daley SE, Burge D, Hammen C | title = Borderline personality disorder symptoms as predictors of 4-year romantic relationship dysfunction in young women: addressing issues of specificity | journal = Journal of Abnormal Psychology | volume = 109 | issue = 3 | pages = 451–460 | date = August 2000 | pmid = 11016115 | doi = 10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.451 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.588.6902 }}</ref> Research indicates variability in relationship patterns among individuals with BPD. A portion of these individuals may transition rapidly between relationships, a pattern metaphorically described as "butterfly-like"," characterized by fleeting and transient interactions and "fluttering" in and out of relationships.<ref name="Ryan_2007">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Ryan K, Shean G |date=2007-01-01 |title=Patterns of interpersonal behaviors and borderline personality characteristics |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=193–200 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.010 |issn=0191-8869}}</ref> Conversely, a subgroup, referred to as "attached"," tends to establish fewer but more intense and dependent relationships. These connections often form rapidly, evolving into deeply intertwined and tumultuous bonds,<ref name="Ryan_2007" /> indicating a more pronounced dependence on these interpersonal ties compared to those without BPD.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Jackson MH, Westbrook LF |title=Borderline Personality Disorder: New Research |publisher=Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60876-540-9 |pages=137–146 |language=en}}</ref>