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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox hereditary title
| name = Barony of Halton
| image = <!--[[File:Coronet of a British Earl.svg|150px]]<br/>[[File:ExampleCoatofArms.svg|180px]] -->
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| creation_date = 1071
| creation =
| monarch =
| peerage =
| baronetage =
| last_holder = [[Henry IV of England|Henry Bolingbroke]]
| present_holder =
| heir_apparent =
| heir_presumptive =
| limitation =
| remainder_to =
| subsidiary_titles = <!-- a baronetage is not a subsidiary title -->
| status = Extinct ([[merged in the Crown]])
| extinction_date = 30 September 1399
| family_seat =
| former_seat = [[Halton Castle]]
| motto = <!-- Non-English goes in ''italics'', followed by translation -->
| arms = [[File:Arms of the Baron of Halton (modern).svg|150px]]
| crest =
| supporters =
| pinsel =
| badge =
| crest_badge =
| plant_badge =
| footnotes = [[Mesne lord]] of the [[Earl of Chester]]
}}
The '''Barony of Halton''', in [[Cheshire]], England, comprised a succession of 15 [[baron]]s and hereditary [[Constable of Chester|Constables of Chester]] under the overlordship of the [[Earl of Chester]]. It was not an [[English feudal barony]] granted by the king{{efn|This source (Sanders, I. J. (1960), p.138, note 4), English Baronies) does not list the barony of Halton as a feudal barony but refers to the "Lord of Halton, hereditary constable of the County Palatine" (i.e. of Chester).{{sfnp|Sanders|1960|p=138|ps=}}}} but a separate class of barony within the [[County Palatine]] of Chester.
▲==Nigel of Cotentin==
==Creation of the barony==
After the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman conquest]], [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] created the three [[earl]]doms of [[Earl of Shrewsbury|Shrewsbury]], [[Earl of Hereford|Hereford]] and Chester to protect his border with [[Wales]]. In 1071, the Earl of Chester, [[Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester|Hugh Lupus]], made his cousin, Nigel of [[Cotentin]], the 1st Baron of Halton.{{sfnp|Starkey|1990|p=8|ps=}} [[Halton, Runcorn|Halton]] was a village in Cheshire which is now part of the town of [[Runcorn]]. At its centre is a rocky prominence on which was built [[Halton Castle]], the seat of the barons of Halton.
==List of barons==
===Nigel of Cotentin===
:(c. 1071–1080)
Nigel was
===William fitz Nigel===
{{main|William fitz Nigel}}
:(1080–1134)
Line 13 ⟶ 52:
William fitz Nigel, Nigel's son, was also [[marshal]] of the Earls' host, which was an important position in the [[Normans|Norman]] military hierarchy. In addition to his land in Halton, his estate included land in other parts of Cheshire and also in [[Normandy]].{{sfnp|Whimperley|1986|p=9|ps=}} He married the eldest daughter of Yorfid, on whose death without a male heir the [[Lancashire]] manors of Widnes, Appleton, [[Cronton]] and [[Rainhill]] came to his son-in-law, William.{{sfnp|Starkey|1990|p=8|ps=}} In 1115 William established a [[priory]] of the [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] Order of [[Canons Regular]] in [[Runcorn]].{{sfnp|Nickson|1887|p=136|ps=}} He was buried at Chester.{{sfnp|Whimperley|1981|p=1|ps=}}
===William fitz William===
:(1134–1150)
William, son of William fitz Nigel, in 1134 he moved the priory from Runcorn to a site to the east of Halton. This became [[Norton Priory]].{{sfnp|Starkey|1990|p=9|ps=}} William died childless in Normandy.{{sfnp|Starkey|1990|p=30|ps=}}
===Eustace fitz John===
{{main|Eustace fitz John}}
:(1150–1157)
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Eustace fitz John succeeded to Halton as husband of the elder sister of William fitz William. He had inherited the barony of [[Knaresborough]] and by an earlier marriage had also gained the baronies of [[Malton, North Yorkshire|Malton]] and [[Alnwick]].{{sfnp|Starkey|1990|p=30|ps=}} He was killed fighting the Welsh.{{sfnp|Nickson|1887|p=136|ps=}}
===Richard fitz Eustace===
{{main|Richard fitz Eustace}}
:(1157–1171)
Richard, son of Eustace fitz John, married the eventual heiress to the [[de Lacy]] family of [[Pontefract]], whose inheritance was eventually acquired by their grandson Roger.{{sfnp|Whimperley|1986|p=10|ps=}}
===John fitz Richard===
{{main|John fitz Richard}}
:(1171–1190)
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John, son of Richard fitz Eustace, was a [[governor]] in [[Ireland]] for [[Henry II of England|Henry II]]. Being a patron of science, he maintained an [[astronomer]] at Halton Castle. He founded a [[Cistercian]] monastery at [[Stanlow Abbey|Stanlow]].{{sfnp|Starkey|1990|p=30|ps=}} In 1190 he granted the second known [[charter]] for a [[ferry]] at Runcorn Gap. He served with [[Richard I]] in the [[Third Crusade]] and died at the siege of [[Acre (city)|Acre]].{{sfnp|Nickson|1887|p=144|ps=}}
===Roger de Lacy===
{{main|Roger de Lacy (1170–1211)}}
:(1190–1211)
Born as Roger fitz John, the son of John fitz Richard, he adopted the surname of de Lacy. He was a renowned soldier and was nicknamed "Hell" Lacy for his military daring. In 1192 he was also serving with Richard I in the Third Crusade. Later he served [[John of England|King John]] in the unsuccessful attempt to thwart the French conquest of Normandy following which he was made [[High Sheriff]] of Lancashire. He was buried in the abbey founded by his father at Stanlow.{{sfnp|Nickson|1887|p=144|ps=}}<ref>{{
===John de Lacy===
{{main|John de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln}}
:(1211–1240)
John de Lacy, son of Roger, opposed King John and was one of the barons entrusted with the duty of ensuring that the king kept the agreements made in [[Magna Carta]]. By marriage he gained more titles, including that of the Earldom of [[Lincoln, Lincolnshire|Lincoln]]. He also gained the [[manorialism|manor]] and the castle of [[Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire|Bolingbroke]]. He was also buried at Stanlow.{{sfnp|Starkey|1990|p=31|ps=}}
===Edmund de Lacy===
{{main|Edmund de Lacy, Baron of Pontefract}}
:(1240–1258)
Line 52 ⟶ 91:
Of Edmund de Lacy, son of John, little is known except that he was also buried at Stanlow.{{sfnp|Whimperley|1986|p=11|ps=}}
===Henry de Lacy===
{{main|Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln}}
:(1258–1311)
Henry de Lacy, son of Edmund, was educated at court and became Chief Councillor to [[Edward I of England|Edward I]]. While the king was engaged on military conflicts with the [[Scottish people|Scots]], Henry was appointed [[regent|Protector of the Realm]].{{sfnp|Starkey|1990|p=31|ps=}} He transferred the monastery from Stanlow to [[Whalley Abbey|Whalley]].{{sfnp|Nickson|1887|p=144|ps=}} He died at his [[London]] home, [[Lincoln's Inn]] and was buried in the old [[St Paul's
===Thomas, Earl of Lancaster===
{{main|Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster}}
:(1311–1322)
[[Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster|Thomas]] gained the barony of Halton though his marriage to Alice, Henry's daughter. He took up arms against [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] in 1322. However this rebellion was unsuccessful. He was defeated at the [[Battle of Boroughbridge]] and then imprisoned in his own castle at [[Pontefract Castle|Pontefract]]. A few days later he was beheaded outside the city and his titles forfeited to the Crown. Later a cult of [[martyr]]dom developed around him.{{sfnp|Nickson|1887|p=144|ps=}}
==
{{main|Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster}}
:(1322–1351)
It has also been suggested that the title succeeded to Sir William Glinton. He was a distinguished [[knight]] who may have held the honour as a non-hereditary arrangement or he may have held it during the life of Alice, widow of Thomas of Lancaster.{{sfnp|Starkey|1990|p=31|ps=}}
===Henry Grosmont===
{{main|Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster}}
:(1351–1361)
Line 75 ⟶ 117:
[[Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster]], nephew of the 2nd Earl and son of the 3rd, next succeeded to the barony of Halton. He was appointed as the 1st [[Duke]] of [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]], one of the first Knights of the [[Order of the Garter]].{{sfnp|Nickson|1887|p=146|ps=}} He served the king in [[France]] and died of the [[bubonic plague|plague]].{{sfnp|Starkey|1990|p=31|ps=}} He was buried at [[Leicester]].{{sfnp|Whimperley|1986|p=2|ps=}}
===John of Gaunt===
{{main|John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster}}
:(1361–1399)
[[John of Gaunt]] gained the barony by his marriage to [[Blanche of Lancaster|Blanche]], daughter and heiress of the 13th baron. He was appointed [[regent]] during the infancy of [[Richard II of England|Richard II]].{{sfnp|Starkey|1990|p=31|ps=}} He was also buried in St Paul's
===Henry Bolingbroke===
{{main|Henry IV of England}}
:(1399–1413)
Line 95 ⟶ 137:
==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation | editor-last = McNeil | editor-first = Robina
* {{
* {{
* {{citation | last = Starkey | first = H. F. | title = Old Runcorn | publisher = Halton Borough Council | year = 1990 | location = Halton }}
* {{citation | last = Whimperley | first = Arthur | title = Halton Castle: An Introduction & Visitors' Handbook | publisher = Arthur Whimperley | year = 1981 | location = Widnes }}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Halton, Barony of}}
[[Category:Barons of Halton| ]]
[[Category:1071 establishments in England]]
[[Category:14th-century disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:Feudalism in England]]
[[Category:House of Lancaster]]
[[Category:History of Cheshire]]
[[Category:People from Runcorn]]
[[Category:Noble titles created in 1071]]
[[Category:British and Irish peerages which merged in the Crown]]
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